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Showing papers by "Amazon.com published in 2004"


Patent
10 Jun 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a web site system that persistently stores event data reflective of events that occur during browsing sessions of web site users, and makes such data available to other applications and services in real time.
Abstract: A web site system (30) includes an event history server system (32) that persistently stores event data reflective of events that occur during browsing sessions of web site users, and makes such data available to other applications and services (38) in real time. The server system (32) may, for example, be used to record information about every mouse click of every recognized user, and may also be used to record other types of events such as impressions and mouse-over events. The event data of a particular user may be retrieved from the server system (32) based on event type, event time of occurrence, and various other criteria. In one embodiment, the server system (32) includes a cache layer (40) that caches event data by session ID, and includes a persistent storage layer (44) that persistently stores the event data by user ID. Also disclosed are various application features that may be implemented using the stored event data.

293 citations


Patent
30 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a Web-based system provides informational services for assisting customers in selecting products or other types of items from an electronic catalog of a merchant using purchase history data collected for online users, the system automatically identifies and generates lists of the most popular items (and/or items that are becoming popular) within particular communities, and makes such information available to users for viewing.
Abstract: A Web based system provides informational services for assisting customers in selecting products or other types of items from an electronic catalog of a merchant. Users of the system can create and join user communities, such as communities based on user hobbies, localities, professions, and organizations. The system also supports implicit membership communities that are based on email addresses (e.g., all users having a “nasa.com” email address), shipping/billing addresses, and other known user information. Using purchase history data collected for online users, the system automatically identifies and generates lists of the most popular items (and/or items that are becoming popular) within particular communities, and makes such information available to users for viewing. For example, in the context of an online book store users of the nasa.com community may automatically be presented a Web page which lists the bestselling book titles among nasa.com users, or may be sent email notifications of purchase events or hotselling books within the community. Another feature involves automatically notifying users interested in particular products of other users (preferably other members of the same community) that have purchased the same or similar products. For example, in one embodiment, when a user accesses a book detail page, the detail page is customized to include the names and email addresses of other members of the user's community that recently purchased the same book.

243 citations


Patent
Kavin Du1, Milen Nankov1
22 Dec 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a method, system, and apparatus are provided for allowing users to readily obtain information associated with a selected item from a remote location, where a user at the location of the first entity operates a portable imaging device to capture an image of identifying data, such as a barcode, that identifies the selected item.
Abstract: A method, system, and apparatus are provided for allowing users to readily obtain information associated with a selected item from a remote location. More specifically, a user at the location of the first entity operates a portable imaging device to capture an image of identifying data, such as a barcode, that identifies a selected item. The captured image is then communicated to a server operated by a second entity that is different than the first entity to obtain item information (e.g., price, availability, etc.) associated with the selected item. The item information is communicated back to the portable imaging device for display to the user while the user remains at the location of the first entity. In other embodiments, the information extracted from the captured image may also be used to forecast future purchasing activity for the selected item.

230 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper showed that the effect of tropical deforestation on greenhouse-gas emissions and global warming is substantial, and that at least for Brazilian Amazonia, the net impact of tropical deforesting on global warming may be more than double that estimated in the recent study.
Abstract: A recent (2002) analysis concluded that rates of tropical deforestation and atmospheric carbon emissions during the 1990–1997 interval were lower than previously suggested. We challenged this assertion with respect to tropical carbon emissions, but our conclusions were disputed by the authors of the original study. Here we provide further evidence to support our conclusion that the effect of tropical deforestation on greenhouse-gas emissions and global warming is substantial. At least for Brazilian Amazonia, the net impact of tropical deforestation on global warming may be more than double that estimated in the recent study.

185 citations



Patent
11 Aug 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a personalized blurb selection component selects blurbs to present to users based on histories of catalog items selected by such users, and/or based on various other criteria.
Abstract: An electronic catalog system (30) provides a user interface (32) for users to author and post pieces of content (44), referred to as 'blurbs,' for viewing by other users. The blurbs (44) submitted by a particular author are made available for viewing in an author-specific web log or 'blog' (46) format. Blurbs (44) may also be obtained from external sources, such as from blogs hosted by various web sites. A personalized blurb selection component (52) selects blurbs (44) to present to users based on histories of catalog items selected by such users, and/or based on various other criteria. The blurbs (44) selected for a particular user are presented within a personal log or 'plog' (50), which may be updated daily and will typically contain entries from many different authors. User feedback provided on specific blurbs (44) is taken into consideration by the personalized blurb selection component (52).

151 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the problem of revenue maximization in online auctions, and derive a new auction for digital goods that achieves a constant competitive ratio with respect to the optimal (offline) fixed price revenue.

142 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The architecture of Blue Martini Software's e-commerce suite has supported data collection, data transformation, and data mining since its inception, and many lessons learned over the last four years and the challenges that still need to be addressed are discussed.
Abstract: The architecture of Blue Martini Software's e-commerce suite has supported data collection, data transformation, and data mining since its inception. With clickstreams being collected at the application-server layer, high-level events being logged, and data automatically transformed into a data warehouse using meta-data, common problems plaguing data mining using weblogs (e.g., sessionization and conflating multi-sourced data) were obviated, thus allowing us to concentrate on actual data mining goals. The paper briefly reviews the architecture and discusses many lessons learned over the last four years and the challenges that still need to be addressed. The lessons and challenges are presented across two dimensions: business-level vs. technical, and throughout the data mining lifecycle stages of data collection, data warehouse construction, business intelligence, and deployment. The lessons and challenges are also widely applicable to data mining domains outside retail e-commerce.

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-factor model that exploits, in real time, information on many time series to extract a twodimensional signal produces a degree of forecasting accuracy of the federal funds rate similar to that of the markets and, for output and inflation, similar to the Greenbook forecasts.
Abstract: We analyze the panel of the Greenbook forecasts (sample 1970-1996) and a large panel of monthly variables for the United States (sample 1970-2003) and show that the bulk of dynamics of both the variables and their forecasts is explained by two shocks. A two-factor model that exploits, in real time, information on many time series to extract a two-dimensional signal produces a degree of forecasting accuracy of the federal funds rate similar to that of the markets and, for output and inflation, similar to that of the Greenbook forecasts. This leads us to conclude that the stochastic dimension of the U.S. economy is two. We also show that dimension two is generated by a real and nominal shock, with output mainly driven by the real shock, and inflation mainly driven by the nominal shock. The implication is that, by tracking any forecastable measure of real activity and price dynamics, the central bank can track all fundamental dynamics in the economy.

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A rigorous decomposition approach to solve separable mixed-integer nonlinear programs where the participating functions are nonconvex is presented and numerical results are compared with currently available algorithms for example problems, illuminating the potential benefits of the proposed algorithm.
Abstract: A rigorous decomposition approach to solve separable mixed-integer nonlinear programs where the participating functions are nonconvex is presented. The proposed algorithms consist of solving an alternating sequence of Relaxed Master Problems (mixed-integer linear program) and two nonlinear programming problems (NLPs). A sequence of valid nondecreasing lower bounds and upper bounds is generated by the algorithms which converge in a finite number of iterations. A Primal Bounding Problem is introduced, which is a convex NLP solved at each iteration to derive valid outer approximations of the nonconvex functions in the continuous space. Two decomposition algorithms are presented in this work. On finite termination, the first yields the global solution to the original nonconvex MINLP and the second finds a rigorous bound to the global solution. Convergence and optimality properties, and refinement of the algorithms for efficient implementation are presented. Finally, numerical results are compared with currently available algorithms for example problems, illuminating the potential benefits of the proposed algorithm.

121 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Arapaima gigas is one of the most obligate extant air-breathing fishes representing a remarkable model system to investigate how the transition from aquatic to aerial respiration affects gill design and the relocation of physiological processes from the gills to the kidney during the evolution of air- breathing.
Abstract: The transition from aquatic to aerial respiration is associated with dramatic physiological changes in relation to gas exchange, ion regulation, acid-base balance and nitrogenous waste excretion. Arapaima gigas is one of the most obligate extant air-breathing fishes, representing a remarkable model system to investigate (1) how the transition from aquatic to aerial respiration affects gill design and (2) the relocation of physiological processes from the gills to the kidney during the evolution of air-breathing. Arapaima gigas undergoes a transition from water- to air-breathing during development, resulting in striking changes in gill morphology. In small fish (10 g), the gills are qualitatively similar in appearance to another closely related water-breathing fish (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum); however, as fish grow (100-1000 g), the inter-lamellar spaces become filled with cells, including mitochondria-rich (MR) cells, leaving only column-shaped filaments. At this stage, there is a high density of MR cells and strong immunolocalization of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase along the outer cell layer of the gill filament. Despite the greatly reduced overall gill surface area, which is typical of obligate air-breathing fish, the gills may remain an important site for ionoregulation and acid-base regulation. The kidney is greatly enlarged in A. gigas relative to that in O. bicirrhosum and may comprise a significant pathway for nitrogenous waste excretion. Quantification of the physiological role of the gill and the kidney in A. gigas during development and in adults will yield important insights into developmental physiology and the evolution of air-breathing.

Patent
19 Nov 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a table that maps items to sets of related items is used to provide personalized item recommendations to users, and/or to supplement item detail pages of the electronic catalog with lists of relevant items.
Abstract: Various methods are disclosed for monitoring user browsing activities that indicate user interests in particular products, or other items, represented in an electronic catalog, and for using such information to identify items that are related to one another. In one embodiment, relationships between items within an electronic catalog are determined by identifying items that are frequently viewed by users within the same browsing session (e.g., items A and B are related because a significant portion of those who viewed A also viewed B). The resulting item relatedness data may be stored in a table that maps items to sets of related items. The table may be used to provide personalized item recommendations to users, and/or to supplement item detail pages of the electronic catalog with lists of related items. In one embodiment, the table is used to provide session-specific item recommendations to users.

Patent
15 Jun 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer software facility for generating and implementing a temporal map depicting a relationship between locations in a warehouse or distribution center is described, where the facility tracks the movement in the warehouse, including the time it takes for mobile elements to move between a pair of identifiable locations.
Abstract: A computer software facility for generating and implementing a temporal map depicting a relationship between locations in a warehouse or distribution center is described. The facility tracks the movement in the warehouse, including the time it takes for mobile elements to move between a pair of identifiable locations. Based on the tracking, the facility produces movement time records for multiple location pairs in the warehouse. The facility then generates a map of the warehouse. Where information for specific pairs of identifiable locations is not available, the facility may derive movement time information based on actual movement times for related location pairs. The generated map can be used as part of a computer application for tasks such as scheduling the picking of items, evaluating employee performance, organizing the storage of items in the warehouse, and other uses.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since elevated dietary Ca2+ reduces waterborne Cd uptake, fish eating a Ca(2+)-rich invertebrate diet may be more protected against waterborneCd toxicity in a field situation.

Patent
06 Oct 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a failure analysis component analyzes the user activity data to automatically detect likely failure events, and a failure event filtering component intelligently selects failure events for which to request feedback from the user, taking into consideration information about the failure event itself and information about a particular user.
Abstract: A web site or other interactive service maintains user activity data reflective of the activities of its users. A failure analysis component analyzes the user activity data to automatically detect likely failure events. A failure event filtering component intelligently selects failure events for which to request feedback from the user, preferably taking into consideration information about the failure event itself and information about the particular user. Requests for user feedback, and operator responses to the user feedback messages, are preferably presented on a personal log page that also displays other types of personalized information.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that differences in the number of ties between two workers can induce substantial inequality and can explain roughly 15% of the unexplained variation in wages, and that reasonable differences between the average number of links between blacks and whites can explain the disparity in black and white income distributions.
Abstract: It is well-known that 50% or more of all jobs are obtained through informal channels i.e. connections to family or friends. As well, statistical studies show that observable individual factors account for only about 50% of the very wide variation in earnings. We seek to explain these two facts by assuming that the linking of workers and firms is mediated by limited network connections. The model implies that essentially similar workers can have markedly different wages and further that the inequality of wages is partly explained by variations in the sizes of workers' networks. Our results indicate that differences in the number of ties can induce substantial inequality and can explain roughly 15% of the unexplained variation in wages. We also show that reasonable differences in the average number of links between blacks and whites can explain the disparity in black and white income distributions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of distance to forest edge and soil texture on fine-litter production and on nutrient concentrations in the leaf fall in an experimentally fragmented landscape in Brazilian Amazonia were analyzed.
Abstract: We analyzed the effects of distance to forest edge and soil texture on fine-litter production and on nutrient concentrations in the leaf fall in an experimentally fragmented landscape in Brazilian Amazonia. Production of fine litter (leaves, twigs 250 m) from forest edges, and in clayey or sandy soils. In total, 28 plots were established, with 10 litter traps per plot. Results reveal a significant effect of distance to forest edge on litter production, but no significant effect of soil type or interaction between soil type and edge distance. On average, annual litter production on edge plots exceeded that on the interior plots by 0.68 Mg/ha (9.50 ± 0.23 vs. 8.82 ± 0.14 Mg·ha−1·yr−1, mean ± 1 se, based on a 3-yr period). With regard to nutrient concentrations in the leaf fall, we detected a significant effect of soil type on three of eight nutrients analyzed. Concentrations of N, Mg, and Mn were greater in leaves on clayey than on sandy soils. Distance to forest edge only significantly affected the concentration of Ca, which was greater near than far from edges, perhaps due to strong Ca mobilization by the roots of pioneer trees. Several factors may account for the observed increase in litterfall near forest edges, including the greater prevalence of winds, increased plant desiccation stress, and higher rates of tree recruitment, especially of pioneer trees, near edges. Elevated rates of litterfall are likely to have cascading effects on the ecology of fragmented forests, affecting the invertebrate fauna, increasing seed and seedling mortality, and causing forest fragments to be more vulnerable to destructive surface fires.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The milk-clotting activity was highest at 55 degrees C for both crude and partially purified extract and optimum activity was displayed at pH 11.0 and pH 7.5, respectively.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The degree of extracellular acidosis tolerated by L. pardalis, and the ability to regulate pHi in the face of an extrace cellular acidosis, are the greatest reported to date in a teleost fish.
Abstract: SUMMARY Environmental hypercapnia induces a respiratory acidosis that is usually compensated within 24-96 h in freshwater fish. Water ionic composition has a large influence on both the rate and degree of pH recovery during hypercapnia. Waters of the Amazon are characteristically dilute in ions, which may have consequences for acid-base regulation during environmental hypercapnia in endemic fishes. The armoured catfish Liposarcus pardalis , from the Amazon, was exposed to a water P CO 2 of 7, 14 or 42 mmHg in soft water (in μmol l -1 : Na + , 15, Cl - , 16, K + , 9, Ca 2+ , 9, Mg 2+ , 2). Blood pH fell within 2 h from a normocapnic value of 7.90±0.03 to 7.56±0.04, 7.34±0.05 and 6.99±0.02, respectively. Only minor extracellular pH (pH e ) recovery was observed in the subsequent 24-96 h. Despite the pronounced extracellular acidosis, intracellular pH (pH i ) of the heart, liver and white muscle was tightly regulated within 6 h (the earliest time at which these parameters were measured) via a rapid accumulation of intracellular HCO 3 - . While most fish regulate pH i during exposure to environmental hypercapnia, the time course for this is usually similar to that for pH e regulation. The degree of extracellular acidosis tolerated by L. pardalis , and the ability to regulate pH i in the face of an extracellular acidosis, are the greatest reported to date in a teleost fish. The preferential regulation of pH i in the face of a largely uncompensated extracellular acidosis in L. pardalis is rare among vertebrates, and it is not known whether this is associated with the ability to air-breathe and tolerate aerial exposure, or living in water dilute in counter ions, or with other environmental or evolutionary selective pressures. The ubiquity of this strategy among Amazonian fishes and the mechanisms employed by L. pardalis are clearly worthy of further study.

Patent
15 Dec 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a display parameter that denotes a level of prominence that is usable to affect the display of a hyperlink is defined. And a prominence score used to determine the display parameter may be calculated by dividing a count of click-throughs by a number of page views of the page containing the hyperlink.
Abstract: Prominence data resulting from user interaction with a hyperlink on a page may be stored in one or more repositories. Prominence data may be collected automatically when the user views a page or clicks on a hyperlink without requiring separate action from the user to accomplish storage or retrieval. The prominence data may further include a display parameter that denotes a level of prominence that is usable to affect the display of a hyperlink. A prominence score used to determine the display parameter may be calculated by dividing a count of click-throughs by a count of page views of the page containing the hyperlink. Other score calculations may be used. User feedback may be incorporated into the score calculation and may be collected through a toolbar, popup window, or other feedback-collecting mechanism.

Patent
19 Mar 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer process is disclosed for identifying and informing users of early adopter items, where scores are generated for particular items represented in an electronic catalog, with each score reflecting an extent to which a corresponding item has been ordered by customers who tend to order items promptly after they become available.
Abstract: Computer processes are disclosed for identifying and informing users of early adopter items. In one embodiment, scores are generated for particular items represented in an electronic catalog, with each score reflecting an extent to which a corresponding item has been ordered by customers who tend to order items promptly after they become available. Information pertaining to such scores may be incorporated into item detail pages of the electronic catalog to assist customers in making item selection decisions. For example, the electronic catalog may identify specific items as early adopter items, and/or may display information pertaining to the degree to which specific items are early adopter items.

Patent
21 Dec 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a facility for responding to a request for information about an item is described, where the facility identifies those sellers (1) that are offering the item for sale, (2) whose availability level for the selected item exceeds a predetermined availability threshold, and (3) that have a seller score relating to a number of different items offered for sale by the seller that exceed a predetermined score threshold.
Abstract: A facility for responding to a request for information about an item is described. The facility receives a request for information about the item. Among a plurality of sellers, the facility identifies those sellers (1) that are offering the item for sale, (2) whose availability level for the selected item exceeds a predetermined availability threshold, and (3) that have a seller score relating to a number of different items offered for sale by the seller that exceeds a predetermined score threshold. The facility uses the identified sellers and the price of the item to select the featured seller of the item. The facility replies to the request for information with a web page containing both information describing the item and a control that can be activated to order the item from the featured seller.

Patent
28 Dec 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a sorting station may be subdivided into two or more modular bins and a modular bin may be partitioned into compartments, each of which is configured to receive one order including one or more items.
Abstract: System and method for modular sorting stations. A sorting station may be subdivided into two or more modular bins. A modular bin may be partitioned into compartments. Each compartment may be configured to receive one order including one or more items. Modular bins may be partitioned into compartments of different sizes to receive orders of different sizes. A modular bin may be removed from a sorting station and conveyed to a packing station for packing or other sorting station to continue sorting. Picked items may be received and sorted for rebinning into the modular bins manually or using an automated sorting mechanism. A control system may direct the sorting and rebinning operation. Modular sorting stations may be located adjacent to packing stations or, alternatively, away from packing stations and, when a modular bin is complete, it may be conveyed to an appropriate packing station for packing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulations showed that the increase in RST produced by homoplasy correction was only slightly larger than variation in R ST estimates expected to be caused by methodological errors, although the 95% confidence intervals overlapped.
Abstract: Microsatellite allelic states are determined by electrophoretic sizing of polymerase chain reaction fragments to define electromorphs. Numerous studies have documented that identical microsatellite electromorphs are potentially heterogeneous at the DNA sequence level, a phenomenon called electromorph size homoplasy. Few studies have examined the impact of electromorph size homoplasy on estimates of population genetic parameters. We investigated the frequency of microsatellite electromorph size homoplasy for 12 loci in the tropical tree Corythophora alta and 11 loci in the anadromous fish Morone saxatilis by sequencing 14–23 homozygotes per locus sampled from multiple populations for a total of 453 sequences. Sequencing revealed no homoplasy for M. saxatilis loci. Seven C. alta loci exhibited homoplasy, including single and compound repeat motifs both with and without interruptions. Between 12.5 and 42.9% of electromorphs sampled per locus showed size homoplasy. Two methods of correction for homoplasy in C. alta generally produced little or no change in single-locus estimates of RST, except for two loci in which some additional differentiation among populations was revealed. Twelve-locus estimates of RST (including the seven loci corrected for homoplasy) were slightly greater than estimates from uncorrected data, although the 95% confidence intervals overlapped. The frequency of methodological errors such as clerical mistakes or sample mislabelling per genotype scored was estimated at 5.4 and 7.3% for C. alta and M. saxatilis, respectively. Simulations showed that the increase in RST produced by homoplasy correction was only slightly larger than variation in RST estimates expected to be caused by methodological errors.

Patent
11 Aug 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a method, system, and computer-readable medium for assisting in automatically classifying items with respect to one or more predefined classification systems is described, such as for items to be delivered internationally.
Abstract: A method, system, and computer-readable medium for assisting in automatically classifying items with respect to one or more predefined classification systems is described, such as for items to be delivered internationally. In some situations, the items are classified so as to select an appropriate import tax code for a destination country and/or to select an appropriate export tax code for an origination country, such as to allow calculation of estimated taxes for the items before the items are delivered. Moreover, in some such situations the automatic classifying is performed dynamically at the time an item order is being placed or considered by a customer. The estimated costs for the items can further in some situations be used to estimate total costs for delivering an item internationally, such as dynamically during the ordering process for the items so that those costs can be collected before delivering the items.

Patent
14 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, an item authority system uses rules to identify item definitions that match or potentially match an item description, and if multiple matches or only potential matches are identified, then the user can manually indicate which item definition matches.
Abstract: An item authority system as shown in Figure 1 is provided. The item authority system uses rules to identify item definitions that match or potentially match an item description. When a unique match is found, then the item authority system may indicate that the item description describes the same item as the item definition. If multiple matches or only potential matches are identified, then the item authority system may allow a user to manually indicate which item definition matches.

Patent
15 Oct 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of search queries are augmented with behaviorally related items, which are identified by analyzing the item selection actions of users who submit the particular search query, even though the item may not match the search query.
Abstract: The results of search queries are augmented with behaviorally related items. Items that are behaviorally related to a particular search query may be identified by analyzing the item selection actions of users who submit the particular search query. For example, if a relatively large number of users who submit a particular search query eventually select a particular item (e.g., during subsequent searching or browsing), that item may subsequently be included in the search results for the search query, even though the item may not match the search query.

Patent
Zachary T. Hubert1
03 Aug 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, an anomaly detection engine monitors network traffic to detect orders placed by users from an electronic catalog of items, aggregates data about the detected orders by time period, and analyzes the aggregated data to detect anomalies in activity levels associated with specific items in the catalog.
Abstract: An anomaly detection engine monitors network traffic to detect orders placed by users from an electronic catalog of items, aggregates data about the detected orders by time period, and analyzes the aggregated data to detect anomalies in activity levels associated with specific items in the catalog. To detect whether an anomaly exists in the activity data associated with a given item, a forecasting algorithm, such as an exponential smoothing algorithm, is used to generate an expected order volume for a current time period, and the expected order volume is compared to an actual order volume. Other criteria may also be taken into consideration. If an anomaly is detected, such as a sharp increase in the item's order volume, the anomaly detection engine generates an alert message to notify a catalog administrator, who may then determine whether the anomaly is attributable to an erroneous item description in the catalog.

Patent
17 Feb 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a web-based contact management system provides various features for assisting users in locating, and sharing information with, other users, including a search feature enabling each user to search for contacts of that user's own contacts to locate other users of interest.
Abstract: A network-based contact management system provides various features for assisting users in locating, and sharing information with, other users. The system provides a web-based user interface through which each may user create a personal data record, establish contact relationships with other users, and specify permissions for allowing such other users to view the user's own personal data. Users can preferably view the personal data records of their respective contacts via personal address books in accordance with the permissions granted by such contacts. A search feature enables each user to search for contacts of that user's own contacts to locate other users of interest. A crossing paths notification feature notifies users when their travel plans coincide with those of their contacts.

Journal ArticleDOI
Philip M. Fearnside1
TL;DR: This article showed that climate change impacts are already affecting tropical forest biomass and that additional climate change would have substantial impacts on tropical forests and would reinforce their contributions to global climate change, and that any change in the balance of inflows and outflows of carbon to the biomass of standing forest has potentially important consequences for the global carbon cycle and related greenhouse warming.
Abstract: Tropical forests contain large stocks of carbon and any change in the balance of inflows and outflows of carbon to the biomass of standing forest has potentially important consequences for the global carbon cycle and related greenhouse warming, as well as for tropical biodiversity. Despite unresolved controversies over observed changes in biomass and gas fluxes, current observations indicate the likelihood that additional climate change would have substantial impacts on tropical forests and would reinforce their contributions to global climate change. Climate change impacts are already affecting tropical forest biomass.