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Showing papers by "Annamalai University published in 2012"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A plausible program for gastric cancer prevention involves intake of a balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables, improved sanitation and hygiene, screening and treatment of H. pylori infection, and follow-up of precancerous lesions.
Abstract: Carcinoma of the stomach is still the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, although the incidence and mortality have fallen dramatically over the last 50 years in many regions. The incidence of gastric cancer varies in different parts of the world and among various ethnic groups. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the 5-year survival rate of stomach cancer is only 20 per cent. Stomach cancer can be classified into intestinal and diffuse types based on epidemiological and clinicopathological features. The etiology of gastric cancer is multifactorial and includes both dietary and nondietary factors. The major diet-related risk factors implicated in stomach cancer development include high content of nitrates and high salt intake. Accumulating evidence has implicated the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The development of gastric cancer is a complex, multistep process involving multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, cell cycle regulators, and signaling molecules. A plausible program for gastric cancer prevention involves intake of a balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables, improved sanitation and hygiene, screening and treatment of H. pylori infection, and follow-up of precancerous lesions. The fact that diet plays an important role in the etiology of gastric cancer offers scope for nutritional chemoprevention. Animal models have been extensively used to analyze the stepwise evolution of gastric carcinogenesis and to test dietary chemopreventive agents. Development of multitargeted preventive and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer is a major challenge for the future.

436 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study recommends that the heavy metal levels are unlikely to cause additional adverse health risks to the aquatic ecosystem associated with this lake.

348 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new heterostructured Bi2O3-ZnO, synthesized by a simple hydrothermal-thermal decomposition method, exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Acid Black 1 (AB 1) under UV light than pure ZnO.
Abstract: The development of coupled semiconductor photocatalysts makes a significant advancement in catalytic functional materials. A new heterostructured Bi2O3–ZnO, synthesized by a simple hydrothermal–thermal decomposition method, exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Acid Black 1 (AB 1) under UV light than pure ZnO, Bi2O3, and commercial Degussa P25. X-ray powder diffraction analysis reveals that the as-synthesized product has the monoclinic lattice phase of Bi2O3 and the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO. HR-SEM images show that Bi2O3–ZnO has an ordered mixture of nanofiber and nanochain structures. This heterostructured Bi2O3–ZnO has increased UV absorption when compared with ZnO. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3–ZnO is attributed to the low recombination rates of photoinduced electron–hole pairs, caused by the vectorial transfer of electrons and holes between ZnO and Bi2O3. Higher efficiency at neutral pH 7 and reusability in the degradation of AB 1 makes Bi2O3–ZnO, a pro...

254 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles were found to be effective against bacterial pathogens and photoluminescent and the reduction has been carried out by hydroxyl groups present in the diterpenoids of the brown seaweed.

241 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A rapid and reliable cetyl trimethylammonium bromide protocol suited specifically for extracting DNA from plants which are rich in polysaccharides and secondary metabolites, and the protocol also excludes the use of expensive liquid nitrogen and toxic phenols.
Abstract: Mangroves and salt marsh species are known to synthesize a wide spectrum of polysaccharides and polyphenols including flavonoids and other secondary metabolites which interfere with the extraction of pure genomic DNA. Although a plethora of plant DNA isolation protocols exist, extracting DNA from mangroves and salt marsh species is a challenging task. This study describes a rapid and reliable cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol suited specifically for extracting DNA from plants which are rich in polysaccharides and secondary metabolites, and the protocol also excludes the use of expensive liquid nitrogen and toxic phenols. Purity of extracted DNA was excellent as evident by A260/A280 ratio ranging from 1.78 to 1.84 and A260/A230 ratio was >2, which also suggested that the preparations were sufficiently free of proteins and polyphenolics/polysaccharide compounds. DNA concentration ranged from 8.8 to 9.9 μg μL−1. The extracted DNA was amenable to RAPD, restriction digestion, and PCR amplification of plant barcode genes (matK and rbcl). The optimized method is suitable for both dry and fresh leaves. The success of this method in obtaining high-quality genomic DNA demonstrated the broad applicability of this method.

188 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the AgBr loaded ZnO (AgBr-ZnO) was successfully synthesized by simultaneous precipitation of zinc oxalate and AgBr and calcination of the mixed precipitate at 400°C for 12h.

183 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the photocatalytic activity of co-doped Ag-ZnO was investigated for the degradation of Napthol Blue Black (NBB) dye in aqueous solution under solar light irradiation.

181 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated approach of pollution evaluation indices and statistical techniques was employed to assess the intensity and sources of pollution in Curtin Lake water, Miri City, East Malaysia.
Abstract: An integrated approach of pollution evaluation indices and statistical techniques was employed to assess the intensity and sources of pollution in Curtin Lake water, Miri City, East Malaysia. Fe, Pb and Se concentrations in most of the water samples exceed the maximum admissible concentration. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) shows strong correlations with heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and degree of contamination (C d), and gives a better assessment of pollution levels. Samples from all the 25 locations in the lake were classified as high in C d and low in HPI compared with the respective critical values. The modified schemes of HPI and C d show comparable results with HEI and indicate that about 48 % of the samples with values lower than mean were classed as low contamination and the remaining samples (52 %) with values greater than the mean were classed as medium contamination. Cluster analysis, principal component analysis and pollution indices reveal that the quality of water is mainly controlled by natural/geogenic processes with minor anthropogenic input. US Salinity Laboratory plot and EC classification were also been used to assess the suitability of lake water for agricultural purpose. The current distribution level of heavy metal in the lake water is of environmental and health concerns and needs attention.

179 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mangroves are of great ecological importance and socio-economic significance as a hub for tropical marine biotope and are also one of the world's richest storehouses of biological and genetic diversity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Mangroves are of great ecological importance and socio-economic significance as a hub for tropical marine biotope. The mangroves are also one of the world’s richest storehouses of biological and genetic diversity. Furthermore, 90 % of the marine organisms spend part of their life in this ecosystem and 80 % of the global fish catches are dependent on mangroves. In addition, mangroves and their associated biota are identified as a promising source of natural and novel drugs. On the other hand, scientific community finds such an ecosystem as one among the world’s most threatened biome due to human intervention in the long past and on-going climate change. Already many countries lost their huge mangrove wealth within the last two decades. Further, decline of the mangrove cover may cause an irreparable damage of ecosystem service to mankind. Now it is high time to conserve the precious ecosystem in order to maintain a stable and healthy coastal environment.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is foreseen that, in the beside future, nanostructured lipid carriers will be further advanced to consign cytotoxic anticancer compounds in a more efficient, exact and protected manner.
Abstract: Nanotechnology having developed exponentially, the aim has been on therapeutic undertaking, particularly for cancerous disease chemotherapy. Nanostructured lipid carriers have attracted expanding scientific and commercial vigilance in the last couple of years as alternate carriers for the pharmaceutical consignment, particularly anticancer pharmaceuticals. Shortcomings often came across with anticancer mixtures, such as poor solubility, normal tissue toxicity, poor specificity and steadiness, as well as the high incidence rate of pharmaceutical resistance and the rapid degradation, need of large-scale output procedures, a fast release of the pharmaceutical from its carrier scheme, steadiness troubles, the residues of the organic solvents utilized in the output method and the toxicity from the polymer with esteem to the carrier scheme are anticipated to be overcome through use of the Nanostructured Lipid Carrier. In this review the benefits, types, drug release modulations, steadiness and output techniques of NLCs are discussed. In supplement, the function of NLC in cancer chemotherapy is presented and hotspots in research are emphasized. It is foreseen that, in the beside future, nanostructured lipid carriers will be further advanced to consign cytotoxic anticancer compounds in a more efficient, exact and protected manner.

150 citations


Journal Article
P. Saranraj1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the microbial spoilage of Bakery products and its control by preservatives, and assessed the following topics: economical importance of bakery products, microbial spoaking of Bakers, physical factors affecting microbial growth, control of microbial growth in Bakers by using chemical preservatives and biopreservatives.
Abstract: Spoiled food may be defined as a food that has been damaged or injured so as to make it undesirable for human consumption. Bakery products are an important part of a balanced diet and a wide variety of such products can be found on supermarket shelves. However, bakery products, like many processed foods, are subject to physical, chemical and microbiological spoilage. While physical and chemical spoilage limits the shelf life of low and intermediate moisture bakery products, microbiological spoilage by bacteria, yeast and molds is the concern in high moisture products. Many industrially produced baked goods emerge from the baking process with a surface that is essentially sterile but post bake handling can quickly lead to fungal, microbial surface contamination as a result of exposure to airborne contaminants as well as equipment contact. This present review is focused on the microbial spoilage of bakery products and its control by preservatives. This review assesses the following topics: economical importance of bakery products, microbial spoilage of bakery products, physical factors affecting microbial growth, control of microbial growth in bakery products by using chemical preservatives and biopreservatives.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the geochemical signatures of groundwater in the Pondicherry region, south India, were determined by collecting 93 groundwater samples from specific formations and analyzed for physical parameters, such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH and major ion concentrations such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, PO4 and SO4.
Abstract: Geochemical signatures of groundwater in the Pondicherry region, south India, were determined. The coastal aquifers are fragile and this situation becomes more intense in layered aquifer systems like that of the Pondicherry region. In this region, groundwater occurs in alluvium, Lower Cuddalore, Upper Cuddalore, Tertiary, Cretaceous and mixed aquifers. The geochemical signature of groundwater in these formations was studied by collecting 93 groundwater samples. The collected samples from specific formations were analysed for physical parameters, such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH and major ion concentrations, such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, PO4 and SO4. The results of the analysis were interpreted with geology; the ionic concentrations in the groundwater vary spatially and temporally. The abundance of these ions are in the following order: Na > Ca > Mg > K = Cl > HCO3 > SO4. Interpretation of analytical data shows that Ca–Na and Cl–SO4–HCO3 is the dominant facies in all the formations. Groundwater in the area is generally hard and fresh-brackish in most of the formations and brackish in nature in alluvium formation. The sodium absorption ratio shows that most of the samples are grouped under excellent category to good category in all the formations. The residual sodium carbonate also are in good category in all the formations. Chloro-alkaline indices reveal that the majority of samples show negative values in all the litho units indicating the exchange of Na and K in groundwater with Mg or Ca in rock. Scholler classification of water indicates that longer residence time of water with more prominent base exchange. High EC and TDS values in certain locations of alluvial, Upper Cuddalore and Cretaceous formations prove to be unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study suggests that the nephroprotective potential of silibinin in As toxicity might be due to its antioxidant and metal chelating properties, which could be useful for achieving optimum effects in As-induced renal damage.
Abstract: Arsenic (As) is an environmental and industrial pollutant that affects various organs in human and experimental animals. Silibinin is a naturally occurring plant bioflavonoid found in the milk thistle of Silybum marianum, which has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological properties. A body of evidence has accumulated implicating the free radical generation with subsequent oxidative stress in the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of As toxicity. Since kidney is the critical target organ of chronic As toxicity, we carried out this study to investigate the effects of silibinin on As-induced toxicity in the kidney of rats. In experimental rats, oral administration of sodium arsenite [NaAsO(2), 5 mg/(kg day)] for 4 weeks significantly induced renal damage which was evident from the increased levels of serum urea, uric acid, creatinine with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in creatinine clearance. As also significantly decreased the levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine in urine. A markedly increased levels of lipid peroxidation markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides) and protein carbonyl contents with significant (p < 0.05) decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidants (total sulfhydryl groups, reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase), Glutathione metabolizing enzymes (glutathione reductase and glutathione-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and membrane bound ATPases were also observed in As treated rats. Co-administration of silibinin (75 mg/kg day) along with As resulted in a reversal of As-induced biochemical changes in kidney accompanied by a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and an increase in the level of renal antioxidant defense system. The histopathological and immunohistochemical studies in the kidney of rats also shows that silibinin (75 mg/kg day) markedly reduced the toxicity of As and preserved the normal histological architecture of the renal tissue, inhibited the caspase-3 mediated tubular cell apoptosis and decreased the NADPH oxidase, iNOS and NF-κB over expression by As and upregulated the Nrf2 expression in the renal tissue. The present study suggests that the nephroprotective potential of silibinin in As toxicity might be due to its antioxidant and metal chelating properties, which could be useful for achieving optimum effects in As-induced renal damage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The toxicity of mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil (EO) and their major chemical constituents from Mentha spicata against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi is studied.
Abstract: Mosquitoes are blood-feeding insects and serve as the most important vectors for spreading human diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and filariasis. The continued use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in resistance in mosquitoes. Synthetic insecticides are toxic and affect the environment by contaminating soil, water, and air, and then natural products may be an alternative to synthetic insecticides because they are effective, biodegradable, eco-friendly, and safe to environment. Botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. Mentha spicata, an edible and medicinal plant, is chiefly distributed in Southeast Asia and South Asia. In the present study, the toxicity of mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil (EO) and their major chemical constituents from Mentha spicata against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. The chemical composition of the leaf EO was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the EO of M. spicata contained 18 compounds. The major chemical components identified were carvone (48.60%), cis-carveol (21.30%), and limonene (11.30%). The EO had a significant toxic effect against early third-stage larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi with LC50 values of 62.62, 56.08, and 49.71 ppm and LC90 values of 118.70, 110.28, and 100.99 ppm, respectively. The three major pure constituents extracted from the M. spicata leaf EO were also tested individually against three mosquito larvae. The LC50 values of carvone, cis-carveol, and limonene appeared to be most effective against A. stephensi (LC50 19.33, 28.50, and 8.83 ppm) followed by A. aegypti (LC50 23.69, 32.88, and 12.01 ppm), and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 25.47, 35.20, and 14.07 ppm). The results could be useful in search for newer, safer, and more effective natural larvicidal agents against C. quinquefasciatus, A. aegypti, and A. stephensi.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that diosmin (DS) has potential ameliorative effects in addition to its antidiabetic effect in type 2 diabetic rats.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that d -limonene has potential antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and was comparable with glibenclamide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Blood serum biochemical parameters can be used for confirming the maturity and monitoring any changes in the quality of waters and related soils, and were significantly correlated at P’< 0.05 level.
Abstract: Haematological parameters have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters were studied and compared different feeding behaviour of teleost fishes. Three marine teleost fishes, Lates calcarifer (carnivores), Mugil cephalus (omnivores) and Chanos chanos (herbivores), were carried out in order to find out a normal range of blood parameters which would serve as baseline data for assessment of the health status of the fish as well as reference point for future comparative surveys. Blood parameters such as red blood cell count (RBC) and white blood cells count (WBC), haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin, glucose, protein, cholesterol and urea were estimated from teleost fishes of different trophic level. Statistical analysis revealed that differences in haematological parameters between marine fish were significant (P < 0.01). The result revealed that haematological RBC/WBC ratio, MCV and MCHC were significantly correlated at P < 0.05 level. The RBC/WBC level increased due to the decrease in WBC during the study. Blood serum biochemical parameters can be used for confirming the maturity and monitoring any changes in the quality of waters and related soils.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal welding conditions to attain maximum strength for each alloy were identified using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and empirical relationships were established between the base metal mechanical properties of aluminium alloys and optimised FSW process parameters.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Among a total of 27 cultivable salt tolerant endophytic bacteria isolated from Catharanthus roseus grown in highly salt affected coastal region of cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India four isolates were found to be positive for nitrogenase activity and the salt tolerant diazotrophic isolate AUM54 was selected for further investigation and identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans.
Abstract: Among a total of 27 cultivable salt tolerant endophytic bacteria isolated from Catharanthus roseus grown in highly salt affected coastal region of cuddalore district, Tamilnadu, India four isolates were found to be positive for nitrogenase activity. The isolates were evaluated for their stress tolerance efficiency and screened for different PGP traits. Based on the above studied parameters, and ability to produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (4.24 μmol α-ketobutyrate mg_1 protein h_1) the salt tolerant diazotrophic isolate AUM54 was selected for further investigation and identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The ability of this isolate to ameliorate salt stress in C. roseus was evaluated under gnotobiotic and pot culture conditions. At 150 mM NaCl level A. xylosoxidans AUM54 treated plants recorded ethylene level of 394.1 p mol ethylene g−1 FW h−1 compared to the ethylene level of 516.0 p mol ethylene g−1 FW h−1 recorded in the un inoculated control. A. xylosoxidans AUM54 inoculated plants recorded the maximum germination percentage of 98.3, vigor index of 2231.4, plant height of 120.4 cm, root dry weight of 53.24 g Plant_1 and ajmalicine content of 1.60 mg g−1, compared to the germination percentage of 91.6%, vigour index of 1511.5, plant height of 105.8, root weight of 47.2 g Plant−1, and ajmalicine content of 1.23 mg g−1 in uninoculated plants grown without NaCl treatment. This isolate also decreased plant ethylene levels by 11–23% and increased the antioxidative enzyme content of inoculated C. roseus plants to the tune of 19–32% for ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, 20–30% for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and 4–16% for catalase (CAT) under normal and salt affected conditions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An optimum doping level of the transition metals for enhanced PL properties are found through optical study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the effect of water depth on the internal heat and mass transfer in the single basin double slope (DS) solar still, and the results indicated that decrease in depth of basin water resulted with increase in productivity of the still.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solid phase FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-butyl benzoic acid have been recorded and the structure of the molecule was optimized and the structural characteristics were determined by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP method with 6-311++G(d,p) as basis set.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The approach of plant-mediated synthesis appears to be cost efficient, eco-friendly and easy methods for synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Prosopis juliflora.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An elegant biogeography based optimization algorithm for obtaining the best compromise solution of EED problem that requires only three solution runs unlike other strategies involving more solution runs is developed.
Abstract: This paper attempts to develop an elegant biogeography based optimization algorithm for obtaining the best compromise solution of EED problem. The basic philosophy orients to create a modified objective function that provides equal significance to both fuel cost and emission cost components. Besides it requires only three solution runs unlike other strategies involving more solution runs. The performance is evaluated through three test systems and the simulation results are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the scheme for practical applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
18 May 2012
TL;DR: The one pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf bud extract of a mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata and their antimicrobial effects against aquatic pathogens are reported.
Abstract: Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has received increasing attention due to the growing need to develop safe, time-effective and environmentally friendly technologies for nano-materials synthesis. This paper reports the one pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf bud extract of a mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata and their antimicrobial effects against aquatic pathogens. Highly stable AgNPs were synthesized by treating the mangrove leaf bud extract with aqueous silver nitrate solution at 15 psi pressure and 121°C for 5 minutes. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrum, at 426 nm. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed the face-centered cubic geometry of AgNPs. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis was carried out to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for biosynthesis of AgNPs from the leaf bud extract. The size and shape of the well-dispersed AgNPs were documented with the help of High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) with a diameter ranged from 4 to 26 nm. However a maximum number of particles were observed at 4 nm in size. The antibacterial effects of AgNPs were studied against aquatic pathogens Proteus spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Flavobacterium spp., isolated from infected marine ornamental fish, Dascyllus trimaculatus. This study reveals that the biosynthesized AgNPs using the leaf bud extract of a mangrove plant (R. mucronata) were found equally potent to synthetic antibiotics. The size of the inhibition zone increases when the concentration of the AgNPs increased and varies according to species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that the theaflavin attenuates MPTP/p induced apoptosis and neurodegeneration as evidenced by increased expression of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT) and reduced apoptotic markers such as caspase-3, 8, 9 accompanied by normalized behavioral characterization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Different morphologies of undoped and transition metals (Mn, Co and Ni) doped one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanocrystals were successfully synthesized by chemical method in an air atmosphere using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation was carried out by collecting a total of 194 groundwater samples for two seasons to decipher hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality for determining its suitability for agricultural purposes.
Abstract: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin is of particular importance in the study of groundwater quality due to the release of effluents from industries, agricultural, sewage and urban runoff, brining considerable change in water quality. An investigation was carried out by collecting a total of 194 groundwater samples for two seasons to decipher hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality for determining its suitability for agricultural purposes. The water is neutral to alkaline in nature with pH ranging from 6.78 to 9.22 with an average of 7.37. Higher electrical conductivity (EC) was noted in NW and mid-downstream parts of the study area. Higher NO3− was observed during post-monsoon (POM) due to the action of leaching and anthropogenic process. The piper plot reveals the dominance of Na+–Cl− and Na+–HCO3−, mixed Ca2+–Na+–HCO3−, mixed Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− and Ca2+–SO4− types of hydrogeochemical facies. Higher total hardness in the groundwater is due to the effect of dyeing and bleaching industries discharging effluents affects the quality of water. Residual Sodium Carbonate value indicates 56% of the samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes in both seasons. Higher sodium percentage is noted during PRM indicating the dominance of ion exchange and weathering. Higher sodium adsorption ratio was observed during POM indicating the effect of leaching and dissolution of salts into the aquifer matrix. USSL plot indicates 15% of samples record high salinity to medium sodicity. The Permeability Index indicates water is moderate to good for irrigation purposes. In general, groundwater in the study area is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic activities.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the tool shoulder diameter on the macrostructure, microstructure and tensile properties of the dissimilar AA6061 Aluminum and AZ31 Magnesium alloys were experimented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Ag 2 S loaded ZnO (Ag 2 S-ZnO) was successfully synthesized by precipitation of zinc oxalate and Ag 2S and calcination of the mixed precipitate at 400°C for 12 hours as mentioned in this paper.