Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1980"

Simplified method for predicting photovoltaic array output

Abstract: A simplified procedure for predicting the long term monthly average electrical output of photovoltaic arrays is presented. It is restricted to passively cooled max-power tracked arrays, but is applicable to both south facing fixed flat arrays and 2-D tracked concentrators. The procedure combines basic parameters characterizing the array with the local monthly mean temperature and the monthly K/sub T/ to yield a monthly average array efficiency which, when multiplied by the monthly array insolation gives the electrical energy output.

Smooth interpolation of large sets of scattered data

Abstract: : Methods for solving the following data fitting problems are discussed: Given the data (xi,yi,fi), i = 1,...,N construct a smooth bivariate function S with the property that S(xi,yi) = fi, i = 1,...,N. Because the desire to fit this type of data is encountered frequently in many areas of scientific applications, an investigation of the available methods for solving this problem was undertaken. Several aspects, such as computational efficiency, fitting characteristics and ease of implementation, were analyzed and compared. Within the context of a general purpose method for large sets of data, two of these methods emerged as being generally superior to the others. It is the purpose of this paper to describe these two methods and present examples illustrating their use and application. FORTRAN programs which implement these methods are available upon request. (Author)

Two Indirect Tactics of Image Management: Basking and Blasting

Abstract: The impression-management techniques of basking and blasting were examined in a pair of field studies. These techniques were characterized as indirect rather than direct tactics of self-presenta tion because they can be seen to influence one's image in the eyes of observers, not through the direct presentation of information about oneself but rather through the presentation of positive or negative information about something with which one is merely associated. In both experiments, it was found that after experiencing a visible personal failure, subjects enhanced the asserted quality of their home university (basking) and devalued the asserted quality of a rival university (blasting). Further, Experiment 2 showed that conditions designed to produce increasing levels of image damage resulted in increasing amounts of subsequent basking and blasting. It is suggested that because of a tendency within observers for cognitive balance, individuals highly desirous of increased public prestige arrange to be positively connected with positive things and negatively connected with negative things in the observers' eyes. Implications of these findings for the area of intergroup relations are discussed. The tendency to bask in reflected glory (BIRG) has been suggested by Cialdini et al. (1976) as an image-management tactic. They argued that individuals often seek to display their connections with highly successful others to gain the esteem of observers to these connections. They argued further that the attempt to bask in the reflected glory of a successful other occurs even when the BIRGer can claim no responsibilit y for the other's success. Thus, even the most tenuous connections between an individual and a successful other are candidates for public presentation in the pursuit of enhanced prestige. It is not uncommon, for instance, to hear people publicly boast about the times that they merely shook hands with famous celebrities, sports stars, or political figures.

Reference points in spatial cognition.

Abstract: The present research investigates the hypothesis that cognitive representations of large scale space contain elements that may be termed reference points, and that these points are used to define the position of adjacent places. The nature and function of reference points is explored in five experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 consist of tasks during which subjects judged the distance between known locations. The subjective distance between reference points and nonreference points was found to be asymmetrical, with the latter ordered in relation to the former. Experiments 3 and 4 employ reaction time tasks in which subjects attempted to verify the distance or direction from an anchor location to target locations. The data indicate that the relative referentiality of anchor and target locations influences verification time. The results of Experiments 1-4 suggest that reference points occur in spatial cognition and that these points provide an organizational structure that facilitates the location of adjacent points in space. Experiment 5 consists of a multiple regression analysis designed to clarify the semantic attributes of spatial reference points.

A system of non-strictly hyperbolic conservation laws arising in elasticity theory

Abstract: where r = q~(u, v). This system models the propagation of forward longitudinal and transverse waves in a stretched elastic string which moves in a plane. The wave propagation problem on an idealized nonlinear string, admitting both forward and backward waves, leads to a closely related system of four conservation laws which we also solve. The feature of interest in system (1) is that the equations are non-strictly hyperbolic in the following sense. Introduce vector notation U = (u, v), F = (~b u, r v); then the system (1) can be differentiated to produce

Chloroplast phosphoproteins: regulation of excitation energy transfer by phosphorylation of thylakoid membrane polypeptides.

Abstract: Incubation of isolated chloroplast thylakoid membranes with [gamma-32P]ATP results in phosphorylation of surface-exposed segments of several membrane proteins. The incorporation of 32P is light dependent, is blocked by 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron, an inhibitor of electron transport), but is insensitive to uncouplers of photophosphorylation. Polypeptides of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex are the major phosphorylated membrane proteins. Addition of ATP to isolated chloroplast thylakoid membranes at 20 degrees C results in a time-dependent reduction of chlorophyll fluorescence emission; this is blocked by diuron but not by nigericin. ADP could not substitute for ATP. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction transients showed a decrease in the variable component after incubation of the membranes with ATP. Chlorophyll fluorescence at 77 K of phosphorylated thylakoid membranes showed an increase in long-wavelength emission compared with dephosphorylated controls. We conclude that a membrane-bound protein kinase can phosphorylate surface-exposed segments of the light-harvesting pigment-protein complex, altering the properties of its interaction with the two photosystems such that the distribution of absorbed excitation energy increasingly favors photosystem I.

Threshold windspeeds for sand on Mars: Wind tunnel simulations

Abstract: Wind friction threshold speeds for particle movement were determined in a wind tunnel operating at martian surface pressure with a 95 percent CO2 and 5 percent air atmosphere. The relationship between friction speed and free-stream velocity is extended to the critical case for Mars of momentum thickness Reynolds numbers between 425 and 2000. It is determined that the dynamic pressure required to initiate saltation is nearly constant for pressures between 1 bar and 4 mb for atmospheres of both air and CO2.

Marine macroalgae as foods for fishes: an evaluation of potential food quality

Abstract: A revitalized view of feeding by herbivorous marine fishes is sought through two questions. First, What characteristics of major taxa of algae identify them as predictably high or low quality foods? Second, are marine algae valuable foods for fishes which do not mechanically disrupt cell walls and do not harbor specialized enzymes or microbes capable of lysing cell walls? Energy, ash and nutrient content of 16 species of marine algae were employed to assess food quality of fleshy red, green, brown and calcareous red algae. On the basis of ash, calories, total protein and total lipid content, fleshy algae should be superior to calcareous algae as foods for fishes; in addition, green algae should be superior to brown algae and brown algae superior to red algae. When the probable digestibility of storage and extracellular carbohydrates is considered, green and red algae are predicted superior to brown algae as food. Two species of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the Gulf of California,Eupomacentrus rectifraenum andMicrospathodon dorsalis, eat red and green algae and ignore brown and calcareous algae. They feed, therefore, in a fashion consistent with predictions based only on algal chemistry. These fishes absorb at least 20–24% of the biomass, 57–67% of the protein, 46–56% of the lipid and 37–44% of the carbohydrate contained in algae eaten in the wild. Since these damselfishes do not masticate their food, it appears that herbivorous fishes can digest major fractions of algal nutrients without mechanical destruction of algal cells.

The Perception of Traversed Distance

Abstract: Three studies were conducted to explore the effect of path structure on the perception of traversed distance. Based upon anecdotal reports, it was hypothesized that the estimated length of a route would be positively related to the perceived number of turns on that route. Obtained data strongly supported this angularity hypothesis; increasing the number of right angle turns distributed along a pathway consistently increased the estimated length of the pathway. Controls used in these studies indicated that this effect was not due to actual or perceived travel time, to any particular path structure, or to the straight line distance between origin and goal. Three explanations of this finding were discussed: a storage size model, a scaling model, and an effort interpretation.

The perception of traversed distance: intersections

Abstract: Two experiments were performed to assess the effects of intersections on distance cognition in the urban environment. A laboratory study examined estimated traversed distance as a function of the n...

Social support resources, stress, and maladjustment of poor children.

Abstract: The effects of the presence of social support resources as moderators of the relationship between stress and maladjustment was investigated. The sample consisted of 71 kindergarten through third-grade inner-city children referred by their teachers as experiencing adjustment problems. Stress was assessed using a 32-item recent life event scale, and maladjustment was assessed using parent ratings of children's adjustment problems. The sample was subdivided to reflect the presence versus absence of three social support resources: older sibling vs. no older sibling, one- vs. two-parent family, and ethnically congruent vs. incongruent with the community. Correlations between stress measures and maladjustment measures were computed within each subsample. The results indicate that older siblings and two parents in the family both reduce the negative effects of stress on children. The results are interpreted to be consistent with social support literature and implications for preventive interventions are discussed.

Critical Thermal Maxima of Five Trout Species in the Southwestern United States

Abstract: Critical thermal maxima (CTM) and responses to fluctuating thermal regimes indicate that adult rainbow (Salmo gairdneri), brown (Salmo trutta), and brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout species, introduced into the southwestern United States, are as well adapted to elevated water temperature as adult Gila (Salmo gilae) and Arizona (Salmo apache) trout, which are native to that region.

Periodic Streamwise Variations of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Inline and Staggered Arrays of Circular Jets with Crossflow of Spent Air

Abstract: Heat transfer characteristics were measured for inline and staggered arrays of circular jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet orifice plate. The impinging flow was constrained to exit in a single direction along the channel formed by the jet plate and the heat transfer surface. In this configuration the air discharged from upstream transverse rows of jet holes imposes a crossflow of increasing magnitude on the succeeding downstream jet rows. Streamwise heat transfer coefficient profiles were determined for a streamwise resolution of one-third the streamwise hole spacing, utilizing a specially constructed test surface.

Plane Nets in Crystal Chemistry

Abstract: In the present paper we consider not only the simplest periodic nets (such as arise from the equivalent circle packings of Niggli, Fejes Toth and others) but also less regular ones, ignored by mathematicians but nevertheless of widespread occurrence and usefulness in crystal chemistry. After a general introduction including some mathematical theorems a catalogue of about 30 nets gives, in most cases, the plane group short symbol, and the unit cell parameters and the coordinates of the nodes in terms of unit spacing between nearest nodes. Examples of their occurrence in compounds of established structure are given in each case. The related concepts of the dual of a simple net and primary and secondary nets in less simple cases are then treated briefly. Transformations between nets are discussed, also with crystal structure examples: first in the case that there is no change in the shape of the unit cell, and using a proposed ‘compatibility’ principle. It transpires that compatible nets are simply derivable from one another, and that in most classes the simplest member is a regular net (4 4 , 3 6 , or 6 3 ). A few of the transformations are relatively well known, but most are new. Together they emphasise the fact that crystal structures do not constitute a massive collection of unrelated types, but rather a group of patterns largely derivable one from another by a few simple, geometrical-crystallographic operations. Here, as elsewhere in the paper, it frequently occurs that transformations are equivalent to the regular incorporation of ‘point defects’ (missing atoms = ‘vacancies’ or additional atoms = ‘interstitials’). Hence ‘point defects’ may be readily generated (even in very small concentrations) by cooperative operations, without any need for longrange diffusion of single atoms. This possibility is not generally considered in theories of diffusion in solids. Another type of transformation involves slip, and does result in a change in the shape of the unit cell, sometimes by a homogeneous deformation. It allows transformation between different (compatibility) classes of nets. §9 deals with the (hexagon-pentagon-triangle) net description of ‘tetrahedrally closed packed’ alloy structures - Frank-Kasper and Friauf-Laves phases - and transformations relating them. The p-U 3 O 8 and related nets discussed in § 10 are somewhat similar, but also contain quadrangles. In § 11 a different type of operation is used to relate structures: adjacent planes are combined by collapse to form a composite net on a single plane. This produces further crystal structure relations that were not previously available, e.g. between ReO 3 , HTB and the pyrochlore framework. Finally, in § 12, some conclusions are drawn, and some of the more novel points developed in the paper are summarized and emphasized.

Assimilation or Consciousness: Perceptions of U.S. Society Among Recent Latin American Immigrants to the United States

Abstract: Two competing views of determinants of immigrants' perceptions of U.S. society and perceptions of discrimination against their own group are examined. Assimilation theory suggests a process leading to lesser discrimination and a more favorable evaluation of the host society as immigrants' economic position, and their knowledge of the culture and language improve. More recent conflict theories indicate a possible reversal in this causal sequence: greater familiarity with the culture and language and some economic advancement can lead to greater consciousness of the reality of discrimination and a more critical appraisal of the host society. These competing perspectives are examined on samples of Cuban and Mexican immigrants interviewed at the moment of arrival in the U.S. and reinterviewed three years after. Bivariate and multivariate regression results are mixed, but lean definitely in the direction of the conflictlconsciousness hypothesis. A LISREL model of immigrants' perceptions of society and discrimination confirms the basic similarity of causal effects across the two immigrant groups and the general agreement of those effects with conflict theory predictions. Implications of these findings are discussed.

The chemical bond

Abstract: This chapter describes the three basic types of chemical bonds that join atoms and ions together. It discusses the properties associated with each type of bond those are metallic, ionic, and covalent. The chapter describes the weaker forces that act among molecules. It focuses on the properties of the bonds, bond energies, bond lengths, covalent, and ionic radii. The chapter illustrates the attraction between positive ions and surrounding freely mobile electrons. It discusses the geometry of molecules. The dipole moment of a polyatomic molecule is determined by both, the bond polarity and molecular geometry. The chapter provides an overview of intermolecular forces. It explains energy–distance relationship in bond formation. The most important determining factor in the geometry of covalently bonded molecules is the number of electron pairs in the valence shell of the atoms involved.

Ab initio calculation of interatomic force constants in H 6 Si 2 O 7 and the bulk modulus of α quartz and α cristobalite

Abstract: Ab initio force constants calculated for Si-O stretch and Si...Si non-bonded interactions in H6Si2O7 are found comparable with experimental values derived from the lattice dynamics of α quartz. The bulk moduli of α quartz and α cristobalite are calculated using the molecular Si...Si force constant and assuming rigid regular SiO4 tetrahedra. In the case (α quartz) where data are available the calculation agrees well with experiment.

Family Structure and Value Orientation in American Indians

Abstract: Program planners must be aware of the historical emphasis placed on the extended family, recognize the importance of family structure patterns, and analyze the value orientation and purposeful beha...

Altruism and the Assessment of Empathy in the Preschool Years.

Abstract: EISENBERG-BERG, NANCY, and LENNON, RANDY. Altruism and the Assessment of Empathy in the Preschool Years. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 552-557. The relationship between 51 4and 5-year-olds' prosocial behavior and empathy was assessed with a modified version of the Feshbach empathy measure. This technique differed from the Feshbach technique in that (a) the stories were more detailed, (b) only happy and sad stories were used, and (c) both verbal and nonverbal responses were used to score empathic responsiveness. The children were interviewed by either a familiar or unfamiliar experimenter to assess both empathy and comprehension of others' feelings, and the children's prosocial behaviors were assessed naturalistically over 10 weeks. The results were contrary to expectations. Spontaneous prosocial behavior was negatively related to the empathic measures (verbal and nonverbal), while prosocial behavior in response to a request was marginally positively related to nonverbal empathy scores. Comprehension (cognitive role taking) was unrelated to prosocial behavior. Unfamiliar interview circumstances resulted in lower comprehension but not lower empathic scores. Alternative explanations are discussed, including the possibility that the frequently used empathic techniques may actually measure social desirability.

The orthoclase-microcline inversion: A high-resolution transmission electron microscope study and strain analysis

Abstract: High-resolution electron microscopy of an intermediate microcline (Or93) from a granodiorite in southeastern Australia reveals anen echelon arrangement of triclinic lens-shaped domains, twinned on the albite law. The domains are tabular on (010), are only a few unit cells wide, but extend 20 or 30 unit cells alongx, until they merge into a zone of monoclinic cells roughly aligned in the rhombic section. The domains are longer and less clearly terminated alongz. Strain calculations show that the energy released by Al/Si ordering, producing the orthoclase-microcline inversion, is equal to the strain energy developed when triclinic domains are forced to retain the original monoclinic crystal shape. This balance of strain energies thus explains the metastable persistence of intermediate microcline into the region of maximum microcline stability. Shearing along faults during deformation of the granodiorite released the strain in some of these feldspars, allowing maximum microcline to develop, and so giving rise to a bimodal distribution of triclinicities throughout the pluton. The value ofγ measured for the intermediate microcline is the average of a range of values throughout each domain, and may be considerably closer to 90° thanγ from an unstrained crystal with the same degree of Al/Si order.

Measurement of computer user satisfaction

Abstract: This paper presents the development and evaluation of a questionnaire designed to quantitatively measure computer user satisfaction The administration, scoring, and interpretation of the questionnaire are also addressed

On Implementing the Door-in-the-Face Compliance Technique in a Business Context:

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to test the generality of the door-in-the-face compliance technique from nonbusiness to business contexts. Results indicate that the compliance-gaining procedure gene...