Showing papers by "American Cancer Society published in 2014"
TL;DR: The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age, race, and sex, ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years.
Abstract: Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,665,540 new cancer cases and 585,720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2014. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2006-2010), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The combined cancer death rate (deaths per 100,000 population) has been continuously declining for 2 decades, from a peak of 215.1 in 1991 to 171.8 in 2010. This 20% decline translates to the avoidance of approximately 1,340,400 cancer deaths (952,700 among men and 387,700 among women) during this time period. The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age, race, and sex, ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years. Notably, black men experienced the largest drop within every 10-year age group. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
10,829 citations
University of Washington1, Sapienza University of Rome2, Mekelle University3, University of Texas at San Antonio4, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences5, Debre markos University6, Emory University7, University of Oxford8, University of Cartagena9, United Nations Population Fund10, University of Birmingham11, Stanford University12, Aga Khan University13, University of Melbourne14, National Taiwan University15, University of Cambridge16, University of California, San Diego17, Public Health Foundation of India18, Public Health England19, University of Peradeniya20, Harvard University21, National Institutes of Health22, Tehran University of Medical Sciences23, Auckland University of Technology24, University of Sheffield25, University of Western Australia26, Karolinska Institutet27, Birzeit University28, Brandeis University29, American Cancer Society30, Ochsner Medical Center31, Yonsei University32, University of Bristol33, Heidelberg University34, Vanderbilt University35, South African Medical Research Council36, Jordan University of Science and Technology37, New Generation University College38, Northeastern University39, Simmons College40, Norwegian Institute of Public Health41, Boston University42, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention43, University of Bari44, University of São Paulo45, University of Otago46, University of Crete47, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh48, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center49, Teikyo University50, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre51, University of Tokyo52, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health53, Heriot-Watt University54, University of Alabama at Birmingham55, Griffith University56, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health57, University of California, Irvine58, Johns Hopkins University59, New York University60, University of Queensland61, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais62, National Research University – Higher School of Economics63, University of Bergen64, Columbia University65, Shandong University66, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill67, Fujita Health University68, Korea University69, Chongqing Medical University70, Zhejiang University71
TL;DR: The global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013 is estimated using a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
9,180 citations
TL;DR: The number of cancer survivors continues to increase due to the aging and growth of the population and improvements in early detection and treatment, and current treatment patterns for the most common cancer types are described based on information in the National Cancer Data Base and the SEER and SEER‐Medicare linked databases.
Abstract: The number of cancer survivors continues to increase due to the aging and growth of the population and improvements in early detection and treatment. In order for the public health community to better serve these survivors, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute collaborated to estimate the number of current and future cancer survivors using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program registries. In addition, current treatment patterns for the most common cancer types are described based on information in the National Cancer Data Base and the SEER and SEER-Medicare linked databases; treatment-related side effects are also briefly described. Nearly 14.5 million Americans with a history of cancer were alive on January 1, 2014; by January 1, 2024, that number will increase to nearly 19 million. The 3 most common prevalent cancers among males are prostate cancer (43%), colorectal cancer (9%), and melanoma (8%), and those among females are cancers of the breast (41%), uterine corpus (8%), and colon and rectum (8%). The age distribution of survivors varies substantially by cancer type. For example, the majority of prostate cancer survivors (62%) are aged 70 years or older, whereas less than one-third (32%) of melanoma survivors are in this older age group. It is important for clinicians to understand the unique medical and psychosocial needs of cancer survivors and to proactively assess and manage these issues. There are a growing number of resources that can assist patients, caregivers, and health care providers in navigating the various phases of cancer survivorship.
2,383 citations
TL;DR: Progress in reducing colorectal cancer death rates can be accelerated by improving access to and use of screening and standard treatment in all populations, including the most current data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates and trends.
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. This article provides an overview of colorectal cancer statistics, including the most current data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates and trends. Incidence data were provided by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2014, an estimated 71,830 men and 65,000 women will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 26,270 men and 24,040 women will die of the disease. Greater than one-third of all deaths (29% in men and 43% in women) will occur in individuals aged 80 years and older. There is substantial variation in tumor location by age. For example, 26% of colorectal cancers in women aged younger than 50 years occur in the proximal colon, compared with 56% of cases in women aged 80 years and older. Incidence and death rates are highest in blacks and lowest in Asians/Pacific Islanders; among males during 2006 through 2010, death rates in blacks (29.4 per 100,000 population) were more than double those in Asians/Pacific Islanders (13.1) and 50% higher than those in non-Hispanic whites (19.2). Overall, incidence rates decreased by approximately 3% per year during the past decade (2001-2010). Notably, the largest drops occurred in adults aged 65 and older. For instance, rates for tumors located in the distal colon decreased by more than 5% per year. In contrast, rates increased during this time period among adults younger than 50 years. Colorectal cancer death rates declined by approximately 2% per year during the 1990s and by approximately 3% per year during the past decade. Progress in reducing colorectal cancer death rates can be accelerated by improving access to and use of screening and standard treatment in all populations.
2,354 citations
TL;DR: An overview of female breast cancer statistics in the United States, including data on incidence, mortality, survival, and screening is provided, with African American women having the poorest breast cancer survival of any racial/ethnic group.
Abstract: In this article, the American Cancer Society provides an overview of female breast cancer statistics in the United States, including data on incidence, mortality, survival, and screening. Approximately 232,340 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 39,620 breast cancer deaths are expected to occur among US women in 2013. One in 8 women in the United States will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. Breast cancer incidence rates increased slightly among African American women; decreased among Hispanic women; and were stable among whites, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, and American Indians/Alaska Natives from 2006 to 2010. Historically, white women have had the highest breast cancer incidence rates among women aged 40 years and older; however, incidence rates are converging among white and African American women, particularly among women aged 50 years to 59 years. Incidence rates increased for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers in the youngest white women, Hispanic women aged 60 years to 69 years, and all but the oldest African American women. In contrast, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers declined among most age and racial/ethnic groups. These divergent trends may reflect etiologic heterogeneity and the differing effects of some factors, such as obesity and parity, on risk by tumor subtype. Since 1990, breast cancer death rates have dropped by 34% and this decrease was evident in all racial/ethnic groups except American Indians/Alaska Natives. Nevertheless, survival disparities persist by race/ethnicity, with African American women having the poorest breast cancer survival of any racial/ethnic group. Continued progress in the control of breast cancer will require sustained and increased efforts to provide high-quality screening, diagnosis, and treatment to all segments of the population.
1,889 citations
TL;DR: Estimates of the number of new cancer cases and deaths for children and adolescents in the United States are provided and an overview of risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and long‐term and late effects for common pediatric cancers are provided.
Abstract: In this article, the American Cancer Society provides estimates of the number of new cancer cases and deaths for children and adolescents in the United States and summarizes the most recent and comprehensive data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (which are reported in detail for the first time here and include high-quality data from 45 states and the District of Columbia, covering 90% of the US population). In 2014, an estimated 15,780 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed and 1960 deaths from cancer will occur among children and adolescents aged birth to 19 years. The annual incidence rate of cancer in children and adolescents is 186.6 per 1 million children aged birth to 19 years. Approximately 1 in 285 children will be diagnosed with cancer before age 20 years, and approximately 1 in 530 young adults between the ages of 20 and 39 years is a childhood cancer survivor. It is therefore likely that most pediatric and primary care practices will be involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of young patients and survivors. In addition to cancer statistics, this article will provide an overview of risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and long-term and late effects for common pediatric cancers.
1,786 citations
TL;DR: The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate annually to provide updates on cancer incidence and death rates and trends in these outcomes for the United States.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate annually to provide updates on cancer incidence and death rates and trends in these outcomes for the United States. This year’s report includes the prevalence of comorbidity at the time of first cancer diagnosis among patients with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer and survival among cancer patients based on comorbidity level. METHODS: Data on cancer incidence were obtained from the NCI, the CDC, and the NAACCR; and data on mortality were obtained from the CDC. Long-term (1975/1992-2010) and short-term (2001-2010) trends in age-adjusted incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for the leading cancers among men and women were examined by joinpoint analysis. Through linkage with Medicare claims, the prevalence of comorbidity among cancer patients who were diagnosed between 1992 through 2005 residing in 11 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) areas were estimated and compared with the prevalence in a 5% random sample of cancer-free Medicare beneficiaries. Among cancer patients, survival and the probabilities of dying of their cancer and of other causes by comorbidity level, age, and stage were calculated. RESULTS: Death rates continued to decline for all cancers combined for men and women of all major racial and ethnic groups and for most major cancer sites; rates for both sexes combined decreased by 1.5% per year from 2001 through 2010. Overall incidence rates decreased in men and stabilized in women. The prevalence of comorbidity was similar among cancer-free Medicare beneficiaries (31.8%), breast cancer patients (32.2%), and prostate cancer patients (30.5%); highest among lung cancer patients (52.9%); and intermediate among colorectal cancer patients (40.7%). Among all cancer patients and especially for patients diagnosed with local and regional disease, age and comorbidity level were important influences on the probability of dying of other causes and, consequently, on overall survival. For patients diagnosed with distant disease, the probability of dying of cancer was much higher than the probability of dying of other causes, and age and comorbidity had a smaller effect on overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer death rates in the United States continue to decline. Estimates of survival that include the probability of dying of cancer and other causes stratified by comorbidity level, age, and stage can provide important information to facilitate treatment decisions. Cancer 2013;000:000-000. V C 2013 American Cancer Society.
1,580 citations
Health Canada1, Brigham Young University2, Imperial College London3, University of Washington4, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation5, Harvard University6, Research Triangle Park7, University of British Columbia8, King's College London9, University of California, Berkeley10, University of California, San Francisco11, University of Liverpool12, Fudan University13, World Health Organization14, University of Ottawa15, American Cancer Society16, Health Effects Institute17
TL;DR: A fine particulate mass–based RR model that covered the global range of exposure by integrating RR information from different combustion types that generate emissions of particulate matter is developed.
Abstract: Background: Estimating the burden of disease attributable to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air requires knowledge of both the shape and magnitude of the relative ...
1,468 citations
Christopher J L Murray1, Katrina F Ortblad1, Caterina Guinovart1, Stephen S Lim1 +367 more•Institutions (179)
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.
875 citations
Haidong Wang1, Chelsea A. Liddell1, Matthew M Coates1, Meghan D. Mooney1 +228 more•Institutions (123)
TL;DR: Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and rising income per person and maternal education and changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths.
684 citations
Ali Amin Al Olama1, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Sonja I. Berndt2, David V. Conti3 +176 more•Institutions (53)
TL;DR: These findings provide new regions for investigation into the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and demonstrate the usefulness of combining ancestrally diverse populations to discover risk loci for disease.
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 76 variants associated with prostate cancer risk predominantly in populations of European ancestry. To identify additional susceptibility loci for this common cancer, we conducted a meta-analysis of > 10 million SNPs in 43,303 prostate cancer cases and 43,737 controls from studies in populations of European, African, Japanese and Latino ancestry. Twenty-three new susceptibility loci were identified at association P < 5 × 10(-8); 15 variants were identified among men of European ancestry, 7 were identified in multi-ancestry analyses and 1 was associated with early-onset prostate cancer. These 23 variants, in combination with known prostate cancer risk variants, explain 33% of the familial risk for this disease in European-ancestry populations. These findings provide new regions for investigation into the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and demonstrate the usefulness of combining ancestrally diverse populations to discover risk loci for disease.
Queen Mary University of London1, Washington University in St. Louis2, American Cancer Society3, Emory University4, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center5, Innsbruck Medical University6, Institute of Cancer Research7, University of Oxford8, King's College London9, Uppsala University10, Monash University11, University of Milan12, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center13, Lund University14, University of Vienna15, University of California, Irvine16, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust17, Radboud University Nijmegen18, Kantonsspital St. Gallen19, Erasmus University Rotterdam20, University of Tübingen21, Université catholique de Louvain22, University of Minnesota23, Karolinska Institutet24
TL;DR: Several new biomarkers for individuals with raised PSA concentrations or those diagnosed with prostate cancer are likely to identify individuals who can be spared aggressive treatment and several pharmacological agents such as 5α-reductase inhibitors and aspirin could prevent development of prostate cancer.
Abstract: Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men and the worldwide burden of this disease is rising. Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, exercise, and weight control offer opportunities to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is controversial, but changes in the PSA threshold, frequency of screening, and the use of other biomarkers have the potential to minimise the overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening. Several new biomarkers for individuals with raised PSA concentrations or those diagnosed with prostate cancer are likely to identify individuals who can be spared aggressive treatment. Several pharmacological agents such as 5α-reductase inhibitors and aspirin could prevent development of prostate cancer. In this Review, we discuss the present evidence and research questions regarding prevention, early detection of prostate cancer, and management of men either at high risk of prostate cancer or diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer.
National Institutes of Health1, Harvard University2, City of Hope National Medical Center3, Westat4, University of Melbourne5, Cancer Council Victoria6, George Washington University7, Loma Linda University8, University of Tromsø9, Karolinska Institutet10, University of California, Irvine11, American Cancer Society12, United States Department of Veterans Affairs13, New York University14, Johns Hopkins University15, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center16
TL;DR: In a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies, Cari Kitahara and colleagues find that class III obesity is associated with excess rates of total mortality, particularly due to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
Abstract: In a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies, Cari Kitahara and colleagues find that class III obesity (BMI of 40–59) is associated with excess rates of total mortality, particularly due to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
TL;DR: Based on recommendations set forth by a National Cancer Survivorship Resource Center expert panel, the American Cancer Society developed clinical follow-up care guidelines to facilitate the provision of post-treatment care by primary care clinicians as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Prostate cancer survivors approach 2.8 million in number and represent 1 in 5 of all cancer survivors in the United States. While guidelines exist for timely treatment and surveillance for recurrent disease, there is limited availability of guidelines that facilitate the provision of posttreatment clinical follow-up care to address the myriad of long-term and late effects that survivors may face. Based on recommendations set forth by a National Cancer Survivorship Resource Center expert panel, the American Cancer Society developed clinical follow-up care guidelines to facilitate the provision of posttreatment care by primary care clinicians. These guidelines were developed using a combined approach of evidence synthesis and expert consensus. Existing guidelines for health promotion, surveillance, and screening for second primary cancers were referenced when available. To promote comprehensive follow-up care and optimal health and quality of life for the posttreatment survivor, the guidelines address health promotion, surveillance for prostate cancer recurrence, screening for second primary cancers, long-term and late effects assessment and management, psychosocial issues, and care coordination among the oncology team, primary care clinicians, and nononcology specialists. A key challenge to the development of these guidelines was the limited availability of published evidence for management of prostate cancer survivors after treatment. Much of the evidence relies on studies with small sample sizes and retrospective analyses of facility-specific and population databases.
International Agency for Research on Cancer1, deCODE genetics2, National Institutes of Health3, University of Toronto4, German Cancer Research Center5, Harvard University6, Dartmouth College7, University Health Network8, American Cancer Society9, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center10, Russian Academy11, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine12, Curie Institute13, Charles University in Prague14, Norwegian University of Science and Technology15, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center16, French Institute of Health and Medical Research17, University of Tartu18, University of Bergen19, University of Geneva20, Pomeranian Medical University21, Imperial College London22, Institut Gustave Roussy23, Utrecht University24, Academy of Athens25, University of Cambridge26, Umeå University27, University of Tromsø28, Council on Education for Public Health29, Baylor College of Medicine30, Heidelberg University31, University of Göttingen32, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust33
TL;DR: The analysis demonstrates that imputation can identify rare disease-causing variants with substantive effects on cancer risk from preexisting genome-wide association study data and provides further evidence for inherited genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and its biological basis.
Abstract: We conducted imputation to the 1000 Genomes Project of four genome-wide association studies of lung cancer in populations of European ancestry (11,348 cases and 15,861 controls) and genotyped an additional 10,246 cases and 38,295 controls for follow-up. We identified large-effect genome-wide associations for squamous lung cancer with the rare variants BRCA2 p.Lys3326X (rs11571833, odds ratio (OR) = 2.47, P = 4.74 x 10(-20)) and CHEK2 p.Ile157Thr (rs17879961, OR = 0.38, P = 1.27 x 10(-13)). We also showed an association between common variation at 3q28 (TP63, rs13314271, OR = 1.13, P = 7.22 x 10(-10)) and lung adenocarcinoma that had been previously reported only in Asians. These findings provide further evidence for inherited genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and its biological basis. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that imputation can identify rare disease-causing variants with substantive effects on cancer risk from preexisting genome-wide association study data.
TL;DR: Incidence and mortality rates in general decreased in most Western countries but increased in some eastern European and developing countries.
Harvard University1, German Cancer Research Center2, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center3, Mayo Clinic4, National Institutes of Health5, New York University6, University of California, San Francisco7, University of Toronto8, Monash University9, American Cancer Society10, Group Health Cooperative11, Johns Hopkins University12, University of Hawaii at Manoa13, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center14, Carlos III Health Institute15, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center16, Yale University17, University at Buffalo18, University of Washington19, Vanderbilt University20, Institut Gustave Roussy21, Westat22, Heidelberg University23, Utrecht University24, Sapienza University of Rome25, University of Liverpool26, University of Pisa27, Veterans Health Administration28, University of Minnesota29, University of Southern California30, Mercy Medical Center (Baltimore, Maryland)31, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill32, International Agency for Research on Cancer33, University of Oxford34, University of Cambridge35, Cleveland Clinic36, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences37, National Institute for Health and Welfare38, University of Melbourne39, University of Tokyo40, Duke University41, Imperial College London42, University of Bologna43, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza44, Pompeu Fabra University45, Autonomous University of Barcelona46, Umeå University47, Medical University of Łódź48, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic49
TL;DR: This study identified multiple new susceptibility alleles for pancreatic cancer that are worthy of follow-up studies and an independent signal in exon 2 of TERT at the established region 5p15.
Abstract: We performed a multistage genome-wide association study including 7,683 individuals with pancreatic cancer and 14,397 controls of European descent. Four new loci reached genome-wide significance: rs6971499 at 7q32.3 (LINC-PINT, per-allele odds ratio (OR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-0.84, P = 3.0 × 10(-12)), rs7190458 at 16q23.1 (BCAR1/CTRB1/CTRB2, OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.30-1.65, P = 1.1 × 10(-10)), rs9581943 at 13q12.2 (PDX1, OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.20, P = 2.4 × 10(-9)) and rs16986825 at 22q12.1 (ZNRF3, OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.12-1.25, P = 1.2 × 10(-8)). We identified an independent signal in exon 2 of TERT at the established region 5p15.33 (rs2736098, OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.85, P = 9.8 × 10(-14)). We also identified a locus at 8q24.21 (rs1561927, P = 1.3 × 10(-7)) that approached genome-wide significance located 455 kb telomeric of PVT1. Our study identified multiple new susceptibility alleles for pancreatic cancer that are worthy of follow-up studies.
01 Mar 2014
TL;DR: In white adults, higher waist circumference was positively associated with higher mortality at all levels of BMI from 20 to 50 kg/m(2), but it was higher at younger ages, higher for longer follow-up, and lower among male current smokers.
Abstract: Objectives To assess the independent effect of waist circumference on mortality across the entire body mass index (BMI) range and to estimate the loss in life expectancy related to a higher waist circumference. Patients and Methods We pooled data from 11 prospective cohort studies with 650,386 white adults aged 20 to 83 years and enrolled from January 1, 1986, through December 31, 2000. We used proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association of waist circumference with mortality. Results During a median follow-up of 9 years (maximum, 21 years), 78,268 participants died. After accounting for age, study, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity, a strong positive linear association of waist circumference with all-cause mortality was observed for men (HR, 1.52 for waist circumferences of ≥110 vs 2 , but it was higher at younger ages, higher for longer follow-up, and lower among male current smokers. The associations were stronger for heart and respiratory disease mortality than for cancer. Conclusions In white adults, higher waist circumference was positively associated with higher mortality at all levels of BMI from 20 to 50 kg/m 2 . Waist circumference should be assessed in combination with BMI, even for those in the normal BMI range, as part of risk assessment for obesity-related premature mortality.
TL;DR: The American Cancer Society published a summary of its guidelines for early cancer detection, a report on data and trends in cancer screening rates, and select issues related to cancer screening as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Answer questions and earn CME/CNE Each year the American Cancer Society publishes a summary of its guidelines for early cancer detection, a report on data and trends in cancer screening rates, and select issues related to cancer screening. In this issue of the journal, we summarize current American Cancer Society cancer screening guidelines. In addition, the latest data on the use of cancer screening from the National Health Interview Survey is described, as are several issues related to screening coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, including the expansion of the Medicaid program.
TL;DR: Oropharyngeal cancer rates increased among both men and women in a number of countries where tobacco use has declined, perhaps due to the emerging importance of human papillomavirus infection, whereas they declined in some Asian countries.
TL;DR: It is found that testicular cancer is becoming more common in low- and middle-income countries, where the optimal treatment might not yet be available and mortality rates are stable or increasing.
TL;DR: An overview of selected physical and psychosocial health problems prevalent among cancer survivors, namely pain, fatigue, psychological distress and work participation, and issues surrounding self-management and e-Health interventions for cancer survivors are addressed.
Abstract: The population of cancer survivors has grown steadily over the past several decades. Surviving cancer, however, is not synonymous with a life free of problems related to the disease and its treatment. In this paper we provide a brief overview of selected physical and psychosocial health problems prevalent among cancer survivors, namely pain, fatigue, psychological distress and work participation. We also address issues surrounding self-management and e-Health interventions for cancer survivors, and programmes to encourage survivors to adopt healthier lifestyles. Finally, we discuss approaches to assessing health-related quality of life in cancer survivors, and the use of cancer registries in conducting psychosocial survivorship research. We highlight research and practice priorities in each of these areas. While the priorities vary per topic, common themes that emerged included: (1) Symptoms should not be viewed in isolation, but rather as part of a cluster of interrelated symptoms. This has implications for both understanding the aetiology of symptoms and for their treatment; (2) Psychosocial interventions need to be evidence-based, and where possible should be tailored to the needs of the individual cancer survivor. Relatively low cost interventions with self-management and e-Health elements may be appropriate for the majority of survivors, with resource intensive interventions being reserved for those most in need; (3) More effort should be devoted to disseminating and implementing interventions in practice, and to evaluating their cost-effectiveness; and (4) Greater attention should be paid to the needs of vulnerable and high-risk populations of survivors, including the socioeconomically disadvantaged and the elderly.
University of Arizona1, American Cancer Society2, University of California, Los Angeles3, University of California, San Diego4, Stanford University5, Harvard University6, University of Pittsburgh7, University of Massachusetts Medical School8, Wake Forest University9, University at Buffalo10, University of Wisconsin-Madison11, Stony Brook University12, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center13
TL;DR: Behaviors concordant with Nutrition and Physical Activity Cancer Prevention Guidelines were associated with lower risk of total, breast, and colorectal cancers and lower cancer-specific mortality in postmenopausal women.
Abstract: Healthy lifestyle behaviors are recommended to reduce cancer risk and overall mortality. Adherence to cancer-preventive health behaviors and subsequent cancer risk has not been evaluated in a diverse sample of postmenopausal women. We examined the association between the American Cancer Society (ACS) Nutrition and Physical Activity Cancer Prevention Guidelines score and risk of incident cancer, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality in 65,838 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. ACS guidelines scores (0-8 points) were determined from a combined measure of diet, physical activity, body mass index (current and at age 18 years), and alcohol consumption. After a mean follow-up of 12.6 years, 8,632 incident cancers and 2,356 cancer deaths were identified. The highest ACS guidelines scores compared with the lowest were associated with a 17% lower risk of any cancer [HR, 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75-0.92], 22% lower risk of breast cancer (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.92), 52% lower risk of colorectal cancer (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.32-0.73), 27% lower risk of all-cause mortality, and 20% lower risk of cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.90). Associations with lower cancer incidence and mortality were generally strongest among Asian, black, and Hispanic women and weakest among non-Hispanic whites. Behaviors concordant with Nutrition and Physical Activity Cancer Prevention Guidelines were associated with lower risk of total, breast, and colorectal cancers and lower cancer-specific mortality in postmenopausal women.
TL;DR: Low‐dose computed tomography scanning has now been proven to be an effective screening method for lung cancer and it is estimated that lowering occupational exposure limits from the current to the proposed standard will reduce silicosis and lung cancer mortality to approximately one‐half of the rates predicted under the current standard.
Abstract: Silica has been known to cause silicosis for centuries, and evidence that silica causes lung cancer has accumulated over the last several decades. This article highlights 3 important developments in understanding the health effects of silica and preventing illness and death from silica exposure at work. First, recent epidemiologic studies have provided new information about silica and lung cancer. This includes detailed exposure-response data, thereby enabling the quantitative risk assessment needed for regulation. New studies have also shown that excess lung mortality occurs in silica-exposed workers who do not have silicosis and who do not smoke. Second, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has recently proposed a new rule lowering the permissible occupational limit for silica. There are approximately 2 million US workers currently exposed to silica. Risk assessments estimate that lowering occupational exposure limits from the current to the proposed standard will reduce silicosis and lung cancer mortality to approximately one-half of the rates predicted under the current standard. Third, low-dose computed tomography scanning has now been proven to be an effective screening method for lung cancer. For clinicians, asking about occupational history to determine if silica exposure has occurred is recommended. If such exposure has occurred, extra attention might be given to the early detection of silicosis and lung cancer, as well as extra emphasis on quitting smoking.
National Institutes of Health1, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center2, Imperial College London3, Institute of Cancer Research4, University of Southern California5, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center6, French Institute of Health and Medical Research7, Institut Gustave Roussy8, Harvard University9, University of Brescia10, Carlos III Health Institute11, American Cancer Society12, Science Applications International Corporation13, Utrecht University14, Academy of Athens15, Umeå University16, University of Oxford17, International Agency for Research on Cancer18, German Cancer Research Center19, University of Santiago de Compostela20, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center21, University of Pittsburgh22, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University23, Broad Institute24, University of Padua25, Baylor College of Medicine26, University of Oviedo27, Pompeu Fabra University28, Hospital Universitario de Canarias29, Dartmouth College30, New Hampshire Department of Health & Human Services31, Washington University in St. Louis32, National Institute for Health and Welfare33
TL;DR: This study has identified new susceptibility alleles for bladder cancer risk that require fine-mapping and laboratory investigation, which could further understanding into the biological underpinnings of bladder carcinogenesis.
Abstract: andidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 11 independent susceptibility loci associated with bladder cancer risk. To discover additional risk variants, we conducted a ...
National Institutes of Health1, International Agency for Research on Cancer2, University of Ottawa3, Lund University4, University of Southern California5, American Cancer Society6, Veterans Health Administration7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens8, University of Paris-Sud9, AARP10, Cancer Prevention Institute of California11, Stanford University12, University of Hawaii at Manoa13, Georgetown University14, Harvard University15, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research16, Imperial College London17, University of Oslo18, Maastricht University19, Kaiser Permanente20, University of Southern Denmark21, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center22
TL;DR: The etiology of male breast cancer is poorly understood, partly because of its relative rarity as mentioned in this paper, and although genetic factors are involved, less is known regarding the role of anthropometric and hormonally related risk factors.
Abstract: The etiology of male breast cancer is poorly understood, partly because of its relative rarity. Although genetic factors are involved, less is known regarding the role of anthropometric and hormonally related risk factors.
Mayo Clinic1, National Institutes of Health2, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center3, Centre national de la recherche scientifique4, International Agency for Research on Cancer5, City of Hope National Medical Center6, University of California, Berkeley7, Utrecht University8, University of Freiburg9, Emory University10, Drexel University11, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center12, University of British Columbia13, Simon Fraser University14, University of Melbourne15, Cancer Council Victoria16, Statens Serum Institut17, Stanford University18, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center19, Ohio State University20, University of York21, American Cancer Society22, University of New South Wales23, Harvard University24, Public Health England25, University of Cagliari26, New York University27, Westat28, University of Alabama at Birmingham29, University of Iowa30, University of Paris31, Karolinska Institutet32, Uppsala University33, University of California, San Francisco34, University of Southern California35, Wayne State University36, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill37, German Cancer Research Center38, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai39, University of Burgundy40, Dublin City University41, Yale University42, University of Sydney43, Macquarie University44, National Institute for Health and Welfare45, Imperial College London46, Academy of Athens47, University of Florence48, Dalian Maritime University49, University of Chicago50, Dongguk University51, Claude Bernard University Lyon 152
TL;DR: This paper conducted a meta-analysis of three new genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and 1 previous scan, totaling 3,857 cases and 7,666 controls of European ancestry, with additional genotyping of 9 promising SNPs in 1,359 cases and 4,557 controls.
Abstract: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype and is clinically aggressive. To identify genetic susceptibility loci for DLBCL, we conducted a meta-analysis of 3 new genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and 1 previous scan, totaling 3,857 cases and 7,666 controls of European ancestry, with additional genotyping of 9 promising SNPs in 1,359 cases and 4,557 controls. In our multi-stage analysis, five independent SNPs in four loci achieved genome-wide significance marked by rs116446171 at 6p25.3 (EXOC2; P = 2.33 × 10(-21)), rs2523607 at 6p21.33 (HLA-B; P = 2.40 × 10(-10)), rs79480871 at 2p23.3 (NCOA1; P = 4.23 × 10(-8)) and two independent SNPs, rs13255292 and rs4733601, at 8q24.21 (PVT1; P = 9.98 × 10(-13) and 3.63 × 10(-11), respectively). These data provide substantial new evidence for genetic susceptibility to this B cell malignancy and point to pathways involved in immune recognition and immune function in the pathogenesis of DLBCL.
Mayo Clinic1, National Institutes of Health2, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center3, Centre national de la recherche scientifique4, International Agency for Research on Cancer5, City of Hope National Medical Center6, University of California, Berkeley7, Utrecht University8, University of Freiburg9, Emory University10, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center11, Drexel University12, University of British Columbia13, Simon Fraser University14, University of Melbourne15, Cancer Council Victoria16, Stanford University17, Statens Serum Institut18, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center19, Ohio State University20, University of York21, American Cancer Society22, University of New South Wales23, Harvard University24, Public Health England25, University of Cagliari26, New York University27, Westat28, University of Alabama at Birmingham29, University of Iowa30, University of Paris31, Karolinska Institutet32, Uppsala University33, University of California, San Francisco34, University of Southern California35, Wayne State University36, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill37, German Cancer Research Center38, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai39, University of Burgundy40, Dublin City University41, Yale University42, University of Sydney43, Macquarie University44, National Institute for Health and Welfare45, Imperial College London46, Academy of Athens47, University of Florence48, Dalian Maritime University49, University of Chicago50, Dongguk University51, Claude Bernard University Lyon 152
TL;DR: Data provide substantial new evidence for genetic susceptibility to this B cell malignancy and point to pathways involved in immune recognition and immune function in the pathogenesis of DLBCL.
Abstract: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype and is clinically aggressive. To identify genetic susceptibility loci for DLBCL, we conducted a meta-analysis of 3 new genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and 1 previous scan, totaling 3,857 cases and 7,666 controls of European ancestry, with additional genotyping of 9 promising SNPs in 1,359 cases and 4,557 controls. In our multi-stage analysis, five independent SNPs in four loci achieved genome-wide significance marked by rs116446171 at 6p25.3 (EXOC2; P = 2.33 × 10(-21)), rs2523607 at 6p21.33 (HLA-B; P = 2.40 × 10(-10)), rs79480871 at 2p23.3 (NCOA1; P = 4.23 × 10(-8)) and two independent SNPs, rs13255292 and rs4733601, at 8q24.21 (PVT1; P = 9.98 × 10(-13) and 3.63 × 10(-11), respectively). These data provide substantial new evidence for genetic susceptibility to this B cell malignancy and point to pathways involved in immune recognition and immune function in the pathogenesis of DLBCL.
TL;DR: Individual characteristics moderated the impacts of restaurant food consumption with adverse impacts on net energy intake being larger for black adults compared with their white and Hispanic counterparts and greater for middle-income v. high-income adults.
Abstract: Objective To examine the effect of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on adults’ energy intake and dietary indicators. Design Individual-level fixed-effects regression model estimation based on two different days of dietary intake data was used. Setting Parallel to the rising obesity epidemic in the USA, there has been a marked upward trend in total energy intake derived from food away from home. Subjects The full sample included 12 528 respondents aged 20–64 years who completed 24 h dietary recall interviews for both day 1 and day 2 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008 and 2009–2010. Results Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with an increase in daily total energy intake of 813·75 kJ (194·49 kcal) and 858·04 kJ (205·21 kcal) and with higher intakes of saturated fat (3·48 g and 2·52 g) and Na (296·38 mg and 451·06 mg). Individual characteristics moderated the impacts of restaurant food consumption with adverse impacts on net energy intake being larger for black adults compared with their white and Hispanic counterparts and greater for middle-income v . high-income adults. Conclusions Adults’ fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption was associated with higher daily total energy intake and poorer dietary indicators.
TL;DR: Using the dataset from a popular OHC, the research demonstrated that the proposed metric is highly effective in identifying influential users and combining the metric with other traditional measures further improves the identification of influential users.