Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1968"

An introduction to the hydraulic and topographic sinuosity indexes1

Abstract: Stream sinuosity indexes are usually derived by dividing the length of a reach as measured along a channel by the length of a reach as measured along a valley. This method restricts stream sinuosity to those rivers which have downcut sufficiently to allow the formation of a floodplain. Therefore, all stream-occupied valleys in the youthful stage of erosion cannot provide a sinuosity value greater than unity, for during youth the valley and channel are coincident. It is an inherent flaw in existing indexes which suggests that all streams with a value of unity are straight, because in nature all streams have significant departures from a straight-line course and, hence, possess some degree of sinuosity. Consequently, one must assume that factors other than those which are purely hydraulic or lithologic must contribute to the sinuosity of all channels. These neglected factors are those which are topographic in origin. With this in mind, the author offers a set of indexes which takes into account bot...

Structural Geology : An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques

Abstract: To achieve a high level of understanding in a short time it is necessary to master the essentials of both the traditional approaches and recent advances In structural geology, the problem of doing this is compounded partly because of therevolutionary character of many : of the modem developments and partly because there are few short-cuts to the all-important spatial visualization The first steps in the study of geologic structures are largely geometrical This was true in the historical development of the field, and it is also true in the initial stages of an investigation and in the education of a structural geologist This concern for geometry includes the basic methods of describing and illustrating the form and orientation of geologic structures, and the solution of various dimensi onal aspects of structural problems However, geometry is not the end The final goal is a full mechanical understanding of the products and proeesses of rock deformation This book attempts to fil a need for a modem introduction to geometrical techniques used in structural geology The contrast with the more traditional approaches lies in an emphasis on visualization and on those aspects of geometry which yield insights into important new and old problems Not everything could be included, and it has been necessary to trim some of the material usually covered Even here, however, I believe that the essence of the older, well-established techniques has been preserved Where possible, I have tried to bridge the gap between the old and the new by blending the two I have as well included material, not commonly used at the introductory level; in particular, certain fundamental mechanical concepts are applied to the interpretation of simple structures Not only are these applications important in their own right, but even more they indicate where many of the most challenging problems of structural geology lie Students who go no further in structural geology should have a working knowledge of the basic geometrical techniques and should be able to follow much of the specialized literature with at least some understanding At the same time, those who do go on, either in advanced courses or on their own, should have the necessary foundation

Some effects of relative reinforcement rate and changeover delay in response-independent concurrent schedules of reinforcement.

Abstract: Reinforcements were arranged independently of the pigeon's behavior by concurrent variable-interval schedules. The reinforcements arranged by one of the schedules occurred when the chamber was illuminated with amber light, and the reinforcements arranged by the other schedule occurred when the chamber was illuminated with blue light. Both schedules functioned concurrently, but reinforcers were delivered by each only in the presence of the appropriate stimulus condition. A response on a white key, the only key in the chamber, alternated the stimulus condition and the effective schedule. The results of this procedure were similar to those obtained with concurrent response-dependent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. The proportion of the total session time spent in the presence of a schedule component approximated the proportion of the total number of reinforcements in the component. Changeover rate was a decreasing function of the changeover delay and of the difference between the relative rates of reinforcement for each pair of concurrent schedules.

Pesticides and Fishes—A Review of Selected Literature

Abstract: This paper reviews selected literature on pesticide interactions in aquatic habitats, with special reference to their effects on fishes, and is hopefully an objective critique of research to date, and a projection of future needs in this field. The questions that have been asked are compared to the answers that must be provided. Factors (physical and biological) that affect toxicity are presented to define the data required for the judgment of a “safe” environmental concentration as related to LC50 (mean lethal concentration). Residue analyses give some indications of the action and effects of pesticides on fishes and their ecosystems. Analytical techniques are briefly reviewed. Research programs necessary for the detection of any sublethal damage to a population are suggested in the hope that in the near future direct mortality may not be the chief criteria of danger from pesticides.

Orbital Effects on Exchange Interactions

Abstract: Many magnetic materials contain ions in which the orbital contribution to the magnetic moment is important. This is normally the case in the rare earths and the actinides, where there is strong spin‐orbit coupling and weak crystal fields, and it also occurs in transition metal ions like Fe2+ and Co2+. This orbital contribution leads to asymmetric charge clouds and the corresponding asymmetry of the transfer and overlap integrals means that the exchange interaction between pairs of such ions is not of the Heisenberg form but contains more complicated functions of the angular momentum operators. The microscopic form of the exchange and coulomb interaction between pairs of electrons is considered in the single‐electron representation and transformed to the (L, S) and J representations of many‐electron atomic states, and finally to a pseudospin representation which spans the lowest‐lying atomic states in the presence of crystal fields. The symmetry restrictions on this pseudospin Hamiltonian are considered. D...

Heat Transfer With Film Cooling Near Nontangential Injection Slots

Abstract: A study of the effect of secondary fluid injection through single nontangential slots on the surface heat transfer in regions near the injection site is presented. The nondimensional parameters governing the heat transfer are obtained from the pertinent differential equations, and experimental results were obtained which cover the range of interest of these parameters for many situations encountered in film cooling applications. The experimental heat transfer rates were obtained from a novel transient test facility, and are presented as ratios of the heat transfer obtained with film injection to the heat transfer obtained with only the single mainstream.

Historical Evolution of the Purchasing Function

Abstract: Historical Evolution of the Purchasing Function Interest in purchasing as a separate, important, and profit-contributing function of management has gained substantial momentum within the decade of the 1950s and up to the present. As one reviews the development of, and attention to, this function, he cannot help being impressed by the progress which has been made in the last few years. Perhaps the recent, rapid advances in knowledge concerning the proper role of purchasing within the modern organization overshadow completely the early work and study devoted to this function. Some authors have indicated that such attention is solely a phenomenon of the last few decades.1 Even so, it is important to understand how the purchasing function has developed to the level and position it occupies today. A knowledge of what has happened in the past often will give one a keen insight into the problems of today and a better picture of what may occur in the future. A true comprehension of where we are today requires an understanding of where we have been and how, and in what areas, progress has been made. This understanding can be gained, at least in part, by a review of the available literature on purchasing to determine the concepts of early authors and to highlight the types of problems, and recommended action, presented in this literature. Such a review will show that the purchasing function was established as an important area of activity, and was being written about, much earlier than is commonly assumed. This paper presents, chronologically, the early writings on the subject of purchasing. Magazine articles are reviewed through the year 1910, by which year such articles were appearing frequently. Books on purchasing are reviewed through 1928, in which year two books presenting an analytical, managerial approach to purchasing were published. From this review, it will be apparent that the purchasing function has historical roots which are much deeper than is often recognized by scholars and practitioners alike. LITERATURE PRIOR TO 1900 One of the early classic books in management provides evidence that purchasing was established as a separate industrial function well over 100 years ago. Charles Babbage's book, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832), referred to the purchasing function in two places. In discussing the organization of duties for a mining concern, one of the ten officers responsible for operating the mines was "a materials man [who] selects, purchases, receives and delivers all articles required."2 Later he mentioned, "It will have been found necessary to establish an accountant's department...and this department must be in communication with the agents who purchase the raw produce..." And in describing the importance of the division of labor he further noted that "a great reduction in the cost of the article which is brought to market" can be accomplished by utilizing "the precise amount of skill...necessary for the execution of each process...[and] throughout every stage...from that in which the raw material is procured, to that in which the finished produce is conveyed into the hands of the consumer ..."3 Certainly this early author recognized the basic importance of the purchasing function to the overall success of an organization. It also is interesting to note that he recognized a "materials man" who would have control of several functions, in addition to purchasing, which are embraced under the now-popular "materials management concept." Another of the references made to purchasing before the turn of the century was in an 1870 trade magazine entitled "Purchasing Building Materials," which pointed out that through judicious purchasing a firm may be able to effect substantial savings in total production costs: After a bill of the necessary amount of lumber has been prepared, it will be found an economical practice to communicate with lumber dealers in various parts of the country, for the purpose of determining the price for the kinds of lumber required. …

Spectral Band Shape of Absorption and Emission of Molecules in Dense Media

Abstract: A quantitative theory of the shape of absorption and emission curves for solute molecules dissolved in crystalline solvents based on the Franck-Condon principle is given. The relation between the radiationless transition and absorption or emission is discussed.

Success of Chain-Of-Command Oral Communication In A Manufacturing Management Group

Abstract: Oral chain-of-command communication in a manufacturing management group was surveyed using ecco analysis. Routine information was blocked by operating management, but production information was eff...

The relation between response rates and reinforcement rates in a multiple schedule.

Abstract: In a multiple schedule, exteroceptive stimuli change when the reinforcement schedule is changed. Each performance in a multiple schedule may be considered concurrent with other behavior. Accordingly, two variable-interval schedules of reinforcement were arranged in a multiple schedule, and a third, common variable-interval schedule was programmed concurrently with each of the first two. A quantitative statement was derived that relates as a ratio the response rates for the first two (multiple) variable-interval schedules. The value of the ratio depends on the rates of reinforcement provided by those schedules and the reinforcement rate provided by the common variable-interval schedule. The following implications of the expression were evaluated in an experiment with pigeons: (a) if the reinforcement rates for the multiple variable-interval schedules are equal, then the ratio of response rates is unity at all reinforcement rates of the common schedule; (b) if the reinforcement rates for the multiple schedules are unequal, then the ratio of response rates increases as the reinforcement rate provided by the common schedule increases; (c) the limit of the ratio is equal to the ratio of the reinforcement rates. Satisfactory confirmation was obtained for the first two implications, but the third was left in doubt.

Pallasitic meteorites: implications regarding the deep structure of asteroids.

Abstract: Olivine compositions in pallasites exhibit a bimodal distribution and indicate a high degree of internal equilibrium. Cooling rates measured in the metal phases are uniform and consistently lower than those of most iron meteorites. These factors suggest that the pallasites were derived from few parent bodies, and that they crystallized in a highly insulated site-presumably the core of their parent body. Most iron meteorites were derived either from isolated areas closer to the surface or from other parent bodies.

Hemoglobin Polymorphism in the Deer Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus

Abstract: Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis reveals three hemoglobin phenotypes in natural populations of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus,from northern Arizona. Phenotypic variation is controlled by a single locus. A sample of deer mice from Michigan was monomorphic for a multiple-banded phenotype. Hemoglobin polymorphism was also observed in Arizona samples of the species Peromyscus boylii.

Crystalline structure in oriented fibers of KBr–amylose

Abstract: The study of the structure of KBr–amylose begun by Senti and Witnauer has been extended by a three-dimensional crystallographic analysis and by stereochemical considerations. Location of Br− at (0.200, 0.200, 0.000) and K+ at (0.540, 0.540, 0.000) was obtained from the three-dimensional map of vector interactions. By using known parameters for the D-glucose residue and accurate space-filling models, an amylose helix was constructed to meet the fiber repeat spacing of 16.1 A. The helix was determined to be left-handed, and the correct space group for KBr–amylose is P43 212. Placement of the helix in the unit cell resulted from structure factor calculations; minima in the grid of R values were checked with space-filling models to establish the final structure. Both ions are located in a waterlike environment. The oxygen atoms O(2), O(3), and O(4) from glucose residues on adjacent chains coordinate around K+.

Adaptation and Negative Aftereffect to Lateral Optical Displacement in Newly Hatched Chicks

Abstract: Chicks wearing hoods containing 8.5-degree wedge prisms from the day of hatching showed both significant reduction in the average lateral displacement of pecking (adaptation) and significant pecking overcompensation in the direction opposite to the original displacement (negative aftereffect) when matched 0-degree plates were substituted for the prisms on the 8th day.

Correlation of Taxonomic Criteria for a Collection of Marine Bacteria

Abstract: Numerical taxonomy was done on 208 strains of marine bacteria The collection was segregated into eight groups, seven of which contained Vibrio spp Nucleic acid base ratio studies on a typical Vibrio sp from each group and other genera were done The phenotypically different Vibrio sp had a narrow range of base ratios The other genera had base ratios more similar to the base ratios reported for their genus than to each other as marine bacteria The taxonomic groups are compared with generic classification and the strains' sources of isolations

Effort and response rate

Abstract: Key pecking of pigeons was reinforced on a variable interval 2 min schedule On alternate days the response force requirement was varied between 35 g and 175 g Large differences in rate of responses above the force criterion were observed on the alternate days; however, no differences in rate of responding were found if all responses above a low force (15 g) were considered

The impact of computers on archaeological theory: An appraisal and projection

Abstract: The major portion of this presentation is devoted to description of some recent projects that have involved the use of electronic computers for the processing of archaeological data. However, this is not intended to be just a description of what has been done using computers. Rather, it is an attempt to relate these several projects to a theoretical frame of reference so as to demonstrate the impact that the computer has had on archaeological theory; to point out some gaping holes in the achievements thus far; and to suggest both some possibilities and some problems that give the future a heady aura of excitement and challenge.

The Characteristics and Distribution of Marine Bacteria Isolated from the Indian OCEAN1

Abstract: During the eighth cruise of the RV Anton Bruun in the Indian Ocean, bacteria were collected from water, mud, fish, shark, and one island The marine samples were collected from depths ranging from 100 to 3,050 m A total of 127 isolates was classified to genus and the physiological response of the cultures to 17 diagnostic tests was related to their source The physiological test response of the isolates, regardless of genus, was more highly correlated with the source of the cultures than were the genera as such