Showing papers by "Albion College published in 2013"

Detection-loophole-free test of quantum nonlocality, and applications.

Abstract: We present a source of entangled photons that violates a Bell inequality free of the ``fair-sampling'' assumption, by over 7 standard deviations. This violation is the first reported experiment with photons to close the detection loophole, and we demonstrate enough ``efficiency'' overhead to eventually perform a fully loophole-free test of local realism. The entanglement quality is verified by maximally violating additional Bell tests, testing the upper limit of quantum correlations. Finally, we use the source to generate ``device-independent'' private quantum random numbers at rates over 4 orders of magnitude beyond previous experiments.

Petrochronology of Himalayan ultrahigh-pressure eclogite

Abstract: The timing and nature of the India-Asia collision, Earth’s largest ongoing continent-continent collisional orogen, are unclear. Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of Indian continental margin rocks is used as a proxy for initial collision because it indicates subduction of India. Records of this metamorphism are preserved only at Kaghan Valley (Pakistan) and Tso Morari (Ladakh, India), separated by ~500 km and having published ages of peak pressure of 46.2 ± 0.7 Ma and 53–51 Ma, respectively. The apparent ~6 m.y. age difference may refl ect multiple subduction events, a large promontory along the former Indian margin, or inadequate constraints on the time of peak pressure recrystallization at Tso Morari. We present 108 coupled, in situ U/Th-Pb and rare earth element (REE) analyses of zircons in two Tso Morari eclogites to obtain age and petrologic information. The ages range from ca. 53 Ma to 37 Ma, and peak at ca. 47–43 Ma. Flat heavy REE slopes and the absence of an Eu anomaly are compatible with eclogite-facies zircon (re)crystallization. This (re)crystallization probably occurred at ultrahigh pressure, because 64% of the analyses are from zircon included in ultrahigh-pressure garnet and omphacite. These results are consistent with those from Kaghan Valley, and suggest that a single, protracted ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic event occurred contemporaneously across much of the orogen, following initial contact of the Indian and Asian continents at ca. 51 Ma or later.

Comparison of the deformation behaviour of commercially pure titanium and Ti–5Al–2.5Sn(wt.%) at 296 and 728 K

Abstract: The tension and tensile-creep deformation behaviours of a fully-α phase commercially pure (CP) Ti and a near-α Ti–5Al–2.5Sn(wt.%) alloy deformed in situ inside a scanning electron microscope were compared. Tensile tests were performed at 296 and 728 K, while tensile-creep tests were performed at 728 K. The yield stress of CP Ti decreased dramatically with increasing temperature. In contrast, temperature had much smaller effect on the yield stress of Ti–5Al–2.5Sn(wt.%). Electron backscattered diffraction was performed both before and after the deformation, and slip trace analysis was used to determine the active slip and twinning systems, as well as the associated global stress state Schmid factors. In tension tests of CP Ti, prismatic slip was the most likely slip system to be activated when the Schmid factor exceeded 0.4. Prismatic slip was observed over the largest Schmid factor range, indicating that the local stress tensor varies significantly from the global stress state of uniaxial tension. The basa...

Mapping Wolbachia distributions in the adult Drosophila brain

Abstract: Summary The maternally inherited bacterium Wolbachia infects the germline of most arthropod species. Using Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster, we demonstrate that localization of Wolbachia to the fat bodies and adult brain is likely also a con- served feature of Wolbachia infection. Examina- tion of three Wolbachia strains (WMel ,W Riv ,W Pop) revealed that the bacteria preferentially concen- trate in the central brain with low titres in the optic lobes. Distribution within regions of the central brain is largely determined by the Wolbachia strain, while the titre is influenced by both, the host species and the bacteria strain. In neurons of the central brain and ventral nerve cord, Wolbachia preferentially localizes to the neuronal cell bodies but not to axons. All examined Wolbachia strains are present intracellularly or in extracellular clus- ters, with the pathogenic WPop strain exhibiting the largest and most abundant clusters. We also dis- covered that 16 of 40 lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel are Wolbachia infected. Direct comparison of Wolbachia infected and cured lines from this panel reveals that differences in physiological traits (chill coma recovery, starva- tion, longevity) are partially due to host line influ- ences. In addition, a tetracycline-induced increase in Drosophila longevity was detected many gen- erations after treatment.

Process Challenges and Learning-Based Interactions in Stage 2 of Doctoral Education: Implications from Two Applied Social Science Fields

Abstract: This article reports on an exploratory study that examined the transition to independence in Stage 2 of the doctoral student experience in two applied social science fields. We rely on an interdisciplinary framework that integrates developmental networks and sociocultural perspectives of learning to better understand the connection between the challenges in Stage 2 of the doctoral education process and students’ learning-based behavioral responses to such challenges during this critical transition. Results indicate the presence of three types of process challenges in Stage 2: structural, interpersonal, and individual. Results also point to a range of behavioral responses to such challenges and their relative effectiveness in advancing doctoral student learning towards becoming independent scholars. We conclude with directions for future research and practice.

Mentoring: A Typology of Costs for Higher Education Faculty.

Abstract: In this theoretical paper, we apply a social exchange framework to understand mentors’ negative experiences. We propose a typology of costs, categorized according to psychosocial and career mentoring functions. Our typology generates testable research propositions. Psychosocial costs of mentoring are burnout, anger, and grief or loss. Career costs of mentoring include diminished reputation, decrease in productivity, and risk of ethical transgressions. The typology focuses on faculty in higher education because of the prevalence and importance of mentoring in that work setting. However, the typology may be extended to career arenas such as law, medicine, and the military. The theory presents a framework for acknowledging negative experiences and the costs associated with mentorship.

Managing the Process: The Intradepartmental Networks of Early-Career Academics

Abstract: This article relies on data from surveys and interviews to explore the networking behaviors and strategies of early-career faculty members within the contexts of their academic departments. Findings suggest that faculty members’ approaches to interactions and relationships with colleagues may be conceptualized according to a continuum of behavior, based on their political awareness of interactions and their strategic engagement in them, interactions as a means of impression management, the cultivation of relationships for symbolic inclusion in networks, and the presence of functional patterns in network. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.

Forecasting with prediction intervals for periodic autoregressive moving average models

Abstract: Periodic autoregressive moving average (PARMA) models are indicated for time series whose mean, variance and covariance function vary with the season. In this study, we develop and implement forecasting procedures for PARMA models. Forecasts are developed using the innovations algorithm, along with an idea of Ansley. A formula for the asymptotic error variance is provided, so that Gaussian prediction intervals can be computed. Finally, an application to monthly river flow forecasting is given, to illustrate the method.

‘A‘ā lava-fed deltas: A new reference tool in paleoenvironmental studies

Abstract: Lava-fed deltas are extraordinarily useful indicators of fossil water (and ice) levels in glacial, marine, and lacustrine environments. Deltas fed by ‘a‘ā lava should be at least as common as those sourced in pāhoehoe, yet they have been rarely described. Although facies models for pāhoehoe lava-fed deltas are well established, the architecture and lithofacies of ‘a‘ā-fed equivalents are substantially different and have thus far largely been unrecognized. This can have profound consequences for paleoenvironmental investigations, particularly those attempting to reconstruct past ice sheets. Essential features of ‘a‘ā lava-fed deltas include (1) a subaerial ‘a‘ā lava capping unit comprising massive internal sheet lava overlain by clinkers; (2) a crudely developed subaerial to subaqueous transition (passage zone); (3) a chaotic subaqueous association of abundant lava lobes and hyaloclastite with admixed vesicular, often reddened (oxidized) lava clinkers; and (4) rare subaqueous stratification with predominantly lower dips (∼10°–20°) than in deltas fed by pāhoehoe lava (∼25°–40°). We develop a generic facies model and investigate the emplacement conditions of ‘a‘ā lava-fed deltas in order to facilitate the recognition and environmental interpretation of these important sequence types in ancient successions.

Exergaming and Static Postural Control in Individuals With a History of Lower Limb Injury

Abstract: Context: Therapeutic exercise programs that incorporate real-time feedback have been reported to enhance outcomes in patients with lower extremity joint injuries. The Wii Fit has been purported to improve balance, strength, flexibility, and fitness. Objective: To determine the effects of Wii Fit rehabilitation on postural control and self-reported function in patients with a history of lower limb injury. Design: Single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-eight physically active participants with a history of lower limb injuries were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (9 Wii Fit, 10 traditional, 9 control). Intervention(s): Intervention groups performed supervised rehabilitation 3 d/wk for a total of 12 sessions. Main Outcome Measure(s): Time to boundary (TTB) and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) were conducted at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks. Self-reported function was measured at baseline and 4-week follow-up. Between-groups difference...

Junk food consumption and screen time: association with childhood adiposity.

Abstract: Objectives: To determine the joint as- sociation of junk food consumption (JFC) and screen time (ST) with adiposity in children. Methods: Two hundred four- teen (121 girls, 93 boys) third-to-fifth- grade students (54% Hispanic, 35% Af- rican American, 8% white) completed a lifestyle behavior survey, which included self-reported JFC and ST, as part of a school-based lifestyle intervention pro- gram. Results: Neither JFC nor ST, inde- pendently or jointly, was associated with adiposity measures. JFC and ST were sig- nificantly correlated (r = .375). Conclu- sions: The low achievement of physical activity and screen time recommenda- tions and high prevalence of overweight/ obesity in this mostly minority, low so- cioeconomic status population indicates a potential focus for intervention.

X-ray emission measurements following charge exchange between C 6 + and He

Abstract: X-ray spectra following charge-exchange collisions between C${}^{6+}$ and He are presented for collision energies between 460 and 32 000 eV/u. Spectra were obtained at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Multicharged Ion Research Facility using a microcalorimeter x-ray detector capable of fully resolving the C vi Lyman series lines through Ly-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$. These line ratios are sensitive to the initial electron $\ensuremath{\ell}$ distribution and test our understanding of the charge-exchange process. In addition, these line ratios are important for identifying charge exchange in astrophysical contexts involving the interaction of solar wind ions with neutrals. Our measurements are performed at collision velocities (300--2500 km/s) which overlap most of the solar wind range. Additional data of this type can be combined with computations to provide an extensive set of reliable line ratios and absolute cross sections for the interpretation of a variety of astrophysical situations.

Mid-infrared single-photon detection with tungsten silicide superconducting nanowires

Abstract: We developed superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) based on tungsten silicide (WSi), that show saturated internal detection efficiency from 2.1 to 5.5 μm wavelength.

Laboratory Simulated Gambling: Risk Varies Across Participant-Stake Procedure

Abstract: . This study investigated whether risk taking on a laboratory gambling task differed depending on whether participants gambled with earned or experimenter-provided game credits. Participants made repeated choices between two options, one to wager game credits on a game that produced probabilistic gains and losses, and one to gain game credits with certainty. Choice was investigated across stake and no-stake conditions and condition order was counterbalanced across conditions. Risk taking was higher under stake than no-stake conditions, but only when stake conditions were experienced first. There was no effect on risk taking of the amount of the certain gain. Results are consistent with previous research showing that participant-stake procedures promote greater risk taking than procedures that allow participants to gamble with their own earnings, and also show that experience gambling with earned credits has an enduring effect on risk taking.

The United Nations Security Council and Human Rights Advocacy

Abstract: This paper explores how human rights activism has led to the formal institutionalization of new accountability standards including formal guidelines on prosecutions and amnesties at the United Nations. The paper also explores how norm entrepreneurs inside and outside the UN Security Council have shaped Security Council practice such that it is now contributing to the protection of human rights through selective humanitarian intervention and referrals to the International Criminal Court; as well as the further development of the justice norm through its initiative on the rule of law and the endorsement of UN standards for transitional states. The paper examines how the advocacy practices of the human rights movement have contributed to these developments. It also asks the question whether or not particular Security Council practices should be understood as a new form of human rights advocacy and what the implications of increased Security Council involvement in the regulation of domestic human rights practices of states might be.

Navigating the Minefields of Publishing

Abstract: From the perspective of a journal editor and experienced author, this chapter provides counsel on the “ins” and “outs” of publishing empirical research in peer-reviewed journals.

Classical Education and Britain’s Imperial Elite

Abstract: A.P. Thornton once described Kennedy’s Latin Primer, a standard public school text for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, as ‘one of the winding sheets of empire’. This was hyperbole, meant to underscore his assertion that Britain’s elite educational institutions had lost their vitality by the 1920s and 1930s, and were no longer instilling the proper imperial spirit in graduates. By implication these same institutions — and the classical curriculum symbolized by Kennedy’s Primer — had been very successful at instilling that spirit during the empire’s 19th-century heyday. Elsewhere Thornton was even more explicit. He referred to elite education in Britain’s public schools and universities as an ‘elixir of empire’: a powerful cultural force inculcating particular imperial ideas and values in Britain’s elites, albeit in a sometimes mysterious, often uneven, and entirely unscientific manner.62

Ritual Violence in a Two-Car Garage:

Abstract: Sociologist Scott Melzer goes inside suburban Fight Clubs to see why men are risking their bodies to take up arms, to bond, and to exorcise childhood experiences of emasculation.

Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors with high system detection efficiency at telecom wavelengths

Abstract: We report on a fiber-coupled eight-channel single-photon-detection system employing superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) based on amorphous tungsten silicide (WSi) with system detection efficiency ranging from 81 to 89 % at 1550 nm wavelength.

Classical Discourse and British Conceptions of India

Abstract: Considering only the narratives of decline discussed in the preceding chapter, it would seem that classical discourse contributed to a rather negative image of Asia. Whether we take Gibbon’s link between ‘Oriental traffic’, the taste for luxury and moral decline, Cobden’s fear that Asia would infect Britain with decay as it had Greece and Rome, or Seeley’s assertion that contact with eastern civilization had killed the higher civilizations of Greece and Rome, Asia and Asians appear as dangerously different. Whether derived directly from ancient sources, the works of modern historians, or a combination of the two, with some contemporary prejudice thrown in, such negative imagery naturally tinged British attitudes to India.538 Other elements of classical discourse made similar contributions — not all of them strictly negative or leading inevitably to the entrenchment of ‘difference’, though in the end this seems to have been the most common result of applying it to the study and representation of India during the long 19th century.

Classical Discourse and British Imperial Identity: The Civilizing Mission

Abstract: To find the earliest connections between the civilizing mission of empire as described in classical discourse and that claimed by the British in connection with their empire, we would again need to look far beyond the chronological parameters of this study. Nicholas Canny has shown how individuals such as T. Smith, E. Spenser, and J. Davies deployed the image of Rome’s civilizing mission to Britain, as a justification for their actions in colonizing Ireland in the Elizabethan period.323 But as we have seen, the notion of empire as a vehicle of civilization was much older than this: it sprang full grown and girded from the hoary brow of antiquity via the works of Virgil, Plutarch, Tacitus, and Claudian for example. Thus Thomas Smith attributed his belief in the ability of colonization and imperial expansion to spread law and order, the essential prerequisites of civilization, to the success of Rome in Britain.324 In short, classical discourse had suggested a way of conceiving of conquest, colonization, and empire that included the spread of civilization.

Classical Discourse and the Decline and Fall of Empires

Abstract: Toward the end of his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Gibbon confidently opined that ‘attention will be excited by an history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire; the greatest, perhaps, and most awful scene, in the history of mankind.’450 This was not a hopeful fantasy. His immensely popular opus became a historical classic before his eyes and stood as a key element in understandings of empire in antiquity from the publication of the first volume in 1776, through the remainder of our period. As we have seen, while he said a great deal on the positive side, particularly with respect to the peace and prosperity of Rome’s golden age and the civilization spread via Rome’s imperial conquests, decline and fall was of course Gibbon’s central theme.

High Photon Information Efficient imaging using single photon source

Abstract: We report progress towards information-efficient quantum imaging We implemented a 4-mode interferometer (Fig1) which uses both polarization and spatial encoding to image Hadamard-encoded phase arrays We used this interferometer with a single-photon source to achieve the theoretical goal of Photon Information Efficiency (PIE)= 2 bits per photon (bpp) This demonstration is a particular case of a generalized M-path interferometer which can yield log 2 M bits of information with a single measurement of a single photon, the photon being placed in the W state 1/√M (|100···0〉+|010···0〉+|000···1〉) We also demonstrated that a heralded single-photon source can attain a higher PIE than coherent or thermal light

Classical Discourse and British Imperial Identity: The Imperial Character

Abstract: In 1877 Edward Dicey wrote ‘England, like Rome, is the corner-stone of an imperial fabric such as it has fallen to the lot of no other country to erect, or uphold when erected.’389 This is familiar territory, where the comparison to Rome establishes or confirms the special magnificence of Britain’s Empire. But that was only the first step. Dicey continued, revealing still more of the conceptual imperial constellation bound up with classical discourse. Having acknowledged the role of naked self-interest in the foundation and maintenance of Britain’s rule in India, he came to the crux of the issue. He claimed that the real reason the British, as opposed to another equally avaricious rival, held India was that ‘to us has been given a mission like to that of ancient Rome’.390 This too is familiar territory: Britain’s civilizing mission, so similar to Rome’s, made the Indian Empire special and historically great. But the conclusion of Dicey’s thought carries us onto new ground, revealing the final element in the imperial nexus derived from classical discourse. As he put it ‘we too might well be bidden to remember that regere imperio populos is the talent committed to us.’391 Romans and Britons shared the same rare and innate capacity for imperial rule, inimitably described by the immortal and apparently irresistible genius of Virgil.392 Everything followed from this essential similarity in character. Without it there could be no talk of a magnificent and durable ‘imperial fabric’ or of an imperial civilizing ‘mission’.

Classical Discourse in British India I: Coping with Life in India

Abstract: Among the remarkable collection of Mountstuart Elphinstone’s papers in the British Library, there is a tiny traveller’s edition of the collected works of Virgil. It carries two inscriptions: ‘M. Elphinstone Benares’ and ‘This book was given me by my mother in 1794; it once belonged to my uncle, Capt. Ruthven’.628 The book, so perfectly suited to travel, so evocative of family, and, as we will see, so in tune with Elphinstone’s abiding passion for the classics, was the perfect present for a much loved younger son about to embark on an Indian career. That he carried it to India we know from the presence of ‘Benares’ in the inscription. That he kept it close through his thirty-two years in India is clear from his journals, which regularly mention him reading it. Indeed, Elphinstone’s journals preserve a remarkable record of reading and study, much of it classical. The apocryphal story that Elphinstone went nowhere without his copy of Thucydides is of course hyperbole, but not in the way that might be expected. The exaggeration lies solely in the claim that it was always Thucydides. His Virgil, for one, was just as likely to be with him, along with any number of other books. On one occasion, he recorded the theft of fifteen to twenty books from his tent, including multiple volumes of Thucydides, Herodotus, and Cicero.629 And on his famous mission to ‘the Kingdom of Cabul’ in 1808–9, two of the five chests in his baggage were filled with books, including Quintus Curtius.630 These classics were neither ornaments nor paperweights. Like the Virgil, they were read, re-read, pored over, often, as we will see, in truly remarkable circumstances and with remarkable outcomes.

Classical Discourse and British Imperial Identity: The Nature of Empire

Abstract: Because classical discourse and imperial discourse overlapped to such an extent — being in many cases created and consumed by the same people — it will come as no surprise that close comparisons between classical antiquity and Britain’s imperial present were as common in the latter as the former. Nor is it surprising to find the same pre-occupation with the present and exploitation in the literature comprising the imperial annex of classical reception studies. No one has done more to advance this perspective in recent years than Vasunia. His recent essay tracing Virgil’s place in British imperial discourse offers an extended and trenchant discussion of the ‘translatio imperii […] at the heart of the comparison between the Roman and British empires’ and in which ‘Rome functioned as a figure of empire… available to those who wished to transfer imperium to themselves and claimed the authority to speak for empire in their own time.’267

Classical Discourse: Imperial Dimensions

Abstract: If there is abundant reason to believe that classical education engendered in Britain’s elites a sense of the importance and relevance of classical antiquity to contemporary life, there remains the matter of tracing how such general sentiments contributed to specific conceptions of empire during the long 19th century. The necessary first step is to sift classical discourse for themes and trends with an imperial dimension. It is easy enough to find period representations of antiquity containing ‘imperial’ elements, but somewhat more difficult to determine with certainty which ones best exemplify the common, or dominant, understanding of antiquity. It is even more difficult to determine exactly how particular understandings, and the representations they spawned, came to be. Did they spring full formed from the hoary brows of ancient sources? Were they a palimpsest of contemporary concerns and values over ancient texts? Or did they emerge from a process that slid to and fro on the spectrum between these poles?