Showing papers by "Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada published in 1978"
TL;DR: The orientation of the transport system appears to be reversed in certain other cell types: chich embryo fibroblasts, Novikoff hepatoma cells and HeLa cells, where the cytochalasin site is present in the external but not internal carrier form.
129 citations
TL;DR: Electrophoretic analyses of the (Z) and (E) pheromone-attracted males of Ostrinia nubilalis (H�bner), the European corn borer, in an area of coexistence indicate that these strains are not freely interbreeding.
Abstract: Electrophoretic analyses of the (Z) and (E) pheromone-attracted males of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), the European corn borer, in an area of coexistence indicate that these strains are not freely interbreeding. Although the populations are morphologically indistinguishable, studies of allozyme, pheromone, and hybridization suggest that the (Z) and (E) entities are genetically differentiated, perhaps to the status of semi- or sibling species.
100 citations
TL;DR: Fourteen of the species of Schizocosa are represented only in the southeastern United States, the northeastern U.S., and eastern Canada, or are widespread in the eastern half of the continent; three are representedonly on the prairies, and the remainder in the Rockies or the Pacific coast.
Abstract: Schizocosa Chamberlin, 1904, with type-species Lycosa ocreata Hentz, 1844, comprises 20 species occurring in southern Canada, the U.S.A., and Mexico: S. ocreata (= Lycosa charonoides Montgomery, 1902, SYN. N.); S. crassipes (Walckenaer, 1837); S. floridana Bryant, 1934; S. saltatrix (Hentz, 1844); S. humilis (Banks, 1892) (= Lycosa episima Chamberlin, 1924, SYN. N.); S. duplex Chamberlin, 1925; S. salsa Barnes, 1953; S. bilineata (Emerton, 1885); S. segregata Gertsch and Wallace, 1937; S. aulonia Dondale, 1969; S. crassipalpata Roewer, 1951; S. mimula (Gertsch, 1934) (= Lycosa coahuilana Gertsch and Davis, 1940, SYN. N.); S. minnesotensis (Gertsch, 1934); S. retrorsa (Banks, 1911); S. avida (Walckenaer, 1837); S. maxima sp. n.; S. chiricahua sp. n.; S. cespitum sp. n.; S. communis (Emerton, 1885), comb. n. (= S. heasmani Dondale, 1969, SYN. N.); S. mccooki (Montgomery, 1904), comb. n. (= Lycosa pacifica Banks, 1904, SYN. N. = S. wasatchensis Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942, SYN. N).Avicosa Chamberlin and Ivie, 1942 and Epihogna Roewer, 1960 are synonymized under Schizocosa. Fourteen of the species of Schizocosa are represented only in the southeastern United States, the northeastern U.S., and eastern Canada, or are widespread in the eastern half of the continent; three are represented only on the prairies, and the remainder in the Rockies or the Pacific coast.
76 citations
TL;DR: Bacterial and fungal populations initially decreased with some pesticide treatments but recovered rapidly to levels similar to or higher than those in the controls.
Abstract: A study was made of the effects of 32 pesticides at two concentrations on N 2 ase activity (C 2 H 2 reduction), N 2 fixers, bacteria and fungi in an agricultural sandy loam. Chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, metalkamate and permethrin at both rates, and ethoprop, leptophos and chlordanc at the high rate depressed C 2 H 2 reduction. The population of N 2 fixers was not suppressed significantly. Bacterial and fungal populations initially decreased with some pesticide treatments but recovered rapidly to levels similar to or higher than those in the controls.
42 citations
TL;DR: Residues of organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were present in the drainage system of the Holland Marsh during the 4-yr period and comprised mainly DDT and its metabolites (especially TDE).
Abstract: Insecticide residues in the drainage system of the Holland Marsh in southern Ontario were studied from 1972– 75 inclusive. Concentrations of insecticides in water were combined with pumping data to calculate amounts (g/wk) transferred from the marsh drainage system into the Schomberg River and Lake Simcoe.
Residues of organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were present in the drainage system during the 4-yr period. The rate of insecticide transfer was highest in spring during maximum runoff. OC insecticides, chiefly DDT and its metabolites, predominated during this time. Dieldrin and endrin also were detected. OP insecticides, including diazinon and parathion, predominated in the water during summer and fall. Concentrations of OC and OP insecticides in the Schomberg River downstream were 3.5 × higher than those found upstream of the marsh. Total amounts of OP insecticides transferred from the marsh to the river system over the 4-yr period were ca. 7/10 those of the OC insecticides. Insecticide residues were present in bed material of the drainage system at ppb (pp10°) levels and comprised mainly DDT and its metabolites (especially TDE). Other insecticide residues present in sediments were ethion > dieldrin > diazinon. DDT residues in some species of fish from the drainage canal exceeded 5 ppm, while diazinon and ethion were present at < 0.1 ppm. DDT residues in fish from Lake Simcoe were < 0.25 ppm and no OP insecticides were present, indicating that insecticides transferred from the Holland Marsh to the Schomberg River are not currently causing significant contamination of the lake.
36 citations
TL;DR: Survival and development rates were obtained for the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), at 12 constant temperatures and duration of egg and larval stages decreased with rise in temperature up to 30°C, and that for pupae, up to 32°C.
Abstract: Survival and development rates were obtained for the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), at 12 constant temperatures. Rates of survival for eggs were high at temperatures ranging from 12°C to 32°C, but none hatched at 6°C or 34°C. Larvae survived at 8° to 32°C with no drastic rise in mortality at the extremes; mortality at 34°C increased with larval age. Pupal survival was low at all temperatures from 8°C to 32°C, ranging from about 3% at these limits to 40% at intermediate temperatures (14° to 30°C). Duration of egg and larval stages decreased with rise in temperature up to 30°C, and that for pupae, up to 32°C. Developmental rates plotted against temperature did not deviate significantly from fitted curves of the form 1/y = K/(1 + ea-bx).The threshold for complete development was at some point between 6°C and 8°C. Thermal requirements, with 7°C as developmental zero, were calculated at 105, 41, 36, 43, 46, and 282°D, respectively, for the eggs, the four larval instars and the pupae. Accumulated heat units (°D7) during development of O. melanopus in field plots at Ottawa did not differ significantly from those expected. Similar calculations using a base of 9°C (ca. 48°F) predicted development equally well.
35 citations
TL;DR: Kinetic equations are derived for reversible inhibition of both active and facilitated transport systems for seven common experimental arrangements and it is shown that the unique features of transport kinetics may be exploited to give new kinds of information.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the larvae of 13 species representing eight genera and seven families of Arrenuroidea are described, including those of Momonia marciae Habeeb, Midea expansa Marshall, MIDEA alaris Young (? = M. determina Marshall), Laversia berulophila Cook, Midesopsis (s.s.) crassipes Soar, mideopsis ( s.s.), Mideopsis, borealis, marshallae Cook, and Xystonotus) aspera (Wol
Abstract: Larvae of 13 species representing eight genera and seven families of Arrenuroidea are described, including those of Momonia marciae Habeeb, Midea expansa Marshall, Midea alaris Young (? = M. determina Marshall), Laversia berulophila Cook, Mideopsis (s.s.) crassipes Soar, Mideopsis (s.s.) borealis Habeeb, Mideopsis (s.s.) marshallae Cook, and Mideopsis (Xystonotus) aspera (Wolcott) for the first time. Diagnoses and keys are provided for the genera, subgenera, and species groups involved. Information on host associations is given for each species. Observations on morphology and host associations of these larvae provide the basis for an original, though preliminary, outline of phylogeny in the superfamily.
30 citations
TL;DR: The pyrethroids were effective contact insecticides comparable in toxicity and spectrum of activity to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, but were particularly toxic to the darksided cutworm.
Abstract: The spectrum of contact toxicity and activity in soil of four pyrethroid insecticides was assessed in the laboratory. Pyrethroids tested were: FMC 33297 (3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-3-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 41706 (alpha-cyano-3 phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate); Shell WL 43467 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate); and Shell WL 43775 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1-butyrate). Chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, two broad spectrum contact and soil insecticides were included for comparative purposes. Spectrum of contact toxicity was determined using 24–48 h nymphs of the common field cricket, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), 24–48 h onion maggot adults, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), 3rd instar dark sided cutworms, Euxoa messoria (Harris), northern corn rootworm adults, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and honeybees, Apis mellifera L. Crickets were used to assess insecticidal activity in soil relative to soil moisture, type, and temperature. The pyrethroids were effective contact insecticides comparable in toxicity and spectrum of activity to chlorpyrifos and carbofuran. They were particularly toxic to the darksided cutworm. They were less effective in mineral soil than chlorpyrifos. WL 43467 showed activity in mineral soil close to that of carbofuran, while the other pyrethroids were less active. Activity in soil was influenced by soil moisture and type. In contrast to the standard insecticides the pyrethroids generally showed a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity in soil.
29 citations
TL;DR: Orchinol, hircinol, loroglossol and certain related phenanthrenes inhibited horseradish peroxidase-catalysed IAA degradation to a varied degree.
27 citations
TL;DR: Insecticide residues in the organic soils of the Holland Marsh, Ontario, were determined from 1972–75, inclusive, and experiments indicated ca.
Abstract: Insecticide residues in the organic soils of the Holland Marsh, Ontario, were determined from 1972–75, inclusive. Soil samples were collected annually in the fall. Organochlorine and organophosphorus (OP) insecticide residues were determined using GLC. DDT residues (p,P'-DDT, o,P'-DDT, p,P'-TDE, o,P'-TDE, and p, P'-DDE) averaged 28.6 ppm over the 4-yr period. Only limited degradation of DDT is occurring in these organic soils. Residues of 6 cyclodiene insecticides were detected. Levels of aldrin, endrin, and, to a lesser extent dieldrin, may be declining slowly. However, increased use of endosulfan and occurrence of its residues in soil has resulted in total-cyclodiene residues remaining relatively stable, averaging 1.8 ppm over the 4 yr. Nine OP insecticide residues were present. Total-OP insecticide residues, averaging 5.6 ppm over the 4 yr, were considerably in excess of the total-cyclodiene residues. Ethion, used as a seed furrow treatment for control of 1st-generation onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), comprised 80% of the total-OP residues. Experiments indicated ca. 25% carryover to the next spring of ethion applied to organic soil in the granular form. Residues of parathion, diazinon or both were detected in soil on all 13 farms but at levels 1/9 and 1/30, respectively, of those found for ethion. Other OP insecticides detected at avg 4-yr levels ≥ 0.1 ppm included fonofos, chlorpyrifos, VC-13® (O-2,4-dichlorophenyl O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate), and chlorfenvinphos.
TL;DR: It is evident that enormous experimental benefit accrues to the individual or group of individuals who, early in the course of their work with peptides, devote their attention to establishing primary structure and soon follow with the psychological advantage of dealing with a known substance.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter is concerned with the structure and function of insect peptides. The peptides that have been discovered in the blood, glands, or tissues of insects have widely diverse metabolic and physiological function. Cuticle sclerotization, amino acid transport, detoxification of insecticides, neurotransmission, metabolic regulation, regulation of female sexual behavior and the pharmacological activity of venoms involve peptides in one insect species or another. No fewer than four of the ten insect peptides (excluding dipeptides) whose amino acid sequences are known were sequenced in 1975 or later. All but three of the ten peptides have been synthesized. Given the technical advances in isolation, sequence determination, and synthesis of peptides, the day is rapidly disappearing when physiologists remain confined to experimentation with ill-defined or semi-pure extracts of insect peptides. It is evident that enormous experimental benefit accrues to the individual or group of individuals who, early in the course of their work with peptides, devote their attention to establishing primary structure. Synthesis, structure-function relationships, isotope studies, and precise, definitive physiological experimentation are then all possible, and soon follow with the psychological advantage of dealing with a known substance.
TL;DR: The use of humus analogues for investigating pesticide behavior in soils was attempted by MATHUR and MORLEY (1975), who found that the insecticide methoxychlor present in the culture of a fungus was incorporated at the rate of about 668 ppm into a humic acid-like pigment produced by this organism.
Abstract: The inordinate retention of pesticides in soils (CHIBA and MORLEY 1968a; MOP™ 1972; MATHUR and MORLEY 1975; STEVENSON 1976), particularly in organic soils (MATHUR et al 1976a; 1976b; MATHUR and SAHA 1977), suggeSts that, in addition to the fraction that is adsorbed (MORITA 1976), a portion of certain pesticides may be incorporated or 'locked' into soil humus. The examination of this possibility through extraction and chemical degradation of humic materials treated with pesticides in the field is difficult, due to the nature of soil humus (MATHUR 1971). Also, the possibilities of biodegradation of the pesticide render the use of isotope-labelled materials in the field ineffective for such studies. One alternative is to use biodegradation to resolve complexes of pesticides and humic materials into identifiable units. For this, the humates used may be natural (HSU and BARTHA 1974) or models synthesized biologically or chemically. Analogues offer the opportunity to study incorporation of pesticides during synthesis, rather than their reactions only with the relatively stable humus. The use of model humic acids has contributed considerably towards our understnading of the chemical structure and behavior of soil humus (LADD and BUTLER 1966; MARTIN and HAIDER 1971; PIPER and POSNER 1972; ROY et al 1973; ROWELL et al 1973; HAIDER and MARTIN 1976; NELSON et al 1976). Consequently, the use of humus analogues for investigating pesticide behavior in soils was attempted by MATHUR and MORLEY (1975). They found that the insecticide methoxychlor present in the culture of a fungus was incorporated at the rate of about 668 ppm into a humic acid-like pigment produced by this organism. This indication of the possibility of incorporation of this pesticide into soil humus, and of the feasibility of using model humic acids for such studies was further investigated here by having 14C-labelled methoxychlor present during the chemical synthesis of a humic acid analogue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recrystallized, pure (99%~) 2,2-bis (p-methoxyphenyl)l,l,l- trichloroethane (methoxychlor) was obtained from Canadian Industries Ltd.; universally ring-labelled methoxychlor-14C from Mallinckrodt Nuclear, St. Louis, Mo.; and hydroquinone (p-dihydroxybenzene) from Sigma Chemical Co. Ai1 solvents used--were pesticide-grade and used as received.
TL;DR: The kinetic behavior of five models for biological transport, only one of which is based on the classical carrier mechanism, is investigated, and all give hyperbolic substrate saturation curves in accord with experimental observations on many systems.
TL;DR: The 11 genera of Nearctic Braconini are keyed: two of them, Myosoma Brulle with a wide pantropical range and Alienoclypeus Shenefelt, new genus, are found chiefly in the Chihuahuan desert and shrub fauna of northern Mexico and the southwestern U.S.A.
Abstract: The 11 genera of Nearctic Braconini are keyed: two of them, Myosoma Brulle with a wide pantropical range and Alienoclypeus Shenefelt, new genus, are found chiefly in the Chihuahuan desert and shrub fauna of northern Mexico and the southwestern U.S.A. and are recorded as Nearctic for the first time. Four new species are described in Myosoma : eumystax , impexum , longius , and durango . R. D. Shenefelt describes a new genus and species, Alienoclypeus insolitus . The genus Atanycolimorpha Viereck, 1913 is synonymized with Ipobracon Thomson, 1892. The genus Coeloides is revised for the Nearctic Region; 12 species are described and illustrated. Five of these are new: mexicanus , durangensis , sympitys , tsugatorus , and sonora . One species, C . rossicus (Kokujev), is Holarctic, a new subspecies, betulae , is described from Canada. The following are new synonyms: C . rufovariegatus (Provancher) = ( dendroctoni Cushman), C . vancouverensis (Dalla Torre) = ( brunneri Viereck), C . crocator (Kirby) = ( promontorii Dalla Torre).
TL;DR: The effectiveness of CO2 declined with drop in temperature so that no appreciable enhancement of toxicity occurred at 0°C, and the toxicities of acrylonitrile and acryonitrile—methyl bromide mixture were increased most.
Abstract: The toxicity of fumigants to insects in atmospheres of CO2 was found to vary considerably with different fumigants and with different species of insects. Of 5 fumigants, acrylonitrile, methyl bromide, a mixture of acrylonitrile and methyl bromide, phosphine, and hydrogen cyanide, the toxicities of acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile—methyl bromide mixture were increased most; concentrations of CO2 between 20 and 50% were most effective. The effectiveness of CO2 declined with drop in temperature so that no appreciable enhancement of toxicity occurred at 0°C.
TL;DR: Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) and the form described by Wirth and Jones (1957) occur sympatrically and without intermediates in British Columbia and Washington and should be given specific rank.
Abstract: Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) and the form described as C. variipennis occidentalis by Wirth and Jones (1957) occur sympatrically and without intermediates in British Columbia and Washington; occidentalis should therefore be given specific rank. The three other subspecies described by Wirth and Jones (sonorensis, albertensis, australis) are appropriately regarded as subspecies of occidentalis.
TL;DR: In this article, the mean and short-term fluctuations of carbon dioxide concentration, air temperature, and horizontal wind speed were measured simultaneously within and above a maize crop, and variance spectra showed the periodicity of the variations of these meteorological elements.
Abstract: The mean and short-term fluctuations of carbon dioxide concentration, air temperature, and horizontal wind speed were measured simultaneously within and above a maize crop. Although fluctuations were large at each of the 10 measurement heights, the largest were at the 180-cm level, the densest part of the crop. These short-term fluctuations indicated the broad range of environmental conditions to which plants are exposed (and which plants create or modify) in the field. The statistics of the distributions of these meteorological elements are discussed and the deviations from steady-state conditions are examined by determining linear trends. Finally, variance spectra showed the periodicity of the variations of these meteorological elements.
TL;DR: In this article, a low-resolution mass spectrometer was used with chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring, without a data system, to estimate nitrogen-15 isotopic enrichment with a sensitivity and precision adequate for many biological studies.
Abstract: The data indicate that a commercial, low resolution mass spectrometer can be used with chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring, without a data system, to estimate nitrogen-15 isotopic enrichment with a sensitivity and precision adequate for many biological studies. This was demonstrated using derivatized amino acid mixtures with separation and direct introduction into the mass spectrometer via a gas chromatograph. The method can discriminate between mean levels separated by 0.1 atom % 15N with 68% confidence at the 0.1 nmol level. Labeled dansylamide samples, inserted by probe, were also measured for 15N content.
TL;DR: Residue studies indicated that the pyrethroids were more persistent than methomyl on celery with detectable residues of the former still present 21 days after treatment.
Abstract: In laboratory tests, permethrin (NRDC 143), Shell WL 41706 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), Shell 43467 (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), and Shell WL 43775 (Pydrin®) (alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate) were as or more toxic than methomyl to 4th instars of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). All were more toxic than chlordimeform. Posttreatment temperature influenced toxicity with the pyrethroids having negative and methomyl and chlordimeform positive temperature coefficients of toxicity. In field tests, done when the highest temperature was 30°C WL 43775, WL 41706, and permethrin were as effective against cabbage loopers that attacked celery at 70 and 140 as methomyl at 840 g AI/ha. Residue studies indicated that the pyrethroids were more persistent than methomyl on celery with detectable residues of the former still present 21 days after treatment.
TL;DR: Comparison of these and other studies indicated that permethrin, WL 41706, and WL 43775 were ca.
Abstract: In laboratory tests, 5 pyrethroid insecticides, FMC 45498 ((S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(R)- cis -2-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), pennethrin (ICI PP 557), Shell WL 41706 ((±)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), Shell WL 43467 ((±)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)- cis . trans -2-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-3,3-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), and Shell WL 43775 ((±)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate) were all more toxic by direct contact than chlorpyrifos to 3rd instar darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris). Permethrin, WL 41706, WL 43775, and WL 43467 were all more toxic than chlorpyrifos to 3rd-instar black cutwonn, Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel), and a white cutworm, E. scandens (Riley). In other laboratory tests, permethrin, WL 41706, and WL 43775 EC were effective against 4th-5th instar darksided cutworm at application rates as low as 70 g AI/ha, compared to chlorpyrifos at 560 g AI/ha, when applied to rye foliage or the surface of moist sand. The pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos were less active against the darksided cutworm when applied to dry sand. In microplot field tests, permethrin, WL 41706, and WL 43775 controlled the 3 species of cutworms at rates as low as 70 g AI/ha when applied as rye foliage, preplanting soil surface, and postplanting treatments. Equivalent control was obtained with chlorpyrifos at 560–1120 g AI/ha. No residues of permethrin, WL 41706, WL 43775, or chlorpyrifos were detected on tobacco or onions 57 and 83 days, respectively, after treatment. Residues of the pyrethroids(<;0.1 ppm) and chlorpyrifos (0.2 ppm) were detected on asparagus 1 wk after treatment. Comparison of these and other studies indicated that permethrin, WL 41706, and WL 43775 were ca. 16 and 64X more effective than chlorpyrifos and DDT, respectively, for cutworm control.
TL;DR: The existence of “host races” attacking theseSonchus species, or alternatively, the frequent occurrence of ovipositional “mistakes” involving these plants are suggested.
Abstract: Strains ofTephritis dilacerataLoew andT. formosaLoew from galls onSonchus arvensis L. andS. asper (L.)Hill, respectively, could be raised reliably in the laboratory only on their host plants. Ovipositing females of both tephritids select a narrow, but different, range of bud sizes. The hatching of the eggs of both flies is synchronized with the onset of rapid but elongation in their respective host plants. Because the growth characteristics of these 2Sonchus species are different, buds of equivalent developmental stages are different average sizes, and ovipositional behavior that brings about synchronization onS. arvensis is not adapted toS. asper and vice versa. Both flies occasionally laid into the flower buds of each others host plant as well asS. oleraceus L. In these cases the buds aborted or the larvae failed to complete normal development. However, both flies appear to be preadapted to the non-host plantSonchus species in this group and host records forT. dilacerata andT. formosa suggest the existence of “host races” attacking theseSonchus species, or alternatively, the frequent occurrence of ovipositional “mistakes” involving these plants.
TL;DR: The fumigants, methyl bromide and phosphine, were found to give enhanced toxicity when used jointly on the stored product insects Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal.
Abstract: The fumigants, methyl bromide and phosphine, were found to give enhanced toxicity when used jointly on the stored product insects Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal. The fact that the 2 materials can be mixed to exert a combined toxic effect gives them some potential for expanded usefulness in areas where the advantageous properties of both compounds are needed.
TL;DR: The hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.34) system in Fusarium oxysporum, a soil inhabiting plant pathogen, has been examined and NADPH is a more efficient reductant on a molar basis than NADH for the deacylation of the hydroxylglut Daryl-coanzyme A substrate.