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Institution

American Academy of Arts and Sciences

OtherCambridge, Massachusetts, United States
About: American Academy of Arts and Sciences is a other organization based out in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Cerebellum & Cerebellar cortex. The organization has 349 authors who have published 481 publications receiving 21204 citations. The organization is also known as: American Academy & AAAS.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main functions of rhizosphere microorganisms and how they impact on health and disease are reviewed and several strategies to redirect or reshape the rhizospheric microbiome in favor of microorganisms that are beneficial to plant growth and health are highlighted.
Abstract: Microbial communities play a pivotal role in the functioning of plants by influencing their physiology and development. While many members of the rhizosphere microbiome are beneficial to plant growth, also plant pathogenic microorganisms colonize the rhizosphere striving to break through the protective microbial shield and to overcome the innate plant defense mechanisms in order to cause disease. A third group of microorganisms that can be found in the rhizosphere are the true and opportunistic human pathogenic bacteria, which can be carried on or in plant tissue and may cause disease when introduced into debilitated humans. Although the importance of the rhizosphere microbiome for plant growth has been widely recognized, for the vast majority of rhizosphere microorganisms no knowledge exists. To enhance plant growth and health, it is essential to know which microorganism is present in the rhizosphere microbiome and what they are doing. Here, we review the main functions of rhizosphere microorganisms and how they impact on health and disease. We discuss the mechanisms involved in the multitrophic interactions and chemical dialogues that occur in the rhizosphere. Finally, we highlight several strategies to redirect or reshape the rhizosphere microbiome in favor of microorganisms that are beneficial to plant growth and health.

1,752 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the current broad exemption under which U.S. exchanges waive all governance listing requirements for foreign issuers should be reconsidered, and they also suggest that cross-listing firms are significantly different from firms in the same jurisdiction that do not cross list.
Abstract: During the 1990's, the phenomenon of cross-listing by issuers on international exchanges accelerated, with the consequence in the case of some emerging markets that trading followed, draining the original market of its liquidity. Traditionally, cross-listing has been viewed as an attempt to break down market segmentation and reach trapped pools of liquidity in distant markets. The globalization of financial markets, however, renders this explanation increasingly dated. A superior explanation is "bonding:" issuers migrate to U.S. exchanges in particular because by voluntarily subjecting themselves to the U.S.'s higher disclosure standards and greater threat of enforcement (both by public and private means), they partially compensate for weak protection of minority investors under their own jurisdiction's law and also credibly signal their intention to make fuller disclosure, thereby achieving a higher market valuation and a lower cost of capital. Still, many issuers who are eligible to cross-list do not do so. Increasing evidence suggests that cross-listing firms are significantly different from firms in the same jurisdiction that do not cross-list, most notably in that the former have higher growth prospects and are willing to sacrifice some of the private benefits of control to obtain equity finance. Conversely, firms that do not cross-list typically have controlling shareholders who have less interest in stock market valuation because they anticipate selling only in a control transaction at a control premium that they will disproportionately capture. As a result, specialized markets seem likely to persist in order to accommodate both firms that wish to offer superior protections to minority investors and those that prefer to cater to controlling shareholders who want to continue to realize the private benefits of control. Path dependency then may persist. The latest developments in this new form of regulatory competition have been both (i) the creation of new "high disclosure" exchanges in emerging markets, and (ii) the enactment of reform legislation intended to protect minority shareholders by jurisdictions that have seen their securities markets lose liquidity to international exchanges. Both efforts seek to share control premia with minority shareholders in order to encourage equity investment. However, such efforts appear to be impeded by the continuing willingness of U.S. exchanges to waive governance listing requirements that are mandatory for their domestic firms in the case of foreign firms. Finding this new form of regulatory competition to be desirable, this article argues that its distinguishing characteristic is that it is "exit-less" (and thus differs from the "issuer choice" model of regulatory competition), and it recommends that the current broad exemption under which U.S. exchanges waive all governance listing requirements for foreign issuers should be reconsidered.

891 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One of the originators of the class of design exploration now commonly known as user- centered or human-centered design (HCD), Donald A. Norman realized that this continual process of checking with the intended users would indeed lead to incremental enhancements of the product; he also realized that it actually was a form of hill climbing—a well-known mathematical procedure for finding local optimization.
Abstract: Incremental and Radical Innovation: Design Research vs Technology and Meaning Change Donald A Norman, Roberto Verganti Donald A Norman and Stephen W Draper, Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human–Computer Inter- action (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986); Donald A Norman, “Human-Centered Product Development,” Chapter 10 in The Invisible Computer: Why Good Products Can Fail, the Personal Computer Is So Complex, and Information Appliances Are the Solution (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), Background Our work began independently Norman was one of the originators of the class of design exploration now commonly known as user- centered or human-centered design (HCD) 1 These methods have a common framework: an iterative cycle of investigation—usually characterized by observations, an ideation phase, and rapid proto- type and testing Each iteration builds on the lessons learned from the previous cycle, and the process terminates either when the results are appropriate or when the allotted time has run out Norman realized that this continual process of checking with the intended users would indeed lead to incremental enhancements of the product; he also realized that it actually was a form of hill climbing—a well-known mathematical procedure for finding local optimization In hill climbing’s application to design, consider a multi-dimensional hill where position on one dimen- sion—height along the vertical axis—represents product quality; and where position along the other dimensions, represents choices among various design parameters This image is usually illus- trated with just two axes: product quality along the vertical axis and design parameters along the horizontal, as shown in Figure 1 Hill-climbing is used in situations, such as design, where the shape of the hill cannot be known in advance Therefore, one makes tiny movements along all the design dimensions and selects the one that yields an increase in height, repeating until satisfied This movement is precisely what the repeated rapid prototyping and testing is doing in HCD Think of a blindfolded person trying to reach the top of a hill by feeling the ground in all directions around the current position and then moving to the highest posi- tion, repeating until the “ground” in all directions is lower than the current one: This position would be the top of the hill Although the hill-climbing procedure guarantees continual improvement, with eventual termination at the peak of the hill, it has a well-known limit: “Climbers” have no way of knowing whether even higher hills might be scaled in some other part of the design space Hill-climbing methods get trapped in local maxima © 2013 Massachusetts Institute of Technology DesignIssues: Volume 30, Number 1 Winter 2014 doi:101162/DESI_a_00250

646 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2002-Immunity
TL;DR: A cellular mechanism underlying an experimental colitis that may explain the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is described, since NK-T cells are the source of the IL-13, since they produce IL- 13 upon stimulation by alpha-galactosylceramide, anNK-T cell-specific antigen.

629 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 Apr 2006
TL;DR: The mathematical foundations of learning theory are outlined and a key algorithm of it is described, which is key to developing systems tailored to a broad range of data analysis and information extraction tasks.
Abstract: Learning is key to developing systems tailored to a broad range of data analysis and information extraction tasks. We outline the mathematical foundations of learning theory and describe a key algorithm of it.

509 citations


Authors

Showing all 352 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Pedro W. Crous11580951925
Dick F. Swaab10969945574
Jan P. Vandenbroucke10150884563
Alexander van Oudenaarden10122945367
E. Tory Higgins9436348833
Donald A. Norman9329271226
Charles F. Stevens9024740202
David E. Bloom8357533536
Edwin Cuppen8333028862
Michael X Cohen7825032648
Frederick Mosteller7827136261
Chris I. De Zeeuw7529517288
Andries Kalsbeek7429416894
Paul J. Lucassen7425416424
Rivka Ravid7118417038
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
20231
20222
202127
202028
201928
201821