American Cancer Society

About: American Cancer Society is a nonprofit organization based out in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Cancer & Population. The organization has 1339 authors who have published 3700 publications receiving 688166 citations. The organization is also known as: American Cancer Society, ACS & American Society for the Control of Cancer.

Selective Toxicity of Rhodamine 123 in Carcinoma Cells in Vitro

Abstract: The study of mitochondria in situ has recently been facilitated through the use of rhodamine 123, a mitochondrial-specific fluorescent dye. It has been found to be nontoxic when applied for short periods to a variety of cell types and has thus become an invaluable tool for examining mitochondrial morphology and function in the intact living cell. In this report, however, we demonstrate that with continuous exposure, rhodamine 123 selectively kills carcinoma as compared to normal epithelial cells grown in vitro. At doses of rhodamine 123 which were toxic to carcinoma cells, the conversion of mitochondrial-specific to cytoplasmic-nonspecific localization of the drug was observed prior to cell death. At 10 microgram/ml, greater than 50% cell death occurred within 7 days in all nine of the carcinoma cell types and lines of different origin studied, while six of six normal epithelial cell types and lines remained unaffected. Cotreating carcinoma cells with 2-deoxyglucose and rhodamine 123 enhanced the inhibition of growth by rhodamine 123 alone in clonogenic survival assays. The observation of the selective toxicity of rhodamine 123 appears to be unique in view of the absence of selective toxicity reported in vitro for the various antitumor agents currently in clinical use. Preliminary results with rhodamine 123 in animal tumor systems indicate antitumor activity for carcinomas.

Use of primary high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening: interim clinical guidance.

Abstract: In 2011, the American Cancer Society, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and the American Society for Clinical Pathology updated screening guidelines for the early detection of cervical cancer and its precursors. Recommended screening strategies were cytology or cotesting (cytology in combination with high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing). These guidelines also addressed the use of hrHPV testing alone as a primary screening approach, which was not recommended for use at that time. There is now a growing body of evidence for screening with primary hrHPV testing, including a prospective US-based registration study. Thirteen experts including representatives from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Cancer Society, American Society of Cytopathology, College of American Pathologists, and the American Society for Clinical Pathology, convened to provide interim guidance for primary hrHPV screening. This guidance panel was specifically triggered by an application to the FDA for a currently marketed HPV test to be labeled for the additional indication of primary cervical cancer screening. Guidance was based on literature review and review of data from the FDA registration study, supplemented by expert opinion. This document aims to provide information for health care providers who are interested in primary hrHPV testing and an overview of the potential advantages and disadvantages of this strategy for screening as well as to highlight areas in need of further investigation.

Measurement of fatigue in cancer patients: further validation of the Fatigue Symptom Inventory.

Abstract: Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms experienced by cancer patients, yet until recent years it has received little systematic attention, due in part to the lack of adequate instruments to measure fatigue. The primary aim of this report is to further validate a recently developed measure of fatigue for use with cancer patients: the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI). This 13-item self-report measure was designed to measure the intensity and duration of fatigue and its interference with quality of life. The FSI was originally validated in a sample of breast cancer patients and a sample of healthy individuals. In this study, the FSI was evaluated in an outpatient sample that included male and female cancer patients, as well as some older patients, with a variety of cancer diagnoses. A seven-item interference scale was found to have good internal consistency, with alpha coefficients above 0.90. Convergent validity was demonstrated via comparisons with an existing measure of fatigue. Construct validity was demonstrated via comparisons with measure of life satisfaction and depression as well as comparisons among subgroups of patients expected to differ in their experience of fatigue. Overall, the FSI was further established as a valid and reliable measure of fatigue in cancer patients. The potential application of this measure in psychosocial oncology research is discussed.

Inflammatory breast carcinoma incidence and survival: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute, 1975- 1992

Abstract: BACKGROUND Little is known about the cause of inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC), the most aggressive form of breast cancer. To the authors' knowledge, no studies have investigated whether IBC risk factors are different from those for breast carcinoma overall, and there has been only one report of IBC incidence and survival patterns. METHODS The authors used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute for the period 1975-1992 to calculate age-adjusted incidence and survival rates for 913 white and 121 African American women with IBC involving dermal invasion of lymphatic ducts and 166,375 white and 13,674 African American women with other types of breast carcinoma (non-IBC). RESULTS Between 1975-1977 and 1990-1992, IBC incidence doubled, increasing among whites from 0.3 to 0.7 cases per 100,000 person-years and among African Americans from 0.6 to 1.1 cases. However, rates for African Americans varied due to the small numbers of IBC cases. The twofold increase in IBC incidence was higher than that observed for non-IBC during the same period (27% for African Americans and 25% for whites). IBC patients were significantly younger at diagnosis than non-IBC patients; and among both IBC and non-IBC patients, African Americans were younger than whites. Overall survival was significantly worse for IBC patients than for non-IBC patients and for African Americans than for whites. Among whites, 3-year survival improved more for IBC patients than for non-IBC patients between 1975-1979 and 1988-1992, increasing from 32% to 42% for IBC patients (P = 0.0001) and from 80% to 85% for non-IBC patients (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The disparities observed in incidence trends and age at diagnosis, particularly according to race, highlight the need for further investigation of the differences between IBC and non-IBC incidence. Cancer 1998;82:2366-2372. © 1998 American Cancer Society.

Lung cancer mortality in relation to age, duration of smoking, and daily cigarette consumption: results from Cancer Prevention Study II.

Abstract: The magnitude of the effect of smoking duration on lung cancer mortality relative to that of intensity (cigarettes/day) has practical implications for both tobacco control policy and research This issue was addressed by R Doll and R Peto (J Epidemiol Commun Health, 32: 303–313, 1978) in their historic analysis of one of the few large cohort studies in which intensity and duration were estimated separately Their findings have been interpreted to mean that smoking duration is much more important than smoking intensity in causing lung cancer The separate contributions of smoking duration and intensity to lung cancer risk have not been evaluated in other large prospective studies We studied participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II, followed from 1982 through 1988 After restricting to people 40–79 years old who smoked ≤40 cigarettes per day at enrollment, we fit Poisson models for four age groups and evaluated lung cancer mortality ( M ) in relation to smoking duration ( D ) and intensity ( I ) on a double-log scale, as suggested by the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis model The age-specific mortality estimates for men ( M m ) and for women ( M w ), when transformed to the original scale, were: ages 40–49: ^ M m = e −179 × D 19 × I 095 , ^ M w = e −202 × D 28 × I 096 ; ages 50–59: ^ M m = e −174 × D 26 × I 052 , ^ M m = e −172 × D 22 × I 075 ; ages 60–69: ^ M m = e −157 × D 24 × I 037 , ^ M m = e −141 × D 15 × I 078 ; ages 70–79: ^ M m = e −130 × D 18 × I 039 , ^ M m = e −132 × D 13 × I 095 Our study confirms that years of cigarette smoking is far more important than the number of cigarettes smoked per day in predicting lung cancer risk in United States men, regardless of age, and provides new evidence that a qualitatively similar pattern holds for women The results support measures to prevent the uptake of smoking by adolescents and increase cessation We discuss reasons why the associations we observe are lower than those reported by R Doll and R Peto (J Epidemiol Commun Health, 32: 303–313, 1978)