Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1975"

Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences

Abstract: Contents: Preface. Introduction. Bivariate Correlation and Regression. Multiple Regression/Correlation With Two or More Independent Variables. Data Visualization, Exploration, and Assumption Checking: Diagnosing and Solving Regression Problems I. Data-Analytic Strategies Using Multiple Regression/Correlation. Quantitative Scales, Curvilinear Relationships, and Transformations. Interactions Among Continuous Variables. Categorical or Nominal Independent Variables. Interactions With Categorical Variables. Outliers and Multicollinearity: Diagnosing and Solving Regression Problems II. Missing Data. Multiple Regression/Correlation and Causal Models. Alternative Regression Models: Logistic, Poisson Regression, and the Generalized Linear Model. Random Coefficient Regression and Multilevel Models. Longitudinal Regression Methods. Multiple Dependent Variables: Set Correlation. Appendices: The Mathematical Basis for Multiple Regression/Correlation and Identification of the Inverse Matrix Elements. Determination of the Inverse Matrix and Applications Thereof.

Reciprocal Concessions Procedure for Inducing Compliance: The Door-in-the-Face Technique

Abstract: Three experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of a rejection-thenmoderation procedure for inducing compliance with a request for a favor. All three experiments included a condition in which a requester first asked for an extreme favor (which was refused to him) and then for a smaller favor. In each instance, this procedure produced more compliance with the smaller favor than a procedure in which the requester asked solely for the smaller favor. Additional control conditions in each experiment supported the hypothesis that the effect is mediated by a rule for reciprocation of concessions. Several advantages to the use of the rejection-then-moderation procedure for producing compliance are discussed. The foot-in-the-door technique has been investigated by Freedman and Eraser (1966) as a procedure for inducing compliance with a request for a favor. They demonstrated that obtaining a person's compliance with a small request substantially increases the likelihood of that person's compliance with a subsequent, larger request. Freedman and Fraser suggest that the mediator of the foot-in-thedoor effect is a shift in the self-perception of the benefactor. After performing or agreeing to perform an initial favor, a person "may become, in his own eyes, the kind of person who does this sort of thing, who agrees to requests made by strangers, who takes action on things he believes in, who cooperates with good causes. . . . The basic idea is that the change in attitude need not be toward any particular person or activity, but may be toward activity or compliance in general." Thus, one effective way to obtain a favor is to begin by making a minimal first request which is sure to produce compliance and then to advance to a larger favor (the one which was desired from the outset). It may well be, however, that an equally effective method for getting a favor done involves the exact opposite procedure. What would be the result of making an extreme first request which is sure

A Comparison of Complementary and Kalman Filtering

Abstract: A technique used in the flight control industry for estimation when combining measurements is the complementary filter. This filter is usually designed without any reference to Wiener or Kalman filters, although it is related to them. This paper, which is mainly tutorial, reviews complementary filtering and shows its relationship to Kalman and Wiener filtering.

Perception of temporal order in vowel sequences with and without formant transitions.

Abstract: Temporal-order perception of phoneme segments in running speech is much superior to temporal-order perception in repeating vowel sequences. The more rapid rates possible in running speech may be due largely to the presence of formant transitions. In a series of five experiments we observed that many temporal-order misjudgements of repeating vowels can be explained in terms of auditory stream segregation, triggered for the most part by discontinuities in first-formant frequencies of adjacent vowels. Streaming, however, can be suppressed by formant transitions appropriate for the perception of stop consonants and by continuous transitions resembling those in coarticulated vowels. At rapid sequence rates, when the constraints of auditory streaming are removed, correct temporal-order identification is limited by linguistic transformations of vowels into other phoneme segments. Language: en

A Simultaneous-Equations Model of Urban Growth and Migration

Abstract: The objectives of this study are twofold. First, a simultaneous-equations model that takes into account the interactions between various economic aspects of urban growth and migration to and from urban areas is specified. Second, the model is estimated for two different time periods, 1950–60 and 1960–70, with the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area as the basic urban geographic unit. Included among the jointly dependent variables are civilian labor force out-migration, civilian labor force in-migration, income change, manufacturing employment change, government employment change, other nonmanufacturing employment change, and unemployment change. Significant interactions among the various endogenous variables are uncovered for both time periods studied.

Raman Scattering from Five Phases of Silver Iodide

Abstract: The Raman scattering is investigated from five phases of AgI that can be reached with moderate pressure and temperature. Particularly noteworthy is the strong negative pressure coefficient of the 17 cm−1 E2 mode in the wurtzite phase. Its mode gamma is −7.5. The intensity of this mode decreases above 1 kbar and shows hysteresis during pressure cycles. A possible interpretation of this hysteresis in terms of a sluggish phase transition from wurtzite to zinc blende is discussed. In the narrow phase between 3 and 4 kbar (IV) two strong modes are observed. At low temperature the sluggish phase transition does not occur and wurtzite transforms directly to rock salt at 3 kbar. The rock salt phase shows a second order spectrum similar to AgBr. The Raman spectrum of the disordered phase shows strong broad Rayleigh like scattering extending out to 50 cm−1 and a broad lattice like mode at 100 cm−1.

Attitudes toward age: an exploration in school-age children.

Abstract: Attitudes toward young, middle-age, and old persons were studied in 1000 children (grades 6, 8, 10, 12). Three newspaper photographs were presented to the children, who estimated the persons' ages and wrote stories about each photograph in his preferred order. Scores from a semantic differential which provided three factors, Evaluation, Affect, and Activity-Potency, were used in a three-way analyses of variance to analyze further children's attitudes. The overriding impression from these findings is that these school children do not share the allegedly general, negative attitude toward old age. The age estimates showed judgmental accuracy and were remarkably uniform in both central tendency and variation. The overall order of choice was young person, first; old person, second; and middle-age person, last.

Speciation in Chorus Frogs. I. Reproductive Character Displacement in the Pseudacris Nigrita Complex

Abstract: Fouquette, M. J., Jr. (Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281) 1975. Speciation in Chorus Frogs. I. Reproductive character displacement in the Pseudacris nigrita complex. Syst. Zool. 24:16-22.-Analysis of mating calls of two cognate species of Pseudacris reveals divergence in two components, pulse rate and pulse number, which in at least one species seems best interpreted as reproductive character displacement. Pulse rate is apparently the critical parameter upon which female discrimination of mating call is based, but pulse number appears to be involved too. [Anura; bioacoustics.] Brown and Wilson (1956) introduced the term "character displacement" to describe the phenomenon where two (usually cognate) species which are similar in allopatry, diverge in one or more characters where their ranges overlap. Grant (1972) redefined and broadened the term; the aspect confined to the original definition he called "divergent character displacement." Such divergence in zones of sympatry may result from a) reinforcement of incipient premating reproductive isolating mechanisms (Blair, 1955), or b) ecological displacement, or c) some other cause. On theoretical grounds both reproductive and ecological character displacement should be expected to occur frequently. However, while reports of the latter are rather abundant, well-documented examples of the former effect are scarce. Among anuran amphibians, mating call is of overriding importance in premating isolation among sympatric species of many groups (Mecham, 1961; Littlejohn, 1969; numerous others). Hence we might.expect to find abundant examples of reproductive character displacement represented in call differences; however, few amphibian studies have produced a compelling case for that effect. The best documented example is in Australian Litoria (= Hyla; Littlejohn, 1965). Other oft-cited examples among Gastrophryne (= Microhyla; Blair, 1955; Brown and Wilson, 1956) and Acris (Blair, 1958) may be criticized as readily explained as a result of other factors, or as supported by insufficient data. Some cognate species-pairs of chorus frogs (Pseudacris) differ markedly in mating call where they occur sympatrically, but in allopatry the calls may be similar, suggesting possible examples of reproductive character displacement. To examine this critically, a study was undertaken of forms comprising the Pseudacris nigrita complex in the southeastern U.S. An important aspect of the study was analysis of mating calls sampled from populations of Pseudacris n. nigrita and Pseudacris triseriata feriarum (nomenclature of Schwartz, 1957), from areas of allopatry and sympatry. The two forms are hereinafter referred to as nigrita and feriarum, respectively. They are discrete biological species and, although morphologically similar, are readily separable (Crenshaw and Blair, 1959). Ranges of the two do not overlap extensively except along the Chattahoochee River drainage (forming the border between Alabama and Georgia), extending southward into western Florida as the Apalachicola River drainage. Broader analysis of the systematics of these forms and of the nature and significance of variation in their calls throughout their ranges will be reported elsewhere, as will similar findings for other species of the complex.

Optimal cost design of branched sewer systems

Abstract: Techniques using dynamic programing (DP) and discrete differential dynamic programing (DDDP) to achieve optimal cost design of pipe sizes and elevations of branched sewer systems have been developed and demonstrated by an example. The branched system is decomposed into equivalent serial subsystems, which are then solved in sequence. DDDP requires less computer time than DP, although it cannot guarantee global optimization. Major factors affecting the efficiency in using DDDP are the location and width of the initial trial trajectory corridor, the number of states (lattice points) used, and the reduction rate of the state increment during iterations.

Person and Costume: Effects on the Formation of First Impressions

Abstract: This exploratory study examined the effects of the stimulus person and the clothing worn by the stimulus person on the formation of first impressions, where the stimulus per son and the observer were female peers. A four-by-four factorial experiment was designed to measure the simultaneous effects of person-costume photographic stimuli on the subjects' initial formation of athletic, social, and intellectual impressions. Each of 240 female uni versity students was randomly assigned to respond to one of 16 person-costume photo graphs on an Impression Measure developed for this study using the semantic differential technique. Analysis of variance and correlation ratios measured the extent to which person and costume affected the initial formation of the impression dimensions studied. Costume exerted major influence on the formation of social impression, person had greater effect on athletic impression, and neither person nor costume had a significant effect on intellectual impression.

The Effects of Notetaking and Test Expectancy on the Learning of Text Material.

Abstract: High school students completed both multiple-choice and constructed response exams over an 845-word narrative passage on which they either took notes or underlined critical information. A control group merely read the text In addition, half of the learners in each condition were told to expect either a multiple-choice or constructed response test following reading. Overall, note takers showed superior posttest recall, and notetaking without test instructions yielded the best group performance. Notetaking also required significantly more time than the other conditions. Underlining for a multiple-choice test led to better recall than underlining for a constructed response test. Although more multiple-choice than constructed response items were remembered. Test Mode failed to interact with the other factors.

Sugarloaf Mountain Tephra — A Pleistocene Rhyolitic Deposit of Base-Surge Origin in Northern Arizona

Abstract: Sugarloaf tephra forms an apron surrounding Sugarloaf Mountain, a rhyolitic dome northeast of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona. Tuffring deposits, exposed for 180° around the north side of the endogenous dome, have a maximum thickness of 75 m. Three types of bedding (or depositional) units are recognized in the tuff ring: plane beds, massive beds, and sand-wave beds. A related 3- to 10-m-thick air-fall deposit extends northeast of the tuff ring. The dome, dated at 212,000 yr B.P., and its associated tephra deposits predate the adjacent Illinoian-age glacial deposits. Interaction of a ground-hugging fluidized density flow with a cohesionless substrate is the model used for base-surge transport of the tephra deposits. Particle-size data show that the tuffring textural types represent discrete subpopulations. The two principal roots extracted by factor analysis of the size data are assigned to viscous and inertial shear at the base of the surge flow. Sandwave beds form under the influence of viscous shear in a dilute-phase fluidized system with a thin traction layer. Plane beds develop through inertial shear in a 1- to 10-cm-thick bed-load layer beneath a dilute-phase fluidized surge cloud several meters thick. Massive beds result from a combination of viscous and inertial forces operating in a deflating, dilute- to dense-phase fluidized cloud. Solid fraction of the flowing cloud and thickness of the bed-load layer are the critical factors in developing the textures of the tuffring deposits.

Search and Simulation Selection of a Job-Shop Sequencing Rule

Abstract: A standardized approach to selecting a simple sequencing rule for decentralized application throughout a job shop is developed and illustrated. The sequencing rule is a linear combination of decision factors, each of which is initially assigned a relative weighting. The rule is then used to determine the priority of each job in the queues, and resulting shop costs are determined by computer simulation. The coefficients of the priority function are thereafter modified by a patterned search procedure to find priority coefficients that minimize expected cost per order for a specified cost structure. The cost structure is a combination of multiple response measures for the shop. Rather than leading to a “single best rule” for all job shops, the approach is a “method for finding” a sequencing rule that performs well in any specific job shop situation.

Optimal Flight Paths for Soaring Flight

Abstract: The problem of optimizing sailplane flight paths to achieve maximum cross-country speeds with zero net altitude loss is considered. A variational formulation is chosen that includes three modes of cross-country soaring: thermalling, essing, and straight dolphining. Optimal solutions are obtained numerically for various atmospheric vertical velocity distributions using quadratic approximations to the polars of two sailplanes representing current high performance Standard and Open Class designs. Implications of the solutions are discussed; especially the optimality of any one mode when more than one mode is possible and the advance knowledge of the atmosphere required in order to choose an optimal speeds-to-fly policy. Particularly important is the result that the maximum cross-country speed through an element of the atmosphere capable of sustaining straight dolphin flight is attained with a speeds-to-fly policy identical to that of some equivalent interthermal flight.

Imagery Instructions and the Comprehension of Text.

Abstract: Summary. 119 fifth- and sixth-grade children read a 20-paragraph text, with half of the groups receiving a test immediately after reading. One week after learning, all children were given a delayed test. The tests measured both verbatim and semantic recall of questions seen during the initial reading. Half of the children received instructions to form mental pictures of the text events during learning. The remaining half of each group were merely told to read carefully. Control groups read only text or only text-related questions. Analysis of the pooled delay scores showed a decided superiority for learners receiving imagery instructions. The instructed children also recalled more semantic than verbatim test items. These data indicate that using image instructions with text material increases the amount of content remembered over time.