Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1979"

Dental anthropological indications of agriculture among the Jomon people of central Japan. X. Peopling of the Pacific

Abstract: The high rate of crown caries (8.6%; 119/1,377 teeth) and other oral pathologies in 101 central Japan Middle to Late Jomon Period (ca. 1000 B.C.) crania indicate a level of carbohydrate consumption consistent with an agriculture hypothesis. Because Jomon dental crown and root morphology shows strong resemblances with past and present Southeast Asians, but not with ancient Chinese or modern Japanese, Jomon agriculture could be of great antiquity in the isolated Japanese islands. These dental data and other assembled facts suggest that ancestral Jomonese might have carried to Japan a cariogenic cultigen such as taro before the end of the Pleistocene from tropical Sundaland by way of the now-submerged east Asian continental shelf.

Phosphorylation of Isocitrate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli

Abstract: Addition of acetate to a stationary phase culture of Escherichia coli in glycerol mineral salts medium containing phosphorus-32-labeled orthophosphate results in rapid loss of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity and concomitant incorporation of phosphorus-32 into the enzyme. This is the first example of protein phosphorylation in a bacterium in which the endogenous substrate for the protein kinase has been identified.

Membrane fusion during secretion: cortical granule exocytosis in sex urchin eggs as studied by quick-freezing and freeze-fracture.

Abstract: Exocytosis of cortical granules was observed in sea urchin eggs, either quick-frozen or chemically fixed after exposure to sperm. Fertilization produced a wave of exocytosis that began within 20 s and swept across the egg surface in the following 30 s. The front of this wave was marked by fusion of single granules at well-separated sites. Toward the rear of the wave, granule fusion became so abundant that the egg surface left with confluent patches of granule membrane. The resulting redundancy of the egg surface was accommodated by elaboration of characteristic branching microvilli, and by an intense burst of coated vesicle formation at approximately 2 min after insemination. Freeze-fracture replicas of eggs fixed with glutaraldehyde and soaked in glycerol before freezing displayed forms of granule membrane interaction with the plasma membrane which looked like what other investigators have considered to be intermediates in exocytosis. These were small disks of membrane contact or membrane fusion, which often occurred in multiple sites on one granule and also between adjacent granules. However, such membrane interactions were never found in eggs that were quick-frozen fixation, or in eggs fixed and frozen without exposure to glycerol. Glycerination of fixed material appeared to be the important variable; more concentrated glycerol produced a greater abundance of such "intermediates." Thus, these structures may be artifacts produced by dehydrating chemically fixed membranes, and may not be directly relevant to the mechanism by which membranes naturally fuse.

A model for the origin of chert in limestone

Abstract: It is proposed that many nodular cherts in limestone have formed in the ground water of mixed meteoric-marine coastal systems where dissolution of biogenic opal and mixing of marine and fresh waters can produce waters highly supersaturated with respect to quartz and undersaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite. Aspects of cherts readily explained by this model include the observed isotopic ratios in cherts, typical field relationships, the relative resistance of dolomite to silicification, the source-of-silica problem, the preservation of siliceous fossils in cherts, and aspects of chert morphology and mineralogy.

The Relationship of Preschoolers' Reasoning about Prosocial Moral Conflicts to Prosocial Behavior.

Abstract: EISENBERG-BERG, NANCY, and HAND, MICHAEL. The Relationship of Preschoolers' Reasoning about Prosocial Moral Conflicts to Prosocial Behavior. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1979, 50, 356-363. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between preschoolers' moral reasoning about altruistic moral conflicts and their sharing, helping, and comforting in a naturalistic environment. 35 preschoolers aged 48-63 months were observed for a minimum of 70 2-min timings and responded to four simple moral-reasoning stories about helping and sharing. The results demonstrated that moral reasoning was differentially related to the various types of prosocial behavior. The children's sharing (particularly spontaneous sharing rather than sharing in response to a request) was significantly, negatively related to hedonistic reasoning and positively related to needs-oriented reasoning. Helping/comforting behaviors tended to be related to sociability in the nursery rather than to moral reasoning. Furthermore, the preschoolers did not use Kohlberg's stage 1 punishment and authority reasoning in their moral reasoning about helping and sharing conflicts. The children did use much hedonistic and needs-oriented reasoning.

Manganese oxide tunnel structures and their intergrowths.

Abstract: Natural hollandite and romanechite are widespread barium-containing manganese minerals. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicates that intergrowths of the two minerals occur in a coherent manner on the unit-cell level with no apparent ordering of the hollandite and romanechite. Other structures have been imaged that are based on the hollandite and romanechite structures. Electron microscopy holds a key to unraveling the myriad structural complexities of the manganese oxides.

Escaping the Confines of Normative Thought: a Reevaluation of Puebloan Prehistory

Abstract: Our recent efforts in preparing syntheses of Puebloan prehistory suggest that most of the standard, normative generalizations are empirically false and that the conceptual framework traditionally employed to organize the archaeological data is inadequate and inappropriate. We show that the patterned variability manifest in the archaeological record is obscured by normative treatment. An approach to southwestern prehistory that is at once more faithful to the data and to processual, evolutionary anthropology is provided by describing the variable strategies that prehistoric groups used to cope with the continually changing natural and social environments in which they lived. We argue that some aspects of demographic, productive, and social organizational strategies are appropriate for treatment in syntheses of broad scope. We trace these strategies as they seem to have occurred in the northern Southwest from about A.D. 1 to the protohistoric period. In so doing, we find that successful strategies were those that facilitated the articulation of diversity. At some times productive specialization, organized redistributive exchange, and status differentiation were among the more important strategies.

Quantification of monocarboxylic acids in the Murchison carbonaceous meteorite

Abstract: The abundances of some of the straight- and branched-chain isomers of the monocarboxylic acids found in the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite are determined. Monocarboxylic acids extracted from a crushed sample of Murchison interior were quantified by means of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy after a spiking solution of deuterated analogues of 11 carboxylic acids had been added. Monocarboxylic acid abundances are found to range between 1.83 and 0.01 micromole/g, which is significantly higher than Murchison amino acid concentrations, and to decrease with increasing carbon number for both branched and unbranched molecules. The results are interpreted to support the abiotic extraterrestrial synthesis of monocarboxylic acids. Possible mechanisms leading to the equal synthesis of branched and each unbranched carboxylic acid with the same carbon number are considered, noting that the Fischer-Tropsch Type mechanism by itself is incapable of accounting for the observed distributions.

Heat Transfer Characteristics for Inline and Staggered Arrays of Circular Jets with Crossflow of Spent Air

Abstract: Heat transfer characteristics were measured for two dimensional arrays of jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet orifice plate. The impinging flow was constrained to exit in a single direction along the channel formed by the jet plate and the heat transfer surface. Both mean Nusselt numbers and streamwise Nusselt number profiles are presented as a function of Reynolds number and geometric parameters. These are the streamwise and transverse hole spacings ranging from 5 to 10 and 4 to 8 jet orifice diameters, respectively; the channel height ranging from 1 to 6 diameters; and the hole pattern which includes both inline and staggered arrays. The results show that significant periodic variations occur in the streamwise Nusselt number profiles, persisting downstream for at least ten rows of jet holes. Channel height can have a significant effect on the chordwise profiles, smoothed across the periodic variations. For the smaller channel heights, Nusselt numbers first decrease and then increase downstream. Where significant differences exist, inline hole patterns provide better heat transfer than staggered ones. These and other effects of the geometric parameters are presented and discussed.

Life stress and maladaptation of children

Abstract: Social environmental variables differentiating maladapting children from matched controls in four inner-city elementary schools were investigated. Teacher selection was used to identify the maladapting children. Identified maladapting children were more likely to have been on welfare and to have experienced significantly more stressful life events during the previous year than the matched control children. The maladapting group was subdivided into welfare and non-welfare groups. Comparisons between groups on the life stress event measures indicated that the nonwelfare maladapting group experienced more life events than either the nonwelfare controls or the maladapting welfare children. The measures of life events correlated with parent ratings of behavior problems for the nonwelfare maladapting group but not for the welfare maladapting or the control groups.

Factors Influencing the Archaic Pattern of Animal Exploitation

Abstract: The origins of the Archaic subsistence pattern in North America are examined by focusing only on the terrestrial faunal procurement system A model is presented and predictions derived which are then tested on faunal material from Russell Cave (Alabama), Rodgers Shelter (Missouri), and Hogup Cave (Utah) It is argued that the relative abundance of small animals in the prehistoric diet is an index to the natural availability of large species It is concluded that the economic implications of a decline in the number of large species (post-Pleistocene extinctions) would be a shift towards greater dependence on the smaller animals

Imperfect bifurcation in the presence of symmetry

Abstract: Consider the familiar principle that typically (or generically) a system of m scalar equations in n variables where m>n has no solutions. This principle can be reformulated geometrically as follows. If S is a submanifold of a manifold X with codimension m (i.e. m = άimX — dimS) and iϊf:R-*X is a smooth mapping where m>n, then usually or generically Image /nS is empty. One of the basic tenets in the application of singularity theory is that this principle holds in a general way in function spaces. In the next few paragraphs we shall try to explain this more general situation as well as to explain its relevance to bifurcation problems. First we describe an example through which these ideas may be understood. Consider the buckling of an Euler column. Let λ denote the applied load and x denote the maximum deflection of the column. After an application of the Lyapunov-Schmidt procedure the potential energy function Ffor this system may be written as a function of x and λ alone and hence the steady-state configurations of the column may be found by solving

Boundary conditions and mode jumping in the buckling of a rectangular plate

Abstract: We show that mode jumping in the buckling of a rectangular plate may be explained by a secondary bifurcation — as suggested by Bauer et al. [1] — when “clamped” boundary conditions on the vertical displacement function are assumed. In our analysis we use the singularity theory of mappings in the presence of a symmetry group to analyse the bifurcation equation obtained by the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction applied to the Von Karman equations. Noteworthy is the fact that this explanation fails when the assumed boundary conditions are “simply supported”. Mode jumping in the presence of “clamped” boundary conditions was observed experimentally by Stein [9]; “simply supported” boundary conditions are frequently studied but are difficult — if not impossible — to realize physically. Thus, it is important to observe that the qualitative post-buckling behavior depends on which idealization for the boundary conditions one chooses.

Evidence for ancient mare volcanism.

Abstract: The results of the present study suggest that dark-haloed impact craters are indicative of excavated mafic materials, originally emplaced as volcanic units, but subsequently buried by impact ejecta deposits from large craters and basins. Consequently, mapped light plains units should be viewed as soil units that may not reflect the origin of the underlying rock. Some observations which support these conclusions are examined.

Contribution to the crystal chemistry of orthorhombic perovskites: MgSiO 3 and NaMgF 3

Abstract: The structures of MgSiO3 and NaMgF3 are described in terms of the angle o by which the SiO6 (MgF6) octahedra are rotated from the ideal cubic perovskite structure. The expected effects of temperature and pressure on o (and hence on the atomic coordinates and volume) are discussed. It is predicted that the effect of pressure will be to decrease the coordination of Mg in MgSiO3.

Reaction mechanisms, physical conditions, and mass transfer during hydrothermal alteration of mica and feldspar in granitic rocks from south-central Maine, USA

Abstract: Samples of granitic rock from south-central Maine contain primary igneous minerals altered by hydrothermal fluids. The reaction mechanisms (by which the over-all mineralogical change during the alteration was accomplished) involve several different mineral-fluid reactions at different reaction sites in the rock. The reactions involve both molecular and charged species in solution. The different reaction sites correspond to alteration of different primary igneous minerals. Biotite is partially converted to chlorite+sphene; microcline to muscovite; plagioclase to various combinations of muscovite, epidote, and calcite. The different reaction sites are linked by exchange of ions: some reaction sites produce ions consumed at other sites and vice versa. Physical conditions during the hydrothermal event are estimated from mineralogical and thermochemical data: P = 3,500 (±300) bars; T =425 ° (± 25 °)C. The fluid was characterized by X CO 2 = 0−0.13; ln([K+]/[H+ ]) = ∼10.0; ln([Ca2+]/[H+]2)=∼9.1; ln([Na+]/[H+]) = ∼ 10.5; Fe/(Fe+Mg) = 0.95. Amounts of secondary minerals in altered rock, when compared to the inferred mineral reactions that formed them, indicate that small but significant amounts (0.01–0.3mol/ 1,000cm3 altered rock) of CO2, H2O, H+, and K+ were added to the granites by fluids during the alteration, as well as lesser amounts (< 0.01–0.03 mol/1,000cm3 altered rock) of Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Na+, and Ti4+. The sole element leached from the granitic rocks during alteration was Ca in amounts 0.1–0.3 mol/1,000 cm3 rock. By estimating the composition of the hydrothermal fluids before and after reaction with the granites and by measuring the amount of material added to or subtracted from the granites during the alteration, the amount and volume of hydrothermal fluid involved can be calculated. Two independent calculations require minimum volumes in the range 100–1,000 cm3 fluid/1,000cm3 altered rock to participate in the hydrothermal event.

The function of extrafloral nectaries in opuntia acanthocarpa (cactaceae)

Abstract: Opuntia acanthocarpa (Cactaceae) possesses extrafloral nectaries embedded in the areoles of new reproductive and vegetative growth. The nectar secreted by these glands attracts ants and is a nutritional food source. Members of one attracted ant species, Crematogaster opuntiae (Myrmicinae), are aggressive and efficient defenders of the plants against cactus-feeding insects. The results of our study are consistent with the ant-guard hypothesis for the role of extrafloral nectaries in 0. acanthocarpa. Additionally, individuals of 0. acanthocarpa are well protected in comparison with those of 0. phaeacantha. The latter generally possess ephemeral extrafloral nectaries and consistently maintain fewer ants. EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES are glands which secrete nectar from leaves, petioles, sepals, petals or fruits, or, as in Campsis radicans (Elias and Gelband, 1975), from several of these structures in a single species. They are not known to function in pollination, though they are, with few exceptions, confined to angiosperms. Extrafloral

Reactance and Norm Appeal in Anti‐Littering Messages

Abstract: Although littering is a significant social problem, there is only a relatively small amount of quantitative research on it; there is little systematic theory concerning the variables which influence it. This study presents a theoretical model of how anti-littering messages vary in the kind of social pressure against littering they attempt to impose. Three experiments were performed to test the model. It was found that messages making explicit commands against the act of littering (external pressure) actually generated more littering than messages making appeal to social normative standards concerning littering (internal pressure). Other data relevant to the model and areas in which additional research is needed also are discussed.

The development of montane arroyos and gullies

Abstract: Field investigations in the Front Range of Colorado, U.S.A., confirm that the spatial distribution of vegetation in watersheds exerts strong control on the entrenchment of streams in the montane zone. When tractive force in channels exceeds threshold values of resistance on the valley floors, cutting of arroyos begins, producing forms that change allometrically. An algorithm based on the Cooke Method for discharge, the Manning Equation for depth of flow, and the DuBoys Equation for tractive force can be used to evaluate force for observed and experimental conditions. In small (<5 km2) basins in the Front Range of Colorado, forces for the 10-year discharge commonly range from 1 to 5 dynes, but the resistance offered by valley floors is usually unable to withstand forces from channel flows greater than 2 dynes. Biomass of vegetation on the valley floor exerts significant control on the trenching process, with threshold values of biomass commonly between 1.5 and 9 kg/m2, the range of semi-arid vegetation cover. Thresholds exist in the montane erosion system for gradient, mean biomass in the basin, biomass on the valley floor, channel roughness, and channel width. Each threshold value, however, depends on the interrelationships among other variables in the system. Manipulation of the vegetation cover is the primary human impact on the montane channels, and management of the distribution of vegetation offers the most efficient method of maintaining the stability of channels.