Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1977"
487 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, several indices of item homogeneity derived from the model of common factor analysis are offered as alternatives to the coefficient alpha as a measure of internal consistency and homogeneity.
Abstract: Confusion in the literature between the concepts of internal consistency and homogeneity has led to a misuse of coefficient alpha as an index of item homogeneity. Coefficient alpha is actually a complexly determined test statistic, item homogeneity only being one influence on its magnitude. The related statistic, the average intercorrelation, has similar difficulties. Several indices of item homogeneity derived from the model of common factor analysis are offered as alternatives.
484 citations
01 Mar 1977
TL;DR: Calvet-type microcalorimeters have provided data in several areas of interest to geology, such as formation of anhydrous silicates and related minerals, phase transformations and order-disorder reactions, and mixing in molten salts, glasses, and solid solutions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Calorimetry at 600–900° C, using Calvet-type microcalorimeters, has provided data in several areas of interest to geology. The best-developed application is solution calorimetry in molten oxide solvents (lead borate, sodium molybdate) to determine the enthalpies of formation of anhydrous silicates and related minerals, the enthalpies of phase transformations and order-disorder reactions, and the enthalpies of mixing in molten salts, glasses, and solid solutions. An attractive feature of the technique is the ability to use rather small samples; ∼ 300 mg total often being sufficient for the study of a phase synthesized at high pressure. Current developments include the improvement of precision by careful control of solvent composition and water content, the development of alkali borate or borosilicate solvents for use under atmospheres of controlled oxygen fugacity, and the study of compounds containing fluorine as well as oxygen.
447 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, an equation of state which can be used to calculate thermodynamic properties of fluid mixtures in geologically important pressure-temperature regions is presented. But very few accurate experimental determinations of these properties exist.
Abstract: Naturally occuring gases (fluids) in metamorphic and igneous systems are known to be mixtures of several volatile species, usually including H2O, CO2, CO, H2, CH4, H2S or SO2 in major or minor amounts. The thermodynamic interpretation of experimental results, the thermodynamic calculation of reactions, and the accurate determination of fluid compositions recorded by natural assemblages require knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the geologically important fluid-phase species. Because very few accurate experimental determinations of these properties exist, it seems necessary to rely on an equation of state which can be used to calculate thermodynamic properties of fluid mixtures in geologically important pressure-temperature regions.
320 citations
211 citations
TL;DR: This article assessed the roles of release bursts and formant transitions as acoustic cues to place of articulation in syllable-initial voiced stop consonants by systematically removing them from American English /b,d,g/, spoken before nine different vowels by two speakers, and by transposing the bursts across all vowels for each class of stop consonant.
Abstract: Three experiments assessed the roles of release bursts and formant transitions as acoustic cues to place of articulation in syllable-initial voiced stop consonants by systematically removing them from American English /b,d,g/, spoken before nine different vowels by two speakers, and by transposing the bursts across all vowels for each class of stop consonant. The results showed that bursts were largely invariant in their effect, but carried significant perceptual weight in only one syllable out of 27 for Speaker 1, in only 13 syllables out of 27 for Speaker 2. Furthermore, bursts and transitions tended to be reciprocally related: Where the perceptual weight of one increased, the weight of the other declined. They were thus shown to be functionally equivalent, context-dependent cues, each contributing to the rapid spectral changes that follow consonantal release. The results are interpreted as pointing to the possible role of the front-cavity resonance in signaling place of articulation.
202 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the incompletely developed plastids have a smaller photosynthetic unit size; this is primarily due to the absence of a major light-harvesting pigment-protein complex which is present in the mature membranes.
Abstract: We have previously demonstrated (Armond, P A, C J Arntzen, J-M Briantais, and C Vernotte 1976 Arch Biochem Biophys 175:54-63; and Davis, D J, P A Armond, E L Gross, and C J Arntzen 1976 Arch Biochem Biophys 175:64-70) that pea seedlings which were exposed to intermittent illumination contained incompletely developed chloroplasts These plastids were photosynthetically competent, but did not contain grana We now demonstrate that the incompletely developed plastids have a smaller photosynthetic unit size; this is primarily due to the absence of a major light-harvesting pigment-protein complex which is present in the mature membranes Upon exposure of intermittent-light seedlings to continuous white light for periods up to 48 h, a ligh-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex was inserted into the chloroplast membrane with a concomitant appearance of grana stacks and an increase in photosynthetic unit size Plastid membranes from plants grown under intermediate light were examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy The membrane particles on both the outer (PF) and inner (EF) leaflets of the thylakoid membrane were found to be randomly distributed The particle density of the PF fracture face was approx four times that of the EF fracture face While only small changes in particle density were observed during the greening process under continuous light, major changes in particle size were noted, particularly in the EF particles of stacked regions (EFs) of the chloroplast membrane Both the changes in particle size and an observed aggregation of the EF particles into the newly stacked regions of the membrane were correlated with the insertion of light-harvesting pigment-protein into the membrane Evidence is presented for identification of the EF particles as the morphological equivalent of a "complete" photosystem II complex, consisting of a phosochemically active "core" complex surrounded by discrete aggregates of the light-harvesting pigment protein A model demonstrating the spatial relationships of photosystem I, photosystem II, and the light-harvesting complex in the chloroplast membrane is presented
194 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the literature suggests that responding for food in the presence of free food is importantly controlled by stimulus change attendant upon response-dependent food presentation.
Abstract: Animals will perform an operant response to obtain food when abundant free food is available. These data have implications for current learning theories, especially in terms of the motivational variables associated with such behavior. The present paper reviews the literature and provides an analysis that suggests that responding for food in the presence of free food is importantly controlled by stimulus change attendant upon response-dependent food presentation. This apparent stimulus-reinforcer effect on behavior is compared to that observed in other areas of animal learning research that include preference between schedules of response-dependent and response-independent reinforcement, preference between schedules of signaled and unsignaled reinforcement, autoshaping and automaintenance, and self-reinforcement in animals.
194 citations
TL;DR: The chemical composition of the metal phase of iron meteorites is traced through an idealized traditional history from condensation, oxidation, and accretion in the nebula to melting, segregation, and freezing in a parent body, considering the following fifteen elements: Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Ir, Mo, Ni, Os, Pd, Pt, Re, Rh, and Ru as discussed by the authors.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a system simulation program for comparing the energy costs associated with various alternative concentrating photovoltaic solar systems to energy costs expected with flat arrays is described, and the application to linear focus and point focus concentrators is presented in a parameterized way.
169 citations
TL;DR: Pallasites are highly differentiated meteorites and provide a unique sample from the deep interiors of solar system parent bodies as mentioned in this paper, providing evidence of the former existence of one or more residual melts.
TL;DR: Summer beetles, and winter beetles acclimated to 35°C for periods of 5 and 10 weeks exhibited higher quantities of hydrocarbons and a higher percentage of long chain components than did winter beetles or appropriate controls.
TL;DR: The authors examines the interface between Henry Kissinger's operational code and his bargaining behavior during the Vietnam conflict and concludes that "Kissinger's position at the pinnacle of the American foreign af...
Abstract: This paper examines the interface between Henry Kissinger's operational code and his bargaining behavior during the Vietnam conflict. Kissinger's position at the pinnacle of the American foreign af...
TL;DR: Though younger subjects were poor at predicting future recognition, they had available relevant information for the task, and judgments of having seen the item were very accurate predictors of recognition at all ages.
Abstract: WELLMAN, HENRY M. Tip of the Tongue and Feeling of Knowing Experiences: A Developmental Study of Memory Monitoring. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 13-21. Kindergarten, first-, and third-grade children were presented depicted items and asked to name them. For each item they could not name they were asked to judge: (a) if they felt they knew the name and so would be able to recognize it, and (b) if they had seen the depicted item before. Recognition for names was subsequently tested. In relation to a, accuracy of predicted recognition increased with age. In relation to b, judgments of having seen the item were very accurate predictors of recognition at all ages. It was concluded that though younger subjects were poor at predicting future recognition, they had available relevant information for the task. Poor performance resulted from not using the relevant information as a basis for the predictions. The conclusions were related to the concept of memory monitoring.
TL;DR: Some males of the megachilid bee Anthidium maculosum establish territories at patches of flowering Monarda and may remain there for up to at least 21 days, and may help a territorial male to be the last male to copulate with a female prior to oviposition.
Abstract: 1.
Some males of the megachilid bee Anthidium maculosum establish territories at patches of flowering Monarda and may remain there for up to at least 21 days. The frequency of male-male interactions and territorial takeovers appears partly dependent upon population density.
2.
Males that do not hold territories tend to be smaller than territorial individuals. They either visit many territories repeatedly as wandering intruders or occupy a corner of one territory as satellite males. They always flee when challenged by territory owners but often return sooner or later. Although most matings are performed by territory owners, non-aggressive subordinates do occasionally copulate.
3.
Females may mate dozens of times in the span of a week. Multiple mating may be an adaptation designed to cope with male harassment while they exploit the food resources in territories. It may save time and energy and reduce foraging interruptions to copulate passively for 30 s rather than to try to evade or repel the large, aggressive males.
4.
A male may mate with the same female at intervals of about 6 min and may guard her against intruders during her visit to his territory. These traits may help a territorial male to be the last male to copulate with a female prior to oviposition. If sperm precedence occurs in A. maculosum only this last male is likely to fertilize her egg.
TL;DR: This paper argued that the traditional understanding of the problem of political obligation is misleading because it fails to distinguish questions of obedience from questions of obligation, and that the problem can be solved when it is properly stated.
Abstract: Political philosophers have long been exercised by the problem of political obligation. Many have tried to solve it, and others, more recently, have dismissed it as a pseudo-problem which cannot be solved and need not be posed. This essay is an attempt to clarify the problem of political obligation and to see why it is a problem. My argument, briefly, is that the traditional understanding of the problem is misleading because it fails to distinguish questions of obedience from questions of obligation. When it is properly stated the problem can be solved–in principle, at least–and I try to show what form a solution will take.
TL;DR: Chromosomal examination of air-dried oocytes indicated that intact and denuded oocytes cultured either in progesterone or estradiol-17beta exhibited an increased incidence of diploidy and hyperhaploidsy at telophase I and metaphase II, but that oocytes cultivated in media containing both progester one and estradio showed a higher incidence of normal haploidy than did control oocytes.
Abstract: Pig oocytes, with (intact) or without (denuded) adhering granulosa cells, were cultured for 33 to 35 h in minimal culture media containing bovine serum albumin and either progesterone or estradiol-17β or both steroids. The incidence of maturation for intact oocytes in minimal medium was comparable, if not superior, to that observed by other investigators using complex culture media. No statistically significant stimulation of maturation by progesterone was observed for either intact or denuded oocytes. Estradiol-17β at concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 fig per ml inhibited the maturation of denuded oocytes, but the inhibition was overcome either by including progesterone in the medium or by subsequently culturing the inhibited oocytes in steroid-free medium. Chromosomal examination of air-dried oocytes indicated that intact and denuded oocytes cultured either in progesterone or estradiol- 17β exhibited an increased incidence of diploidy and hyperhaploidy at telophase I and metaphase II, but that oocytes cult...
TL;DR: In this paper, a laboratory analog was devised to simulate conditions that produce social traps, such as overgrazing of pasturelands, overpopulation, and the extinction of species.
TL;DR: In this paper, an integral relationship is developed for evaluating the intensity distribution on flat absorbers used with cylindrical parabolic solar concentrators, and the effect of surface slope errors is also investigated.
TL;DR: The discovery and characterization of structurally ordered and disordered phases that are intermediate between amphiboles and micas have shown that the biopyriboles are a much more complex family of minerals than has previously been recognized.
Abstract: The discovery and characterization of structurally ordered and disordered phases that are intermediate between amphiboles and micas have shown that the biopyriboles are a much more complex family of minerals than has previously been recognized. In addition to single-chain, double-chain, and sheet structures, there are also minerals with triple chains and with alternating double and triple chains. Many crystals exhibit disorder in the sequence of double and triple chains, and isolated chains that are wider than triple are common. This structural disorder helps to explain why asbestiform amphiboles are fibrous. The new phases have now been found in several localities, and it is possible that similar phenomena in other minerals could also have been overlooked. In particular, there is no reason to suppose that analogous substances and structures with both single and double chains do not occur between the pyroxenes and the amphiboles. Since the pyroxenes are used extensively by geologists to assess rock histories and formation temperatures and pressures, it is essential that the extent of this type of disorder be evaluated. It is possible that what appears to be only an interesting mineralogical problem may prove to be a petrological nightmare.
TL;DR: It was found that the stronger one's homosexual orientation the greater was the number of childhood indicators and there are behavioral aspects related to one's sexual orientation which may begin to emerge early in childhood.
Abstract: Questionnaires were administered to 206 male homosexuals and 78 male heterosexuals. The most important aspects of the questionnaire dealt with six "childhood indicators" of later adult homosexuality: (1) interest in dolls, (2) cross-dressing, (3) preference for company of girls rather than boys in childhood games, (4) preference for company of older women rather than older men, (5) being regarded by other boys as a sissy, (6) sexual interest in other boys rather than girls in childhood sex play. Significant differences were found between homosexuals and heterosexuals with respect to all six indicators. Moreover, it was found that the stronger one's homosexual orientation the greater was the number of childhood indicators. It is concluded that there are behavioral aspects related to one's sexual orientation which may begin to emerge early in childhood.
TL;DR: The F 19 relaxation rates in PbF 2 exhibit anamolous changes as the temperature is increased into the superionic phase as mentioned in this paper, confirming the concept of a continuous melting of the fluorine sublattice.
TL;DR: The findings reveal not only that pig oocytes mature in vitro, but also that they are engaged in the synthesis of a complex pattern of polypeptides throughout maturation, indicating the presence of a developmental program during oocyte maturation.
TL;DR: It appears that considerable individual differences may exist in distance running, but whether the factor of running is the factor or the other way around.
Abstract: That males outperform females in distance running has been readily observed for as long as performances have been recorded. Standards are about 10% slower for women in 1500and 3000-meter races and nearly 25% slower over the marathon distance. It has been suggested that the female possesses an architecture less efficient for running. Pelvis width, obliquity of the femur, and length of the female leg and stride have all received attention as possible mechanical deficiencies.** These structural characteristics, however, may not accurately describe the accomplished female distance runner, who has been shown to possess a more masculine build with respect to hip width and leg lex~gth.~-~ Females in a wide variety of sports are generally reported as having more body fat than do male^,^ a factor that could harm performance in medium endurance events where the body weight is supported. Still, Wilrnore and Brown* have found values as low as 6% among female distance runners. Another possibility is that females possess lower hemoglobin concentrations than do males,g resulting in a lower oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. In recent years the importance of the aerobic demands of running at submaximal speeds has received increased attention.l0, '' It appears that considerable individual differences may exist,'* but whether the factor of running
01 Aug 1977
TL;DR: The Snake River Plain appears to be similar in surface morphology to many volcanic regions on the Moon, Mars, and possibly Mercury as mentioned in this paper, in combination with the relatively good state of preservation, the lack of forests or other heavy vegetation, and the good network of jeep trails.
Abstract: The Planetary Geology Field Conference on the central Snake River Plain was conceived and developed to accomplish several objectives. Primarily, field conferences are sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to draw attention to aspects of terrestrial geology that appear to be important in interpreting the origin and evolution of extraterrestrial planetary surfaces. Another aspect is to present results of recent research in a region. A final objective of this conference is to bring together investigators of diverse backgrounds who share a common interest in the Snake River Plain. The Snake River Plain appears to be similar in surface morphology to many volcanic regions on the Moon, Mars, and possibly Mercury. Therefore, the Snake River Plain, in combination with the relatively good state of preservation, the lack of forests or other heavy vegetation, and the good network of jeep trails, is an area nearly ideal for analog studies.
TL;DR: The applicability of the o-phthalaldehyde reaction with fluorometric detection to the simultaneous chromatographic analysis of amines and nonprotein amino acids is demonstrated and the majority of the compounds tested could be quantitatively determined with high sensitivity.
TL;DR: Rats lacking gustatory neocortex displayed an associative deficiency, relative to normal, only when they were trained on novel stimuli, and this observation supports an earlier suggestion that gustatories neocortex lesions disrupt the conditionability of taste stimuli by reducing or eliminating responses to taste novelty.
Abstract: Rats lacking gustatory neocortex (n = 24) and normal rats (n = 24) were familiarized to either hydrochloric acid (10(-1.6) M) or quinine hydrochloride (10(-4) M) solutions during free-drinking trials. They were trained subsequently to avoid either the familiar or the novel taste stimulus, using a balanced design, by pairing the to-be-associated taste with ip injections of apomorphine hydrochloride. Balanced, nonpaired presentations of the other taste solution and water were presented also. Normal rats more efficiently learned to avoid the novel compared with the familiar taste. Rats with gustatory neocortex lesions did not differentiate novel from familiar tastes. They learned aversions to both in a manner highly similar to the aversion learning of familiar tastes by the normal group. Therefore, rats lacking gustatory neocortex displayed an associative deficiency, relative to normal, only when they were trained on novel stimuli. This observation supports an earlier suggestion that gustatory neocortex lesions disrupt the conditionability of taste stimuli by reducing or eliminating responses to taste novelty. This suggestion is supported further by the absence of a "neophobic" response in the operated rats to the first presentation of a taste stimulus.