Showing papers by "Argonne National Laboratory published in 1996"
TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics, using data from previous editions.
12,798 citations
01 Sep 1996
TL;DR: The MPI Message Passing Interface (MPI) as mentioned in this paper is a standard library for message passing that was defined by the MPI Forum, a broadly based group of parallel computer vendors, library writers, and applications specialists.
Abstract: MPI (Message Passing Interface) is a specification for a standard library for message passing that was defined by the MPI Forum, a broadly based group of parallel computer vendors, library writers, and applications specialists. Multiple implementations of MPI have been developed. In this paper, we describe MPICH, unique among existing implementations in its design goal of combining portability with high performance. We document its portability and performance and describe the architecture by which these features are simultaneously achieved. We also discuss the set of tools that accompany the free distribution of MPICH, which constitute the beginnings of a portable parallel programming environment. A project of this scope inevitably imparts lessons about parallel computing, the specification being followed, the current hardware and software environment for parallel computing, and project management; we describe those we have learned. Finally, we discuss future developments for MPICH, including those necessary to accommodate extensions to the MPI Standard now being contemplated by the MPI Forum.
2,082 citations
Book•
13 Jun 1996TL;DR: 1. One level algorithms 2. Two level algorithms 3. Multilevel algorithms 4. Substructuring methods 5. A convergence theory
Abstract: 1. One level algorithms 2. Two level algorithms 3. Multilevel algorithms 4. Substructuring methods 5. A convergence theory Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Bibliography.
1,995 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The concepts discussed are appropriate for all scalable computing systems and provide many of the data structures and numerical kernels required for the scalable solution of PDEs, offering performance portability.
Abstract: Parallel numerical software based on the message passing model is enormously complicated. This paper introduces a set of techniques to manage the complexity, while maintaining high efficiency and ease of use. The PETSc 2.0 package uses object-oriented programming to conceal the details of the message passing, without concealing the parallelism, in a high-quality set of numerical software libraries. In fact, the programming model used by PETSc is also the most appropriate for NUMA shared-memory machines, since they require the same careful attention to memory hierarchies as do distributed-memory machines. Thus, the concepts discussed are appropriate for all scalable computing systems. The PETSc libraries provide many of the data structures and numerical kernels required for the scalable solution of PDEs, offering performance portability.
1,817 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is presented.
Abstract: IT is well known that BCS mean-field theory is remarkably successful in describing conventional superconductors. A central concept of BCS theory is the energy gap in the electronic excitation spectrum below the superconducting transition temperature, Tc. The gap also serves as the order parameter: quite generally, long-range phase coherence and a non-zero gap go hand-in-hand1. But in underdoped high-Tc superconductors there is considerable evidence that a pseudogap (a suppression of spectral weight) is already formed in the normal state above Tc—first, from studies of the spin excitation spectrum2–5,24, which measure a 'spin gap', and later from a variety of other probes6–10. Here we present a study of underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212) using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), which directly measures the momentum-resolved electron excitation spectrum of the CuO2 planes. We find that a pseudogap with d-wave symmetry opens up in the normal state below a temperature T* > Tc, and develops into the d-wave superconducting gap once phase coherence is established below Tc.
1,019 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new class of heat transfer fluids is developed by suspending nanocrystalline particles in liquids such as water or oil, and the resulting nanofluids possess extremely high thermal conductivities compared to the liquids without dispersed nanoparticles.
Abstract: Low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluids required in many industrial applications. To overcome this limitation, a new class of heat transfer fluids is being developed by suspending nanocrystalline particles in liquids such as water or oil. The resulting nanofluids possess extremely high thermal conductivities compared to the liquids without dispersed nanocrystalline particles. For example, 5 volume % of nanocrystalline copper oxide particles suspended in water results in an improvement in thermal conductivity of almost 60% compared to water without nanoparticles. Excellent suspension properties are also observed, with no significant settling of nanocrystalline oxide particles occurring in stationary fluids over time periods longer than several days. Direct evaporation of Cu nanoparticles into pump oil results in similar improvements in thermal conductivity compared to oxide-in-water systems, but importantly, requires far smaller concentrations of dispersed nanocrystalline powder.
968 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a chronosequence of restored tallgrass prairie was used to investigate the relationships between the formation of stable macroaggregates and the accrual of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter.
Abstract: The degradation of soil aggregates appears to be a primary mechanism in the loss of organic matter caused by long-term cultivation, but little information exists on how the formation and stabilization of macroaggregates control the process of C aggradation when disturbance is reduced or eliminated. A chronosequence of restored tallgrass prairie was used to investigate the relationships between the formation of stable macroaggregates (> 212 μm dia) and the accrual of particulate and mineral-associated organic matter. Changes in the percentage of macroaggregates and in the accumulation of whole-soil organic C across the chronosequence were both described with a simple exponential model. The rate constant (k) for change in aggregation was more than 35 times the k for total organic C accumulation. Thus, the time required to reach 99% of equilibrium was 10.5 y for macroaggregates and 384 y for whole-soil organic C, providing evidence for the existence of a phased relationship between macroaggregate formation and C accrual. The input rate for whole-soil organic C to a 10-cm depth was estimated at 1.16 g kg−1 y−1 or 0.133 kg m−2 y−1 (assuming an average bulk density of 1150 kg m−3 for previously cultivated soils in the chronosequence). An increase in macroaggregate-associated C-to-N ratios with time since cultivation suggested that the accumulating organic matter was not “highly processed”, but less than 20% of the accrued C occurred in the form of particulate organic matter (density ≤ 1.85 g cm−3). Rather, most of the accumulated C occurred in the mineral-associated fraction of macroaggregates, suggesting that inputs of organic debris were rendered relatively rapidly into particles or colloids that are associated with mineral matter and thus are physically protected, slowing decomposition and promoting the development of stable microaggregates within macroaggregates.
820 citations
TL;DR: The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome-related data, analysis services and associated computer programs that include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams and various software for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees.
Abstract: The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome-related data, analysis services and associated computer programs. The offerings include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams and various software for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees. The data are available via anonymous ftp (rdp.life.uiuc.edu), electronic mail (server@rdp.life.uiuc.edu), gopher (rdpgopher.life.uiuc.edu) and World Wide Web (WWW)(http://rdpwww.life.uiuc.edu/). The electronic mail and WWW servers provide ribosomal probe checking, screening for possible chimeric rRNA sequences, automated alignment and approximate phylogenetic placement of user-submitted sequences on an existing phylogenetic tree.
556 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a small circular channel (d = 2.46) and a small rectangular channel with Refrigerant 12.5 was used to study the effects of channel geometry and fluid properties on heat transfer.
545 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the tribological mechanism of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films was investigated and it was shown that the DLC films possess excellent wear resistance and exhibit low values of friction coefficient.
Abstract: In the present work, the tribological mechanism of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films was investigated. DLC films were coated on metallic substrates (M50 steel, Ti-6Al-4V alloy and AISI 440C steel) by methane ion-beam deposition. Pin-on-disc experiments showed that the DLC films possess excellent wear resistance and exhibit low values of friction coefficient (ƒ
522 citations
TL;DR: Lacunarity analysis is broadly applicable to many data sets used in the natural sciences; it is illustrated its application to both geological and ecological data.
Abstract: Lacunarity analysis is a multiscaled method for describing patterns of spatial dispersion. It can be used with both binary and quantitative data in one, two, and three dimensions. Although originally developed for fractal objects, the method is more general and can be readily used to describe nonfractal and multifractal patterns. Lacunarity analysis is broadly applicable to many data sets used in the natural sciences; we illustrate its application to both geological and ecological data. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
TL;DR: In this paper, the turnover and inputs of organic C in water-stable aggregates of different sizes were investigated, showing that the formation and degradation of microaggregates may be more dynamic than is predicted by their stability in cultivated soils or by the observed turnover times for old C.
Abstract: A major factor controlling soil organic matter dynamics is believed to be the differing degrees of protection from decomposition afforded by the spatially hierarchical organization of soil aggregate structure Changes in the natural 13 C content and in the concentration of soil organic C resulting from the growth of C3 pasture grasses (low δ 13 C PDB ) on former C4 cropland (high δ 13 C PDB ) were used to investigate the turnover and inputs of organic C in water-stable aggregates of different sizes After removal of free and released particulate organic matter (POM) in aggregate size separates (POM with a density ≤185 g cm -3 that was either exterior to aggregates in situ or released from unstable aggregates by slaking), organic C concentrations were greater in macroaggregates (>212 μm) than in microaggregates (53-212 μm) The turnover time (1/k) for C4-derived C was 412 yr for microaggregates, compared with an average turnover of 140 yr for macroaggregates, indicating that old C associated with microaggregates may be both biochemically recalcitrant and physically protected Net input rates of C3-derived C increased with aggregate size (073-113 g kg -1 yr -1 ), supporting the concept of an aggregate hierarchy created by the binding of microaggregates into increasingly larger macroaggregates The net input rate for microaggregates, however, was equal to the rates for small macroaggregates, suggesting that the formation and degradation of microaggregates may be more dynamic than is predicted by their stability in cultivated soils or by the observed turnover times for old C
01 Sep 1996
TL;DR: This paper considers how Adifor 2.0, which won the 1995 Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software, can automatically differentiate complicated Fortran code much faster than a programmer can do it by hand.
Abstract: Numerical codes that calculate not only a result, but also the derivatives of the variables with respect to each other, facilitate sensitivity analysis, inverse problem solving, and optimization. The paper considers how Adifor 2.0, which won the 1995 Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software, can automatically differentiate complicated Fortran code much faster than a programmer can do it by hand. The Adifor system has three main components: the AdiFor preprocessor, the ADIntrinsics exception-handling system, and the SparsLinC library.
TL;DR: Transport measurements made between 20 and 350 K show that {ital O} and {ital M} samples are nonmetallic, while the {ital R} samples exhibit a temperature-dependent nonmetal-to-metal transition at temperatures close to the Curie temperature.
Abstract: The structural properties of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ have been studied using neutron powder diffraction as a function of both Sr doping ($0l~xl~0.225$) and oxygen partial pressure during synthesis [2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ atm\ensuremath{\le}P(${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$)\ensuremath{\le}1 atm]. A structural phase diagram constructed as a function of these parameters has a rhombohedral phase ($R\overline{3}c$), an orthorhombic phase ($\mathrm{Pbnm}$), and a monoclinic phase ($\frac{P{2}_{1}}{c}$). For a given $x$, decreasing P(${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) yields smaller cation vacancy concentrations. At low temperature, the $R$ phase is ferromagnetic, while the $M$ phase is antiferromagnetic. The $O$ phase is ferromagnetic for $xg~0.125$, and the ferromagnetism is independent of the $O\ensuremath{-}R$ phase transition that coincides with the transition from nonmetal to metal. Transport measurements made between 20 and 350 K show that $O$ and $M$ samples are nonmetallic ($\frac{d\ensuremath{\rho}}{\mathrm{dT}}l0$), while the $R$ samples exhibit a temperature-dependent nonmetal-to-metal transition at temperatures close to the Curie temperature. Magnetoresistance (MR) is observed in all three phases. The largest value at 9 T, found in the orthorhombic and monoclinic samples, is of similar order ($\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{9\mathrm{T}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{4}$ \ensuremath{\Omega}cm) to that reported for ${10}^{6}$% colossal MR powder samples. However, our lower sintering temperatures result in large ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{9\mathrm{T}}$ values that yield $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{9\mathrm{T}}}\ensuremath{\sim}230%$.
TL;DR: It is argued that direct forest responses to climate change projected by such a reformulated model may be less traumatic and more gradual than those projected by current models.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of load and sliding velocity on the frictional behavior and graphitization process occurring in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films during wear was studied.
Abstract: In our recent studies, diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were found to possess low coefficient of friction (f < 0.1) and excellent wear resistance. The reduction in f was found to be consistent with wear-induced graphitization of the DLC structure. The purpose of the present work was to study the effect of load and sliding velocity on the frictional behavior and graphitization process occurring in DLC during wear. Pin-on-disc experiments were conducted on DLC-coated SiC substrates at sliding velocities between 0.06 and 1.6 m s−1 under 1 and 10 N loading levels using ZrO2 balls as the pin material. Analytical transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the structure and microstructure of the wear debris after testing. The results showed that both sliding velocity and contact load influence the graphitization process. Higher sliding velocities increase the contact frequency and the rate of temperature rise that may facilitate the release of hydrogen atoms from the sp3 structure. Higher loading enhances shear deformation and transformation of the weakened hydrogen-depleted DLC structure into graphite [10]. The present findings are consistent with our earlier proposed wear-induced graphitization mechanism for these films. An equation was developed to describe the transformation kinetics of DLC into graphite as a function of sliding velocity and applied stress.
TL;DR: The diffusion coefficient of O2 in H2O and D2O has been determined as a function of temperature from −0.5 to 95 °C, using the Taylor dispersion technique with optical absorbance detection at 200 nm as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The diffusion coefficient of O2 in H2O and D2O has been determined as a function of temperature from −0.5 to 95 °C, using the Taylor dispersion technique with optical absorbance detection at 200 nm. Over this temperature range, significant deviation from both Arrhenius and Stokes−Einstein behavior is found. A practical interpolation formula for the H2O solvent is (T in Kelvin) log10[D/cm2 s-1] = −4.410 + 773.8/T − (506.4/T)2 and, for the D2O solvent, log10[D/cm2 s-1] = −4.706 + 903.6/T − (526.6/T)2. As a test of the apparatus, the diffusion coefficient of nitrobenzene in water was carefully measured and found to be 1.04 × 10-5 cm2 s-1 at 26 °C and 2.14 × 10-5 cm2 s-1 at 60.1 °C.
TL;DR: This paper proposes an approach based on global pointer and remote service request mechanisms, and explains how these mechanisms support dynamic communication structures, asynchronous messaging, dynamic thread creation and destruction, and a global memory model via interprocessor references.
TL;DR: In this paper, the quark Dyson-Schwinger equation and meson Bethe-Salpeter equation are studied in a truncation scheme that extends the rainbow-ladder approximation such that, in the chiral limit, the isovector, pseudoscalar meson remains massless.
TL;DR: In this paper, UO2 pellets serve as surrogates for commercial spent nuclear fuel, with the pellets being exposed to periodic drops of simulated groundwater at 90°C, resulting in reduced rates of uranium release.
TL;DR: A series of intramolecular triads with linear, rod-like structures has been developed that undergo very efficient two-step electron transfer following direct excitation of a chromophore possessing a charge transfer (CT) excited state as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A series of intramolecular triads with linear, rod-like structures has been developed that undergo very efficient two-step electron transfer following direct excitation of a chromophore possessing a charge transfer (CT) excited state. The CT state of 4-aminonaphthalene-1,8-imide (ANI), produced by direct excitation of the chromophore, has about 70% of a negative charge transferred from the amine to the imide. Attachment of aniline (An) and p-methoxyaniline (MeOAn) donors to ANI by means of a piperazine bridge results in linear dyads, An-ANI and MeOAn-ANI, that undergo rapid electron transfer in about 10-11 s to give a >99% yield of the ion pairs, An+-ANI- and MeOAn+-ANI-, in which the charges are separated by 7.7 A. The formation and decay of these ion pairs can be monitored directly by transient absorption spectroscopy. Further attachment of a 1,8:4,5-naphthalenediimide (NI) electron acceptor to the imide group of ANI using a 2,5-dimethylphenyl spacer results in triads An-ANI-NI and MeOAn-ANI-NI. Excitat...
TL;DR: In this article, the results of several numerical simulations of vortex dynamics in type-II superconductors are described, and the underlying mathematical model is the time-dependent Ginzburg?Landau model.
TL;DR: A crossover in flux dynamics from elastic to plastic creep is shown to be the origin of the fishtail in YBa 2Cu3O72x.
Abstract: Local magnetic relaxation measurements in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}} crystals show evidence for plastic vortex creep associated with the motion of dislocations in the vortex lattice. This creep mechanism governs the vortex dynamics in a wide range of temperatures and fields below the melting line and above the field corresponding to the peak in the {open_quote}{open_quote}fishtail{close_quote}{close_quote} magnetization. In this range the activation energy {ital U}{sub pl}, which decreases with field, drops below the elastic (collective) creep activation energy, {ital U}{sub el}, which increases with field. A crossover in flux dynamics from elastic to plastic creep is shown to be the origin of the fishtail in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}}. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface complexation of colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles with cysteine was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and infrared (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform−DRIFT) spectroscopies.
Abstract: Surface complexation of colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles (40−60 A) with cysteine was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and infrared (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform−DRIFT) spectroscopies Cysteine was found to bind strongly to the TiO2 surface, resulting in formation of new trapping sites where photogenerated electrons and holes are localized Illumination of cysteine-modified TiO2 at 77 K resulted in formation of cysteine radicals with the unpaired electron localized on the carboxyl group Upon warming to 150 K, these radicals are transformed into sulfur-centered radicals as observed by EPR spectroscopy We have demonstrated the existence of two surface Ti(III) centers on cysteine-modified TiO2 particles having different extents of tetragonal distortion of the octahedral crystal field Upon addition of lead ions, a new complex of cysteine that bridges surface titanium atoms and lead ions was detected by IR spectroscopy Illumination of lead/cysteine-modified TiO
TL;DR: In this paper, a calorimetric measurement of a latent heat provided the most definitive proof of the occurrence of a first-order transition at a well defined phase boundary at the upper critical field Hm(T).
Abstract: THE magnetic vortex lattice of copper oxide superconductors in the mixed (field-penetrated) state 'liquefies'1,2 on increasing the temperature T or the external magnetic field H, giving rise to an ohmic resistivity well below the fluctuation-dominated crossover to the normal state at the upper critical field Hc2(T). Theoretical work suggests that in clean materials this melting is a first-order phase transition3; features in the resistivity4–6 and magnetization7–10, as well as results from muon spin rotation11 and neutron-diffraction work12, have been cited to support this hypothesis. A calorimetric measurement of a latent heat provides the most definitive proof of the occurrence of a first-order transition, but such measurements require very high sensitivity. Here we report calorimetric measurements on an untwinned single crystal of YBa2Cu3O7–δ that have sufficient precision to clearly resolve the latent heat. The value obtained, ∼0.45kBT per vortex per superconducting layer (where kB is the Boltzmann constant), is consistent with that inferred from magnetization data using the Clapeyron equation. This result is compelling evidence for a first-order transition at a well defined phase boundary Hm(T).
01 Jul 1996
TL;DR: Extensions to the Message Passing Interface (MPI) are proposed that generalize the MPI communicator concept to allow multiple communication endpoints per process, dynamic creation of endpoints, and the transfer of end points between processes.
Abstract: We propose extensions to the Message Passing Interface (MPI) that generalize the MPI communicator concept to allow multiple communication endpoints per process, dynamic creation of endpoints, and the transfer of endpoints between processes. The generalized communicator construct can be used to express a wide range of interesting communication structures, including collective communication operations involving multiple threads per process, communications between dynamically created threads, and object-oriented applications in which communications are directed to specific objects. Furthermore, this enriched functionality can be provided in a manner that preserves backward compatibility with MPI. We describe the proposed extensions, illustrate their use with examples, and discuss implementation issues.
TL;DR: An approach to unify reproducing kernel methods under one large umbrella and an extension to include time and spatial shifting are proposed, and the Hermite reproducingkernel particle method, a particle based discrete version of the Hermites kernel method is developed.
TL;DR: These methods of fluorophore attachment were shown to be efficient for use in the hybridization of labeled RNA, DNA and DNA fragments with oligonucleotide microchips.
Abstract: Several procedures have been described for fluorescent labeling of DNA and RNA. They are based on the introduction of aldehyde groups by partial depurination of DNA or oxidation of the 3'-terminal ribonucleoside in RNA by sodium periodate. Fluorescent labels with an attached hydrazine group are efficiently coupled with the aldehyde groups and the hydrazone bonds are stabilized by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride. Alternatively, DNA can be quantitatively split at the depurinated sites with ethylenediamine. The aldimine bond between the aldehyde group in depurinated DNA or oxidized RNA and ethylenediamine is stabilized by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride and the primary amine group introduced at these sites is used for attachment of isothiocyanate or succinimide derivatives of fluorescent dyes. The fluorescent DNA labeling can be carried out either in solution or on a reverse phase column. These procedures provide simple, inexpensive methods of multiple DNA labeling and of introducing one fluorescent dye molecule per RNA, as well as quantitative DNA fragmentation and incorporation of one label per fragment. These methods of fluorophore attachment were shown to be efficient for use in the hybridization of labeled RNA, DNA and DNA fragments with oligonucleotide microchips.
TL;DR: In this article, a picosecond laser study of the transient absorption of hydrated electrons generated by the 3−5 eV multiphoton ionization of liquid water was performed.
Abstract: We report a picosecond laser study of the transient absorption of hydrated electrons generated by the 3−5 eV multiphoton ionization of liquid water. The geminate kinetics indicate that eaq- is produced by at least three different mechanisms over this energy range. Power dependence of the signal amplitude shows a two-photon threshold for 4.0 eV excitation and a three-photon threshold absorption at 3.47 eV, consistent with two- or three-photon excitation of the A(1B1) lowest excited state. For (three-photon) excitation in the range 3.02−3.47 eV very little (≤15%) geminate recombination is observed while for the (two-photon) excitation at shorter wavelengths significant recombination (≥55%) is observed. In the region of 3.85−4.54 eV, photon-energy-independent kinetics indicate that eaq- is produced via two-photon excitation of the A state followed by an ionization process in which the electrons do not obtain any excess kinetic energy. For photon energies in the range of 4.75−5.05 eV, the escape fraction incr...
TL;DR: In this paper, a family of glass and glass-ceramics was developed for use in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and in other applications in the temperature range of 800-1000 °C.
Abstract: A family of sealant materials has been developed for use in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and in other applications in the temperature range of 800–1000 °C. These materials are based on glasses and glass-ceramics in the SrO–La2O3–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 system. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for these materials are in the range of 8–13 × 10−6/°C, a good match with those of the SOFC components. These sealant materials bond well with the ceramics of the SOFC and, more importantly, form bonds that can be thermally cycled without failure. At the fuel cell operating temperature, the sealants have viscosities in the range of 104–106 Pa-s, which allow them to tolerate a CTE mismatch of about 20% among the bonded substrates. The gas tightness of a sample seal was demonstrated in a simple zirconia-based oxygen concentration cell.