Showing papers by "Applied Science Private University published in 2013"
TL;DR: In this article, a smart hyperthermia nanofiber is described with simultaneous heat generation and drug release in response to "on-off" switching of alternating magnetic field (AMF) for induction of skin cancer apoptosis.
Abstract: A smart hyperthermia nanofiber is described with simultaneous heat generation and drug release in response to ‘on-off’ switching of alternating magnetic field (AMF) for induction of skin cancer apoptosis. The nanofiber is composed of a chemically-crosslinkable temperature-responsive polymer with an anticancer drug (doxorubicin; DOX) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which serve as a trigger of drug release and a source of heat, respectively. By chemical crosslinking, the nanofiber mesh shows switchable changes in the swelling ratio in response to alternating ‘on-off’ switches of AMF because the self-generated heat from the incorporated MNPs induces the deswelling of polymer networks in the nanofiber. Correspondingly, the ‘on-off’ release of DOX from the nanofibers is observed in response to AMF. The 70% of human melanoma cells died in only 5 min application of AMF in the presence of the MNPs and DOX incorporated nanofibers by double effects of heat and drug. Taken together these advantages on both the nano- and macroscopic scale of nanofibers demonstrate that the dynamically and reversibly tunable structures have the potential to be utilized as a manipulative hyperthermia material as well as a switchable drug release platform by simple switching an AMF ‘on’ and ‘off’.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) technique is applied to determine the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) between the original light crude oil and CO 2, and a total of five coreflood tests are performed at the actual reservoir temperature.
182 citations
TL;DR: Optimal dielectric properties were determined for a 3-μm-thick PLZT/LNO/Ni capacitor for energy storage purposes, indicating that cost-effective, volumetrically efficient capacitors can be fabricated for high-power energy storage.
Abstract: An acetic-acid-based sol–gel method was used to deposit lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT, 8/52/48) thin films on either platinized silicon (Pt/Si) or nickel buffered by a lanthanum nickel oxide buffer layer (LNO/Ni). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of the samples revealed that dense polycrystalline PLZT thin films formed without apparent defects or secondary phases. The dielectric breakdown strength was greater in PLZT thin films deposited on LNO/Ni compared with those on Pt/Si, leading to better energy storage. Finally, optimized dielectric properties were determined for a 3-μm-thick PLZT/LNO/Ni capacitor for energy storage purposes: DC dielectric breakdown strength of ∼1.6 MV/cm (480 V), energy density of ∼22 J/cc, energy storage efficiency of ∼77%, and permittivity of ∼1100. These values are very stable from room temperature to 150 °C, indicating that cost-effective, volumetrically efficient capacitors can be fabricated for high-power energy storage.
180 citations
TL;DR: The ex situ XRD experiments reveal that the host framework remains cubic without showing any structural phase transition during the charge process, and the discharge property is discernible up to 40 C.
169 citations
01 Jun 2013-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, a revised Sellars' constitutive equation was proposed, which considered the effects of the deformation temperature and strain rate on the material variables and provided an accurate estimate of the hot deformation behavior of the AA7150 aluminum alloy.
Abstract: The hot deformation behavior of a homogenized AA7150 aluminum alloy was studied in compression tests conducted at various temperatures (573–723 K) and strain rates (0.001–10 s −1 ). The flow stress behavior and microstructural evolution were observed during the hot deformation process. A revised Sellars’ constitutive equation was proposed, which considered the effects of the deformation temperature and strain rate on the material variables and which provided an accurate estimate of the hot deformation behavior of the AA7150 aluminum alloy. The results revealed that the activation energy for the hot deformation of the AA7150 aluminum alloy is not a constant value but rather varies as a function of the deformation conditions. The activation energy for hot deformation decreased with increasing deformation temperature and strain rate. The peak flow stresses under various deformation conditions were predicted by a revised constitutive equation and correlated with the experimental data with excellent accuracy.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the NMR transverse relaxation time (T2) spectrum is measured for the core sample after it has been displaced with the fluorinated oil, and the residual oil saturation is determined as a function of pore size by comparing the difference between the first and last NMR T2 spectrum.
Abstract: The NMR relaxometry measurements have been designed and applied to quantitatively determine residual oil distribution during waterflooding in tight oil formations. A tight core sample is first saturated with water to measure its NMR transverse relaxation time (T2) spectrum. NMR T2 spectrum is then measured for the core sample after it has been displaced with the fluorinated oil. Subsequently, the core sample is displaced with water until residual oil saturation is achieved, and the NMR T2 spectrum is measured again at the end of the displacement. Subsequently, the constant-rate mercury injection method is used to experimentally measure the size of the pore and throat in the core sample. The residual oil saturation is determined as a function of pore size by comparing the difference between the first and last NMR T2 spectrum. It is found from four core samples with permeability of 0.04–1.70 mD that the average pore size is in a range of 129–145 μm, and the pore throat has a radius of 0.17–0.89 μm. The orig...
124 citations
TL;DR: A fluorene derivative having both bromo and formyl groups exhibited bright phosphorescence emission in common organic solvents at room temperature when incorporated into a poly(methyl methacrylate) film.
124 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that cardiomyocytes respond favorably to the elastic, soft tropoelastin culture substrates, indicating that tropoELastin-based hydrogels may be a suitable coating choice for some organ-on-a-chip applications.
Abstract: The research areas of tissue engineering and drug development have displayed increased interest in organ-on-a-chip studies, in which physiologically or pathologically relevant tissues can be engineered to test pharmaceutical candidates. Microfluidic technologies enable the control of the cellular microenvironment for these applications through the topography, size, and elastic properties of the microscale cell culture environment, while delivering nutrients and chemical cues to the cells through continuous media perfusion. Traditional materials used in the fabrication of microfluidic devices, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), offer high fidelity and high feature resolution, but do not facilitate cell attachment. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a method for coating microfluidic channels inside a closed PDMS device with a cell-compatible hydrogel layer. We have synthesized photocrosslinkable gelatin and tropoelastin-based hydrogel solutions that were used to coat the surfaces under continuous flow inside 50 μm wide, straight microfluidic channels to generate a hydrogel layer on the channel walls. Our observation of primary cardiomyocytes seeded on these hydrogel layers showed preferred attachment as well as higher spontaneous beating rates on tropoelastin coatings compared to gelatin. In addition, cellular attachment, alignment and beating were stronger on 5% (w/v) than on 10% (w/v) hydrogel-coated channels. Our results demonstrate that cardiomyocytes respond favorably to the elastic, soft tropoelastin culture substrates, indicating that tropoelastin-based hydrogels may be a suitable coating choice for some organ-on-a-chip applications. We anticipate that the proposed hydrogel coating method and tropoelastin as a cell culture substrate may be useful for the generation of elastic tissues, e.g. blood vessels, using microfluidic approaches.
119 citations
TL;DR: The approach has taken a more holistic approach by considering drug-disease relationships also and considered not only gene but also other features to build the disease drug networks, which could complement the current computational approaches for drug repositioning candidate discovery.
Abstract: Given the costly and time consuming process and high attrition rates in drug discovery and development, drug repositioning or drug repurposing is considered as a viable strategy both to replenish the drying out drug pipelines and to surmount the innovation gap. Although there is a growing recognition that mechanistic relationships from molecular to systems level should be integrated into drug discovery paradigms, relatively few studies have integrated information about heterogeneous networks into computational drug-repositioning candidate discovery platforms. Using known disease-gene and drug-target relationships from the KEGG database, we built a weighted disease and drug heterogeneous network. The nodes represent drugs or diseases while the edges represent shared gene, biological process, pathway, phenotype or a combination of these features. We clustered this weighted network to identify modules and then assembled all possible drug-disease pairs (putative drug repositioning candidates) from these modules. We validated our predictions by testing their robustness and evaluated them by their overlap with drug indications that were either reported in published literature or investigated in clinical trials. Previous computational approaches for drug repositioning focused either on drug-drug and disease-disease similarity approaches whereas we have taken a more holistic approach by considering drug-disease relationships also. Further, we considered not only gene but also other features to build the disease drug networks. Despite the relative simplicity of our approach, based on the robustness analyses and the overlap of some of our predictions with drug indications that are under investigation, we believe our approach could complement the current computational approaches for drug repositioning candidate discovery.
115 citations
TL;DR: A compilation of contaminants resulting from a variety of manufacturing methods used to synthesise the most common ATS, leading to an increase in evidential value and forensic drug intelligence from forensic drug samples is presented.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the combustion of hydrogen and diesel fuel under simulated direct injection (DI) diesel engine conditions and showed that adding hydrogen as an extra fuel, which can be added to diesel fuel in the (CI) engine results in improved engine performance and reduce emissions compared to the case of neat diesel operation, because this measure approaches the combustion process to constant volume.
TL;DR: In this paper, structural and electrochemical properties of thin film electrodes of cobalt hexacyanoferrate, NaxCo[Fe(CN)6]0.9H2O, against x.
Abstract: We investigated structural and electrochemical properties of thin film electrodes of cobalt hexacyanoferrate, NaxCo[Fe(CN)6]0.902.9H2O, against x. The compound exhibits a high capacity of 135 mAh/g and an average operating voltage of 3.6 V against Na, with a good cyclability. The discharge curve exhibits two plateaus at ≈3.8 and ≈3.4 V, which are ascribed to the reduction processes of Fe3+ and Co3+, respectively. The ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles reveal the robust nature of the host framework against Na+ intercalation/deintercalation. Thus, cobalt hexacyanoferrate is a promising candidate for the cathode material of sodium-ion secondary battery (SIB).
TL;DR: A stepwise cluster analysis downscaling system for climate projections using a cluster tree to represent the complex relationship between large-scale atmospheric variables and local surface variables and nonlinear relations can be handled.
Abstract: Downscaling techniques are used to obtain high-resolution climate projections for assessing the impacts of climate change at a regional scale. This study presents a statistical downscaling tool, SCADS, based on stepwise cluster analysis method. The SCADS uses a cluster tree to represent the complex relationship between large-scale atmospheric variables (namely predictors) and local surface variables (namely predictands). It can effectively deal with continuous and discrete variables, as well as nonlinear relations between predictors and predictands. By integrating ancillary functional modules of missing data detecting, correlation analysis, model calibration and graphing of cluster trees, the SCADS is capable of performing rapid development of downscaling scenarios for local weather variables under current and future climate forcing. An application of SCADS is demonstrated to obtain 10?km daily mean temperature and monthly precipitation projections for Toronto, Canada in 2070-2099. The contemporary reanalysis data derived from NARR is used for model calibration (1981-1990) and validation (1991-2000). The validated cluster trees are then applied for generating future climate projections. We develop a stepwise cluster analysis downscaling system for climate projections.Cluster tree reflects complex relations between predictors and predictands.Continuous and discrete variables as well as nonlinear relations can be handled.A case study is demonstrated for Toronto, Canada in 2070-2090.
TL;DR: In this article, the vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) technique is applied to determine the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of the light crude oil-CO2 system, and a total of five CO2-coreflood tests are conducted under immiscible, near-miscible, and miscible conditions to thoroughly study the characteristics of the produced oils and gases during each CO2 flooding process.
Abstract: In this paper, the oil and gas samples produced from tight sandstone reservoir core plugs in immiscible, near-miscible, and miscible CO2 flooding processes at the reservoir temperature are experimentally characterized. First, the vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) technique is applied to determine the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of the light crude oil–CO2 system. Second, a total of five CO2-coreflood tests are conducted under immiscible, near-miscible, and miscible conditions to thoroughly study the characteristics of the produced oils and gases during each CO2 flooding process. In the immiscible case (Pinj < MMP), the produced oil becomes heavier and heavier during CO2 injection in terms of its density, viscosity, molecular weight, and hydrocarbons (HCs). The produced gas contains up to 84–96 mol % HCs (dominantly C4–7) extracted from the light crude oil by CO2 at the beginning and 85–100 mol % CO2 at the end of CO2 injection. In the near-miscible case (Pinj ≈ MMP), the heaviest oil is produced a...
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current trends in the purification of pDNA vaccines for practical and analytical applications and special attention is paid to chromatographic techniques aimed at reducing the steps of final purification, post primary isolation and intermediate recovery.
TL;DR: In this article, the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient (KGav) for carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption into aqueous diethylenetriamine (DETA) was experimentally determined in an absorption column packed with Sulzer DX-type structured packing over a temperature range of 30-50°C and at atmosphere pressure.
TL;DR: The resulting solutions show that the proposed ITSCCP method can provide scientific bases for water quality management and other environmental systems problems.
Abstract: In this study, an inexact two-stage stochastic credibility constrained programming (ITSCCP) method is developed and applied to the water quality management system. It incorporates the credibility constrained programming, two-stage stochastic programming and interval programming within an optimization framework, so that uncertainties expressed as intervals, probabilistic and possibilistic distributions can be effectively communicated. The study area is the Xiangxi River Basin of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the largest reservoir in China. The significant advantage of the ITSCCP water quality management model is that it can reflect the tradeoffs between the predefined economic targets and the associated environmental penalties, as well as the fuzziness of the pollution load capacities. Stable interval solutions can be obtained by using the two-step interactive solution algorithm. A spectrum of potential pollution abatement options with varied levels of system-failure risk can be generated. The resulting solutions show that the proposed method can provide scientific bases for water quality management and other environmental systems problems.
TL;DR: The polycondensation reaction, followed by an end-capping reaction, effectively provides a linear polymer without Br terminals.
Abstract: The polycondensation reaction of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene with 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene via Pd-catalyzed direct arylation gives poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2,5-diyl)-(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)]. The reaction conditions are optimized in terms of the Pd precatalysts, reaction time, and carboxylic acid additives. The combination of 1 mol% Pd(OAc)(2) and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid as an additive is the optimized catalytic system, and it yields the corresponding polymer with a molecular weight of 39,400 in 89% yield. The polycondensation reaction, followed by an end-capping reaction, effectively provides a linear polymer without Br terminals.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of hollow fiber membrane contactors for CO2 capture from a gas stream, including membrane module design, mass transfer principles, membrane wetting, simulation and modeling, and solvent regeneration.
Abstract: This paper is Part 7 of the post-combustion carbon capture technology Review Series. It reviews recent progress and developments in hollow fibre membrane contactor research for CO2 capture. Hollow fiber membrane contactors have been studied for CO2 capture from a gas stream since 1985. In recent years, this technology has been considered a promising alternative to conventional absorption technologies, since it offers higher absorption efficiency and avoids common operating problems found in traditional packed columns. In this review, research development focused on CO2 capture using hollow fiber membrane contactors – including membrane module design, mass transfer principles, membrane wetting, simulation and modeling, and solvent regeneration – is presented. Additionally, current significant pilot-scale applications of this technology are discussed and recommendations for future work are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of tannin adsorption on treated coal fly ash was investigated and it was shown that the adsorbed amount of Tannin was higher at 20 °C than other temperature levels.
Abstract: The study investigated the performance of tannin adsorption on treated coal fly ash. The adsorption capacity of coal fly ash could be enhanced through appropriate pretreatment by acid. There was an apparent increase of tannin adsorption when fly ash dosage changed from 0 to 20 g/L. The adsorption isotherm data fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption processes presented a two-stage pattern, a rapid adsorption process followed by a slow adsorption process. The adsorbed amount of tannin was higher at 20 °C than other temperature levels. The thermodynamic studies indicated the adsorption of tannin onto fly ash was exothermic in nature and the entropy of the system decreased during adsorption process. The removal efficiency of tannin adsorption onto fly ash decreased when NaCl concentration ranged from 0 to 0.4 mol/L.
01 Dec 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the scaling and 3D integration issues of NbO2 with threshold switching characteristics were investigated for ReRAM selector device and the feasibility of high density vertical memory device by adopting 10nm-thick TiN bottom electrode with low thermal conductivity.
Abstract: The scaling and 3-D integration issues of NbO2 with threshold switching characteristics were investigated for ReRAM selector device. To avoid the process problems of Pt electrode, we tested ReRAM and selector devices with conventional electrodes (TiN and W). By adopting 10nm-thick TiN bottom electrode with low thermal conductivity, we could significantly reduce the threshold current for insulator-metal transition (I-M-T) due to the heat confinement effect. We have evaluated for the first time both 1S1R (NbO2/TaOx) and hybrid (NbO2/Nb2O5) devices. We have confirmed the feasibility of high density vertical memory device by adopting NbO2 I-M-T selector device.
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical approach based on 3D nonlinear finite element method has been employed to explore the relation between the processing parameters and the residual stress distribution, which leads to a substantial improvement in bending fatigue life.
Abstract: Laser shock peening (LSP) induced residual stresses significantly affect the high cycle fatigue behavior of certain metals and alloys. Residual stress distribution is a function of various laser parameters (energy, laser pulse width, and spot diameter), the geometry, the material and the laser shot sequencing. Considering the wide range of parameters involved in the LSP process, a numerical approach based on 3D nonlinear finite element method has been employed to explore the relation between the processing parameters and the residual stress distribution. This methodology is applied to a thin coupon of Ti–6Al–2Sn–4Zr–2Mo (Ti-6242) alloy, with a view towards establishing conditions for obtaining through-thickness compressive residual stresses and hence improved bending fatigue life. Material response at very high strain rates in the LSP process is effectively represented using the modified Zerilli–Armstrong material model. The numerical approach is verified by comparison with the experimental results. Effects of laser parameters and laser shot sequencing on final residual stress distribution are studied by performing full scale simulations of LSP patches constituting a large number of laser shots. Based on simulation studies, optimal set of parameters is obtained that produces through thickness compression, which leads to a substantial improvement in bending fatigue life. Fatigue testing results support the recommendations made based on simulation results.
TL;DR: A flexible paper-based biofuel cell using porous carbon inks for high power output is demonstrated, which is the highest output power reported to date, to the best of the knowledge.
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalized methodology has been proposed and successfully applied to determine multiphase boundaries as well as swelling factors of solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems at high pressures and elevated temperatures.
Abstract: A generalized methodology has been proposed and successfully applied to determine multiphase boundaries as well as swelling factors of solvent(s)–CO2–heavy oil systems at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Experimentally, two- and three-phase boundaries and swelling factors have been respectively measured by conducting PVT tests in the temperature range of 280.45 to 396.15 K. Theoretically, the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) combined with the modified alpha function has been applied to describe phase behavior of the solvent(s)–CO2–heavy oil systems. More specifically, an exponential distribution function is used to split a heavy oil sample, whereas the logarithm-type lumping method is employed to group single carbon numbers (SCNs) into multiple carbon numbers (MCNs). The exponents associated with two binary interaction parameter (BIP) correlations are respectively tuned for the alkane solvent-pseudocomponent pair and CO2-pseudocomponent pair to match the measured saturation pressures. It ...
TL;DR: In this article, a graphite oxide (GO) was modified using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to investigate the impact of dispersion and interfacial bonding on the mechanical properties.
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructures and magnetic properties of FePt-X granular films were optimized to achieve an ideal media structure on glass substrates for heat-assisted magnetic recording.
Abstract: We update our continuous effort to optimize the microstructures and magnetic properties of FePt-X granular films to achieve an ideal media structure on glass substrates for heat-assisted magnetic recording. For segregant X, we investigated C, SiO2 , TiO2 and their mixtures. While FePt-C granular films show excellent inplane granular structure for the thickness (t) smaller than 6 nm, a second layer appears for t >; 6 nm. On the other hand, FePt-TiO2 granular film shows a columnar structure with a smooth surface, but the inplane morphology is interconnected. To enhance the phase separation and realize the laterally isolated columnar structure, we mixed the segregant materials of SiO2 or TiO2 with C. We also used the thin FePt-C films as templates for FePt-X(X=SiO2 and TiO2) since the FePt-C showed good particle separation with the fine particle size. Based on these experimental results, we discuss how to attain the ideal media structure for heat-assisted magnetic recording.
TL;DR: In this article, the vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) technique is applied to determine the minimum miscibility pressures (MMPs) and first contact miscibility pressure (Pmax) of five light crude oil-CO2 systems from the measured equilibrium interfacial tensions (IFTs) at different equilibrium pressures.
Abstract: The vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) technique is applied to determine the minimum miscibility pressures (MMPs) and first-contact miscibility pressures (Pmax) of five light crude oil–CO2 systems from the measured equilibrium interfacial tensions (IFTs) at different equilibrium pressures. The equilibrium IFTs are measured under various experimental conditions by applying the axisymmetric drop shape analysis technique for the pendant drop case. It is found that in each IFT test, the measured equilibrium IFT is reduced almost linearly with the equilibrium pressure in two pressure ranges. The MMP of each light crude oil–CO2 system is thus determined from the measured equilibrium IFTs in range I by applying the VIT technique. The first-contact miscibility pressure (Pmax) of each light crude oil–CO2 system is extrapolated from the measured equilibrium IFTs in range II. Moreover, the test temperature, crude oil composition (dead/live oil), gas composition (pure/impure CO2), and initial gas–oil ratio (GOR) are...
TL;DR: This work introduces a model-based framework to segment static foreground objects against moving foreground objects in single view sequences taken from stationary cameras and shows the accuracy of the proposed stopped object detection approach.
Abstract: The automatic detection of objects that are abandoned or removed in a video scene is an interesting area of computer vision, with key applications in video surveillance. Forgotten or stolen luggage in train and airport stations and irregularly parked vehicles are examples that concern significant issues, such as the fight against terrorism and crime, and public safety. Both issues involve the basic task of detecting static regions in the scene. We address this problem by introducing a model-based framework to segment static foreground objects against moving foreground objects in single view sequences taken from stationary cameras. An image sequence model, obtained by learning in a self-organizing neural network image sequence variations, seen as trajectories of pixels in time, is adopted within the model-based framework. Experimental results on real video sequences and comparisons with existing approaches show the accuracy of the proposed stopped object detection approach.
TL;DR: Chloroplast morphology and photosynthetic characteristics in greenish roots of Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing GLKs were compared with those in wild-type roots and leaves, showing the potential of root photosynthesis to improve effective carbon utilization in plants.
Abstract: In plants, genes involved in photosynthesis are encoded separately in nuclei and plastids, and tight cooperation between these two genomes is therefore required for the development of functional chloroplasts. Golden2-like (GLK) transcription factors are involved in chloroplast development, directly targeting photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes for up-regulation. Although overexpression of GLKs leads to chloroplast development in non-photosynthetic organs, the mechanisms of coordination between the nuclear gene expression influenced by GLKs and the photosynthetic processes inside chloroplasts are largely unknown. To elucidate the impact of GLK-induced expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes on the construction of photosynthetic systems, chloroplast morphology and photosynthetic characteristics in greenish roots of Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing GLKs were compared with those in wild-type roots and leaves. Overexpression of GLKs caused up-regulation of not only their direct targets but also non-target nuclear and plastid genes, leading to global induction of chloroplast biogenesis in the root. Large antennae relative to reaction centers were observed in wild-type roots and were further enhanced by GLK overexpression due to the increased expression of target genes associated with peripheral light-harvesting antennae. Photochemical efficiency was lower in the root chloroplasts than in leaf chloroplasts, suggesting that the imbalance in the photosynthetic machinery decreases the efficiency of light utilization in root chloroplasts. Despite the low photochemical efficiency, root photosynthesis contributed to carbon assimilation in Arabidopsis. Moreover, GLK overexpression increased CO2 fixation and promoted phototrophic performance of the root, showing the potential of root photosynthesis to improve effective carbon utilization in plants.
TL;DR: The data suggest that the 2 music therapy approaches operationalized in this study seem to modulate pain perception through at least 2 different mechanisms, involving changes of activity in the delta and gamma bands at different stages of the pain processing system.
Abstract: Modern forms of music therapy are clinically established for various therapeutic or rehabilitative goals, especially in the treatment of chronic pain. However, little is known about the neuronal mechanisms that underlie pain modulation by music. Therefore, we attempted to characterize the effects of music therapy on pain perception by comparing the effects of 2 different therapeutic concepts, referred to as receptive and entrainment methods, on cortical activity recorded by magnetencephalography in combination with laser heat pain. Listening to preferred music within the receptive method yielded a significant reduction of pain ratings associated with a significant power reduction of delta-band activity in the cingulate gyrus, which suggests that participants displaced their focus of attention away from the pain stimulus. On the other hand, listening to self-composed "pain music" and "healing music" within the entrainment method exerted major effects on gamma-band activity in primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Pain music, in contrast to healing music, increased pain ratings in parallel with an increase in gamma-band activity in somatosensory brain structures. In conclusion, our data suggest that the 2 music therapy approaches operationalized in this study seem to modulate pain perception through at least 2 different mechanisms, involving changes of activity in the delta and gamma bands at different stages of the pain processing system.