Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1973"
TL;DR: There are many sound reasons both for and against business's assumption of social responsibilities as mentioned in this paper, and because of the increasing amount of rhetoric which exists on this subject, it is appropriate to e...
Abstract: There are many sound reasons both for and against business’s assumption of social responsibilities. Because of the increasing amount of rhetoric which exists on this subject, it is appropriate to e...
1,937 citations
TL;DR: A model to account for the positive relationship between transgression and altruism was proposed and tested against three alternative formulations (Guilt, Social Justice, and Self-esteem Bolstering) as mentioned in this paper.
463 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1973TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the most peripheral neural aspects of the senses starting with the physical transduction process and culminating in the arrival of signals at the brain, and demonstrate the common features of the various senses.
Abstract: Originally published in 1973, this book deals with what were, even at that time, the well-known neural coding processes of the sensory transmission processes. The book was written to demonstrate the common features of the various senses. It concentrates on the most peripheral neural aspects of the senses starting with the physical transduction process and culminating in the arrival of signals at the brain.
179 citations
154 citations
TL;DR: The amphibole pargasite [NaCa2Mg4Al(Al2Si6))O22(OH)2] in the melting range has been determined at total pressures (P) of 1.2 to 8 kbar as discussed by the authors.
132 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the moral problems involved in punishing the innocent and the obstacles these problems raise to an acceptance of the moral theory of utilitarianism are discussed, and it is concluded that retributive theory is a morally credible theory of punishment that can be a reasonable general justifying aim of punishment and that a Marxist analysis of a society can undercut the practical applicability of that theory.
Abstract: length about the moral problems involved in punishing the innocent and the obstacles these problems raise to an acceptance of the moral theory of utilitarianism. Yet, not much has been said about the moral problems raised to utilitarianism from punishing the guilty. Yet this is necessarily so for punishing an innocent man, in Kantian language, involves using that man as a mere means or instrument to some social good and is thus not treating him as an end in himself, in accordance with his dignity or worth as a person. The utilitarian theory really cannot capture the notion of persons having rights. Marx was correct when he said that retributivism, formulated as in this article, does respect the rights of persons and is the only morally defensible theory of punishment. This article concludes that retributive theory, in spite of the bad press that it has received, is a morally credible theory of punishment that can be a reasonable general justifying aim of punishment and that a Marxist analysis of a society can undercut the practical applicability of that theory.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the distribution of amino acids and hydrocarbons in two C2 carbonaceous chondrites, the Murray and the Murchison, was found to be consistent with non-biological, chemical synthesis.
Abstract: THAT carbonaceous meteorites contain organic substances has been known for more than a century, and during this time controversies developed concerning whether or not this organic material was a product of extraterrestrial life. Within the past few years studies of carbonaceous meteorites have provided solid evidence that certain organic compounds are indigenous and were most likely produced by non-biological, chemical syntheses1–7. These studies have emphasised the occurrences of amino acids and hydrocarbons in two C2 carbonaceous chondrites, the Murray and the Murchison. We have now found in specimens of both of these meteorites straight and branched-chain mono-carboxylic acids having two to eight carbon atoms. Although many of these acids are of biological significance, the distribution of compounds in these meteorites supports the proposition that they, like the amino acids and hydrocarbons, result from non-biological, chemical syntheses.
115 citations
106 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fractional condensation of Bi, Cd, In, Pb and Tl from a cooling gas of cosmic composition is calculated and the predicted absolute and relative abundances of the elements are in good to excellent agreement with the analytical data.
104 citations
96 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two sediment cores drawn from springs in the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, a small desert valley in central Coahuila, yielded fossil pollen chronologies transgressing more than 30,000 radiocarbon years.
Abstract: Two sediment cores drawn from springs in the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, a small desert valley in central Coahuila, yielded fossil pollen chronologies transgressing more than 30,000 radiocarbon years. Comparisons of modern pollen spectra from the basin floor with the fossil records indicate that vegetation ecologically equivalent, if not identical, to that now present has occupied the floor of the basin since mid—Wisconsin time. A highly—endemic fauna and a lack of geological evidence for large Pleistocene lakes in the area afford strong support for this interpretation, and suggest that aquatic and terrestrial habitats of the valley lowlands remained stable environments throughout the Quaternary, regardless of fluctuations in regional climate. Fossil arboreal and Compositae pollen sequences provide a means for making stratigraphic correlations between the cores, and are the first late—Quarternary palynoclimatic chronologies available from northeastern Mexico. Trends in those components of the fossil records indicate that regional climate was cooler and perhaps more moist during the last Pluvial than at present. It became progressively warmer and drier during late—Pluvial time, and approximated modern climate during the Holocene. Holocene Altithermal or Hypsithermal intervals were undetected, but may be obscured by gaps in the fossil records.
TL;DR: The cold-adapted population was less tolerant of heat and more tolerant of cold as would be anticipated and non-genetic scope for adaptation as related to changes in the thermal history of the individual and expressed in terms of the tolerance domain was identical for both populations.
Abstract: The capacity of a warm-adapted population of mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) from the Sonoran Desert and a cold-adapted population from northern Utah to adjust to changing environmental temperatures has been described in terms of four criteria: (1) critical thermal maxima, (2) resistance times at high, lethal temperatures, (3) upper incipient lethal temperatures, and (4) lower lethal temperatures. Non-genetic scope for adaptation as related to changes in the thermal history of the individual and expressed in terms of the tolerance domain was identical for both populations. Genetic differences in adaptive capacity were apparent. The cold-adapted population was less tolerant of heat and more tolerant of cold as would be anticipated.
TL;DR: In this paper, an extension of the Bergson model was proposed to explain the observed red shift of the long-wavelength transition of disulfides as the dihedral angle is reduced from 90° to smaller values.
TL;DR: This article examined relationships between perceived participation in the budget process and both motivation to achieve the budget and level in the organizational hierarchy and found that the need for authoritaria and the desire for authority were correlated.
Abstract: This research examined relationships between perceived participation in the budget process and both motivation to achieve the budget and level in the organizational hierarchy. Need for authoritaria...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present experimental results for performance of full-coverage film cooled surfaces with discrete injection through the surface at an array of points into a turbulent mainstream boundary layer.
Abstract: The paper presents experimental results for performance of full-coverage film cooled surfaces. Effectiveness and heat transfer are measured on plane surfaces with discrete injection through the surface at an array of points into a turbulent mainstream boundary layer. The injection is normal to the surface, through circular holes arranged in both in-line and staggered patterns with 4.8 hole diameters used for both the row-to-row spacing and the hole-to-hole spacing within a single row. Both the film and mainstream fluids are air, and property differences are kept small throughout the study. Uniform injection over the entire array at film-to-mainstream velocity ratios of 0.1 and 0.2 with a uniform wall temperature boundary condition are covered. Results are compared with predictions using superposition of available single hole local effectiveness values.
TL;DR: Changes in the waveform of the visually evoked responses recorded from each hemisphere following ocular enucleation varied among species, which could be related to the proportion of nondecussating optic fibers and anatomical differences of the visual systems of the various species.
TL;DR: Infrared spectroscopy of porphyrins has progressed from the ability to identify a few group vibrations to the point where the authors can begin to consider the vibrational interactions of the entire molecule, made possible by comparison of spectra from a number of series of poiryrin derivatives and their metal complexes.
Abstract: Infrared spectroscopy of porphyrins has progressed from the ability to identify a few group vibrations to the point where we can begin to consider the vibrational interactions of the entire molecule. This is made possible by comparison of spectra from a number of series of porphyrin derivatives and their metal complexes. Accurate measurements have been made of frequencies and relative absorbances of absorption bands from selected porphyrins. We have examined two general series of compounds: the fist has hydrogens on the mesocarbons of the porphyrin ring, and either methyl groups or various electron-withdrawing substituents on the pyrrole ,%carbons, as in the etioporphyrin and deuteroporphyrin series; the second series has substituents on the mesocarbons and hydrogens on the p-carbons of the pyrrole rings. The types of vibrations which we observe include substituent group vibrations, the in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes of CH and NH vibrations, and the porphyrin ring vibrations which include the aromatic stretching region at 1,3501,600 cm-I, the breathing and torsional modes at somewhat lower frequencies in the fingerprint region, and the CH and NH stretching vibrations at higher frequencies. The types of information available from infrared spectroscopy, in addition to assignment of various vibrational modes, include a study of the molecular interactions between one part of the molecule and another: e.g., between the pyrrole P-carbon substituents and the metal groups in the center of the porphyrin, and vice versa, between the coordinated metals and the peripheral parts of the porphyrin molecule. In addition, we have seen a number of effects due to symmetry or to lowered symmetry, in the case of the metal-free complexes or variously substituted porphyrins. In these studies, we have looked at rather complete series of compounds, in order to define which vibrational modes were constant for the series and which were variable. We have obtained some very good spectra of porphin, etioporphyrin, tetra(normal-propyl) porphyrin, and tetraphenylporphyrin, as illustrated in FIGURE 1. The meso-tetramethylporphyrin data were taken from Mason's work' and since
TL;DR: In both the pigmented and albino guinea pigs it was shown that in both strains of animals the degenerating optic fibers that lie in and adjacent to the ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei and the pretectal nuclei course within two distinct fiber systems oriented perpendicularly to each other.
TL;DR: Some of the very recent observations of cis and trans effects among iron compounds of protoporphyrin IX and other deuteroporphyrsin IX derivatives are considered, of special interest in regard to structure-function correlations in hemeproteins.
Abstract: A limited but significant insight into the origin and magnitude of the cis and trans effects that result from changes in structure of porphyrin and axial ligands in metal porphyrins has been achieved in recent years. In 1967, at a New York Academy of Sciences conference, the evidence for marked cis and trans effects in hemes and hemins was examined.' At that time, it was noted that the changes observed in the physical properties of high-spin iron (111) porphyrins (hemins) with one axial ligand could be correlated with the relative strengths of bonding between porphyrin nitrogens and iron on the one hand and between axial ligand and iron on the other. Similar reasoning was applied in explanation of a few cis and trans effects for iron (11) porphyrins, especially for heme carbonyls. In the interim since 1967, additional reports have strengthened these arguments on interactions among ligands. We will not, however, attempt to review these data in detail here since Dr. Adler did this briefly at the opening of the conference and other reviews have appeared elsewhere. 2-4 We will consider some of our very recent observations of cis and trans effects among iron compounds of protoporphyrin IX and other deuteroporphyrin IX derivatives. The NMR, electronic, and infrared spectral studies are of special interest in regard to structure-function correlations in hemeproteins.
TL;DR: An efficient solut ion has been found to depend on a number of ad hoc strategies, which are descr ibed in detail in the paper .
Abstract: s o f the papers by Daily and Lynning A Sel f -Modi fy ing Ex t rapo la t ion M e t h o d for Solving O r d i n a r y Differential Equa t ions Dar D. Dai ly Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas Author's address: 8133 Dearborn Drive, Prairie Village, KS 66208 This paper outl ines a p rogram that searches for the p r e d o m i n a n t terms of the a sympto t i c er ror expans ion of initial value problems in o rd ina ry differential equa t ions and uses this i n fo rma t ion in a se l f -modifying ex t rapo la t ion process. Dur ing the in tegra t ion process, using a ra t io that Carl de Boor (1971) used in an integra t ion program, the me thod seeks to recognize t rends of change in the error expans ion of the differential equat ion and to adjus t the me thod of ex t rapola t ion . A basic a lgo r i thm used in the modi fy ing process is presented a long with a br ief exp lana t ion . Also, a compa r i son made with the wel l -known ra t iona l ex t rapo la t ion m e t h o d shows ra t ional ex t rapo la t ion to be general ly less efficient in terms of funct ion eva lua t ions but also demons t ra t e s tha t the se l f -modifying me thod is general ly not able to reduce its e r ror to the level of ra t iona l ex t rapo la t ion . A note, though, shows the se l f -modifying m e t h o d to be super ior to the regular R o m b e r g ex t rapo la t ion . Key W o r d s and Phrases : se l f -modifying ex t rapo la t ion, ra t iona l ex t rapo la t ion , modif ied m i d p o i n t me thod , R o m b e r g in tegrat ion, a sympto t i c e r ror expans ion , predominan t , s ingulari ty, ini t ial value p rob lems in o rd ina ry differential equa t ions ; C R Categor ies : 5.10, 5.17 A C o m p u t e r Solut ion of Po lygona l Jigsaw Puzzles Ejv ind Lynning University of Arhus, Arhus, Denmark Author's address: Brandeis University, Waltham, M A. 02154 A p rogram to solve any j igsaw puzzle involving pieces of polygonal shape is described. An efficient solut ion has been found to depend on a number of ad hoc strategies, which are descr ibed in detail in the paper . The puzzles are solved by successively placing individual pieces in the region to be covered using a depth-f i rs t tree search a lgor i thm. A formal representa t ion of regions, pieces, and placings of pieces is defined. The main idea behind the chosen represen ta t ion is to or ient clockwise the po lygons mak ing up a region, and to or ient counter c lockwise the pieces to be placed. Placing a piece means compu t ing a valid new region, i.e. one or more c lockwise or ien ted polygons , cons t ruc ted f rom the previous one by removing the par t co r re spond ing to the piece which is placed. The da ta s t ructure and the p rocedures requi red to examine where pieces can be placed and how to pe r fo rm the placing of the pieces are also descr ibed. Al l puzzles so far presented to the p r o g r a m have been successfully solved in a r easonab le t ime. K e y W o r d s and Phrases : art if icial intelligence, p roblem solving, pa t te rn recogni t ion , puzzles, po lygona l puzzles, j igsaw puzzles, back t r ack p rog ramming , tree search a lgor i thms ; C R Categor ies : 3.6, 3.63, 3.64 482 Algor i t hms L.D. F o s d i c k and A.K. Cline, Ed i to r s Submittal of an algorithm for consideration for publication in Communications of the A C M implies unrestricted use of the algorithm within a computer is permissible. Copyright © 1973, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. General permission to republish, but not for profit, all or part of this material is granted provided that ACM's copyright notice is given and that reference is made to the publication, to its date of issue, and to the fact that reprinting privileges were granted by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery.
TL;DR: In this article, temperature-dependent Raman spectra of CuI and CuBr were reported for the first time, and peak peaks arising from scattering by the zone-center optic phonon modes were identified and their frequencies compared with those determined by neutron scattering and infrared measurements.
TL;DR: In this article, the question of how many mutually complementary topologies X can carry is investigated, and it is shown that if p is a prime and | X | = p, p + 1, 2p −1 or 2p, then the answers are respectively p,p, p, 2 p −1, 2 P −1 and 2p−1.
TL;DR: At the transitions from the low-temperature orthorhombic forms of lutetium fluoride and yttrium fluoride to the high-tem temperature hexagonal forms, there are increases of several orders of magnitude in the ionic conductivities.
Abstract: At the transitions from the low-temperature orthorhombic forms of lutetium fluoride and yttrium fluoride to the high-temperature hexagonal forms, there are increases of several orders of magnitude in the ionic conductivities. In the high-temperature phases the conductivities are comparable to those of typical ionic melts. These fluoride compounds are therefore solid electrolytes.
TL;DR: Heart development in the Mexican axolotl from early embryonic stages to the adult was studied by electron microscopy, finding several mechanisms for myofibrillogenesis appear to operate both simultaneously and at different developmental stages.
Abstract: Heart development in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, from early embryonic stages to the adult was studied by electron microscopy. During early development, myocardial cells exhibit scanty cytoplasmic matrixes which contain numerous large yolk platelets and lipid droplets. As development progresses the yolk and lipid materials become reduced; the cytoplasmic matrixes increase in glycogen content and membranous organelles. Degradation of yolk platelets appears to take place by an “unraveling” process. The Golgi complex becomes well-developed just prior to the first heart beats and its many associated vesicles are suggestive of secretory activity. Degeneration and death of certain myocardial cells are evident at the onset of trabeculation. Several mechanisms for myofibrillogenesis appear to operate both simultaneously and at different developmental stages. Pre-heart-beat myocardial cells display ribosome-containing amorphous masses and unorganized 60 A and 140 A filaments in their cytoplasm. They also have electron-opaque plaques on their plasma membranes. Sarcomeric myofibrils first appear parallel to and immediately beneath the sarcolemma. This occurs at stage 34, the heart-beat initiation stage (6 days). During later development “isolated” Z band-myofilament complexes, numerous loosely-organized 60 A filaments and a few 140 A filaments are observable in the cell matrixes. This suggests that Z bands may form centers for myofibril organization at these stages. Also at later stages, polysomes are parallel to the already-formed myofibrils. These polysomes are possibly synthesizing contractile proteins “in situ” and may represent a mechanism for myofibril diameter growth. In late embryonic and juvenile stages 100 A—110 A filaments appear to be continuous between Z bands of adjacent myofibrils. It is possible that such filaments of intermediate size are involved in aligning myofibrils into register during advanced developmental stages.
TL;DR: It is becoming increasingly clear that a substantial number of solid compounds have ionic conductivities in the range more commonly associated with molten salts as mentioned in this paper, and it is usual and appropriate to refer to such materials as solid electrolytes.
Abstract: IT is becoming increasingly clear that a substantial number of solid compounds have ionic conductivities in the range more commonly associated with molten salts. In these solids the ions of one type have diffusivities in the range characteristic of liquids (1 to 10 × 10−9 m2 s1) and specific conductances in the range to 10 to 103 Ω1 m−1 (ref. 1). It is usual and appropriate to refer to such materials as solid electrolytes.
TL;DR: This paper studies the propagation of discretization error for discontinuou ordinary and retarded differential equations and extends a fundamental theorem of Henrici concerning round-off error.
Abstract: This paper studies the propagation of discretization error for discontinuou ordinary and retarded differential equations. Various applications are given including one which extends a fundamental theorem of Henrici concerning round-off error.