Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1984"
TL;DR: The Poverty of Theory as mentioned in this paper is a polemic against structural Marxism, a self-consciously scientific perspective aiming to employ Marxian categories within a structuralist framework to produce theoretical knowledge of the objective structures of capitalist reality.
Abstract: Almost six years ago, E. P. Thompson fixed his critical sights across the English Channel and let fly with a lengthy polemic entitled The Poverty of Theory. Thompson's immediate target was Louis Althusser. His strategic objective was to rebut the emergent Continental orthodoxy that Althusser championed: structural Marxism, a self-consciously scientific perspective aiming to employ Marxian categories within a structuralist framework to produce theoretical knowledge of the objective structures of capitalist reality. The charges Thompson hurled defy brief summary, but some key themes can be quickly recalled. Althusser and the structuralists, Thompson con-
743 citations
TL;DR: Conceptual Issues.
Abstract: Conceptual Issues. Early Development of Prosocial Behavior and Socialization Mechanisms. The Role of Cognition. The Role of Affect. Personality and Prosocial Behavior. Index.
524 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a study of self-employed women in the US found that the "typical" female entrepreneur is married with children, herself the first-born child of middle class parents, and her business is most likely to be service-oriented.
Abstract: Studies female entrepreneurs in order to identify obstacles that women face in business and to explore means of improvement Though the number of self-employed women has been increasing dramatically - from 17 million in 1977 to 23 million in 1982 - the vast majority of studies of entrepreneurs are still narrowly focused on non-minority men In an effort to expand the research on entrepreneurial women, this study questions 468 self-employed women in 18 states, assessing demographics, the nature of their business ventures, and the problems they encounter According to this research, the "typical" female entrepreneur is married with children, herself the first-born child of middle class parents Her business is most likely to be service-oriented, and she tends to start it around the age of 40 Obstacles include problems with finance and credit, as well as lack of business and financial planning training Consequently, most of the businesses are small with low growth rates and revenues According to the business owners themselves, in order to further develop women's role in business, stereotypes need to be eliminated concerning women as entrepreneurs, and more visible role models and mentors for younger women are needed The analysis concludes with specific recommendations for improvement: (1) Women should be encouraged to study in fields other than liberal arts (2) Women should have access to seminars on finance, management, marketing, etc (3) Women should seek assistance from experts, colleagues, and friends to establish formal and informal networks (CJC)
484 citations
TL;DR: The turnover of this protein is a normal consequence of its enzymatic function in vivo and is a physiological process that is necessary to maintain the photosynthetic integrity of the thylakoid membrane.
Abstract: Incubation of Chlamydomonas reinhardii cells at light levels that are several times more intense than those at which the cells were grown results in a loss of photosystem II function (termed photoinhibition). The loss of activity corresponded to the disappearance from the chloroplast membranes of a lysine-deficient, herbicide-binding protein of 32,000 daltons which is thought to be the apoprotein of the secondary quinone electron acceptor of photosystem II (the QB protein). In vivo recovery from the damage only occurred following de novo synthesis (replacement) of the chloroplast-encoded QB protein. We believe that the turnover of this protein is a normal consequence of its enzymatic function in vivo and is a physiological process that is necessary to maintain the photosynthetic integrity of the thylakoid membrane. Photoinhibition occurs when the rate of inactivation and subsequent removal exceeds the rate of resynthesis of the QB protein.
471 citations
TL;DR: This article found that the more organized discourse types of comparison, problem/solution, and causation were predicted to yield superior recall of information than when this same information was cast as a collection of descriptions about a topic.
Abstract: Discourse can be organized in different ways; four of these ways are comparison, problem/solution, causation, and a collection of descriptions. These four discourse types correspond to schemata that vary in their organizational components; these differences were expected to result in differences in processing text. The more organized discourse types of comparison, problem/solution, and causation were predicted to yield superior recall of information than when this same information was cast as a collection of descriptions about a topic. The data from two studies support the hypothesized facilitation of the more organized types of discourse and have implications for understanding memory and writing instructional materials.
416 citations
TL;DR: An overview of metal-semiconductor contacts on solar cells is presented in this article, including the Schottky approach, Fermi level pinning by surface states, and the mechanisms of thermionic emission, thermionic/field emission, and tunneling for current transport.
Abstract: An overview of ohmic contacts on solar cells is presented The fundamentals of metal-semiconductor contacts are reviewed, including the Schottky approach, Fermi level pinning by surface states, and the mechanisms of thermionic emission, thermionic/field emission, and tunneling for current transport The concept of contact resistance is developed and contact resistance data for several different contact materials on both silicon and gallium arsenide over a range of doping densities are summarized Finally, the requirements imposed by solar cells on contact resistance are detailed
414 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used recirculating chambers to estimate surface sediment metabolism and measured deep sediment respiration in isolated sediment cores, showing that the isolated surface community suggests a highly productive and autotrophic system, yet gross production is balanced or exceeded by community respiration when ecosystem boundaries include the hyporheic zone.
Abstract: Metabolism of a Sonoran Desert stream was investigated by both enclosure and whole system oxygen techniques. We used recirculating chambers to estimate surface sediment metabolism and measured deep sediment respiration in isolated sediment cores. Metabolism of the stream ecosystem was determined for a 30-m reach as dark and light oxygen change with and without black plastic sheeting that darkened the stream and prevented diffusion. Average ecosystem respiration for two dates in August (440 mg O2 m-2 h-1) exceeded respiration of either the surface sediment community (155 Mg O2 m-2 h-1) or the hyporheic community (170 mg O2 m-2 h-1) alone. Deep sediments show substantial oxygen and nitrate uptake when isolated. In the stream, this low nitrate interstitial water is exchanged with surface water. Metabolism of the isolated surface community suggests a highly productive and autotrophic system, yet gross production is balanced or exceeded by community respiration when ecosystem boundaries include the hyporheic zone. Thus, despite high rates of gross primary production (600–1200 mg O2 m-2 h-1), desert streams may be heterotrophic (PG < R) during summer.
357 citations
TL;DR: Health and subjective well-being were found to be positively and significantly related, and suggestions were made for strengthening research on this topic.
Abstract: A meta-analysis was conducted of the health/subjective well-being relationship, based upon studies of United States adults published prior to 1980. Dependent variables were zero-order and first-order correlations. A total of 231 zero-order effect size estimates were extracted from 104 different sources, while a total of 189 first-order effect sizes were extracted from thirty-three different sources. The majority of effect sizes were derived from samples where the midpoint of the age range was sixty-five and over. The 95 percent confidence interval estimates, generated using Tukey's jackknife procedure, were .29 to .35 and .29 to .38 for the zero-order and first-order correlations, respectively. Using weighted regression procedures, univariate analyses indicated that all but one study and sample characteristics were significant (p < .05) predictors of zero-order and first-order correlations, though none of the predictors adequately specified variation in effect sizes. The mean value of the first-order corr...
329 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors ranked common amino acids and amide derivatives according to the intensity of Maillard browning formed when heated in an autoclave at 121°C for 10 min, under identical conditions, with each of the sugars D-ribose, D-glucose,D-fructose, α-lactose and sucrose.
Abstract: Common amino acids and amide derivatives have been ranked according to the intensity of Maillard browning formed when heated in an autoclave at 121°C for 10 min, under identical conditions, with each of the sugars D-ribose, D-glucose, D-fructose, α-lactose and sucrose. The amino compounds have been grouped into high, intermediate and low browning producing groups. Browning formed by heating a representative of each group with D-glucose, D-fructose and α-lactose at pH values ranging from 6–12 was studied. Maximum browning was obtained at a pH value of about 10 in all of the amino acid-sugar solutions tested.
324 citations
TL;DR: A significant direct and stress-buffering effect for support satisfaction in reducing psychological symptomatology is indicated and no direct or interaction effects were obtained for unconflicted network size in predicting symptom atology.
Abstract: Two studies were done to assess the direct and stress-buffering effects of social support on psychological symptoms of college students. Three conceptually distinct measures were used to assess different aspects of social support: receipt of supportive transactions, satisfaction with support received, and social support network characteristics. The results indicated a significant direct and stress-buffering effect for support satisfaction in reducing psychological symptomatology. Two measures of support network size were used: number of people who were both a source of supportive and of upsetting interactions (conflicted support network), and number of people who were only mentioned as a source of support (unconflicted support network). Conflicted network size was positively related to symptomatology and increased the relationship between stress and symptomatology. No direct or interaction effects were obtained for unconflicted network size in predicting symptomatology.
307 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings from the extant empirical literature on gender and social class as predictors of subjective well-being among U.S. adults.
Abstract: Meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings from the extant empirical literature on gender and social class as predictors of subjective well-being among U.S. adults. Based upon Rubin's (1979) research, we tested a family of hypotheses that gender, relative to social class, accounted for more variation in subjective well-being. Examination of zero-order and first-order effect sizes revealed that men have slightly higher subjective well-being than women and that, while gender is a statistically significant predictor of subjective well-being, it accounts for little variance. Three measures of social class, composite socioeconomic status, occupational status, and income also are significantly related to subjective well-being on the zero-order level; but that relation is reduced when gender is used as a covariate. Overall, across the studies we synthesized, gender does not transcend social class as a major determinant of subjective well-being.
TL;DR: The results suggest the possibility that the production mechanisms for hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids may be similar and impose constraints on the identity of the reactant species, and are consistent with the kinetically controlled synthesis of higher homologues from lower ones.
Abstract: Carbon isotopic compositions have been measured for individual hydrocarbons and monocarboxylic acids from the Murchison meteorite, a C2 carbonaceous chondrite which fell in Australia in 1969. With few exceptions, notably benzene, the volatile products are substantially isotopically heavier than their terrestrial counterparts, signifying their extraterrestrial origin. For both classes of compounds, the ratio of C-13 to C-12 decreases with increasing carbon number in a roughly parallel manner, and each carboxylic acid exhibits a higher isotopic ratio than the hydrocarbon containing the same number of carbon atoms. These trends are consistent with the kinetically controlled synthesis of higher homologues from lower ones. The results suggest the possibility that the production mechanisms for hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids may be similar, and impose constraints on the identity of the reactant species.
TL;DR: In this paper, a tripartite molecule with a long-lived photodriven charge-separated state of relatively high potential is formed from an excited singlet state in accordance with the above principles.
Abstract: The key steps in the photosynthetic conversion of light to chemical potential energy include not only photodriven charge separation, but also prevention of the back-reaction (charge recombination). Although the first of these steps has been achieved in several biomimetic solar energy conversion systems, retarding the back-reaction has proved more difficult. This may be accomplished by rapidly moving the electron, the hole, or both away from the site of excitation to more stabilizing environments. In photosynthetic membranes, the electron is transferred sequentially over several closely coupled molecules, including tetrapyrroles and quinones1–3. In semiconductor/liquid interfacial systems both the electron and the hole migrate following excitation4,5. We now report that substantial slowing of the back-reaction has been achieved with a tripartite molecule in which a long-lived photodriven charge-separated state of relatively high potential is formed from an excited singlet state in accordance with the above principles. This molecular triad (compound I) consists of a tetraarylporphyrin covalently linked to both a carotenoid and a quinone. In solution, excitation of the porphyrin moiety by visible light results in the rapid (<100 ps) formation of a transient species C+.−P−Q−−., with a lifetime on the μs time scale and an energy more than 1 eV above the ground state.
TL;DR: In this article, the energy balance between multiply twinned particles and single crystals is investigated using elasticity theory, and the results of this analysis indicate that icosahedral MTPs will be more stable than single crystals for small sizes only for strong faceting conditions.
Abstract: The energetics of multiply twinned particles (MTPs) are investigated using elasticity theory. This allows the homogeneous strain models to be critically compared with the disclination model for the strains in decahedral particles and with a new model for the strains in icosahedral particles based on inhomogeneous elasticity. The overall energy balance between MTPs and single crystals is then evaluated, including the significant cost of elastially distorting the surface and using two extreme models of the faceting. The results of this analysis indicate that icosahedral MTPs will be more stable than single crystals for small sizes only for strong faceting conditions, decahedral MTPs being true intermediaries between the two. Experimentally observed stress-relief mechanisms provide indirect evidence for the inhomogeneous strain models.
TL;DR: Future studies of the determinants of subjective well-being should include measures of neuroticism and physician-rated health, and neuroticism is significantly related to changes in subjectiveWell-being.
TL;DR: The capacity of a decision unit to induce innovation implementation within an adoption unit is crucial to organizational success as mentioned in this paper, and the interaction of these factors can determine the degree of successful innovation implementation.
Abstract: The capacity of a decision unit to induce innovation implementation within an adoption unit is crucial to organizational success. Risk and complexity are characteristics of innovations that can lead to resistance within organizational adoption units. Communication costs, types of power, and communication channels are structural characteristics that can be used by a decision unit to overcome this resistance. The interaction of these factors can determine the degree of successful innovation implementation within organizations.
TL;DR: The experiments indicate that a permanent region of poststenotic flow separation does not exist even for the severest constriction, in contrast to results for steady flow, implying that identification of flow disturbances of an organized nature may be more fundamental in recognizing mild to moderate disease.
TL;DR: The current study examined the conditions under which cognitive representations of spatial information are stored in orientation-specific ways (like pictures) versus orientation-free ways and found that subjects treat information from primary (direct) and secondary (symbolic) spatial learning in distinct ways.
Abstract: The current study examined the conditions under which cognitive representations of spatial information are stored in orientation-specific ways (like pictures) versus orientation-free ways. College students learned simple paths by viewing a map of them (map condition), by walking them while blindfolded (walk condition), or by directly viewing the route from a single vantage point (look condition). Blindfolded subjects then stood on the route in various orientations and made directional judgments to other locations on the route. When subjects learned the route by indirect, symbolic means (map), judgments were quite easy when aligned with the learned map orientation and were difficult if the judgment was not aligned with the learned map orientation. However, when subjects learned the route by more direct, primary spatial learning (walk or look), there were no alignment effects. Thus, subjects treat information from primary (direct) and secondary (symbolic) spatial learning in distinct ways. Learning from a map results in a figural representation that has great precision but a specific orientation. Learning the route more directly results in a representation that is less precise but one that can be used in more flexible ways.
TL;DR: This study examined the patterns of behavior of boys who fight at home, at school and in both places in order to clarify the relationship between parental practices and interactions within the family and fighting in various contexts to recommend early interventions for the reduction of aggression.
Abstract: VioLit summary OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study by Loeber and Dishion was to examine the patterns of behavior of boys who fight at home, at school and in both places in order to clarify the relationship between parental practices and interactions within the family and fighting in various contexts. METHODOLOGY: The data for this study were part of a three-year planning study that was prepared for a longitudinal projected examination of the development of antisocial behavior. For this study, a quasi-experimental cross-sectional design was employed, using a non-probability sample of 210 families from 21 schools in a medium-sized town in Oregon. All families with boys in the fourth, seventh and tenth grades (n=1000 families) were asked to participate, with agreement from 300 families and a final sample of 210. 74 fourth graders, 78 seventh graders and 58 tenth graders participated, as well as all their parents. Initially, data were gathered regarding teacher ratings and peer nominations of the subjects. This was followed by a structured face-to-face interview with each of the parent(s) and the children, a questionnaire for each and a structured videotaped family problem-solving task. The parents were also required to complete the Child Behavior Checklist. The final phase of the study involved telephone interviews of both parent(s) and children, as well as home observations in 91 of the households using trained observers and the MOSAIC observation code. Independent variables included measures of parenting practices and delinquent behavior. Measures of parental monitoring were formulated from items in the mother interview, in the child interview, from impressions of the child interviewer and from the telephone interviews with the mother and the child. Parental discipline was measured from interviewer ratings of the parent(s) in the extent and consistency of discipline. Family problem solving was rated by the interviewers according to the effectiveness and quality of skills. Parental acceptance was based upon information from the child interview, the mother or father interview and interviewer impressions. Marital adjustment was formulated from both parents' responses on the Marital Interaction Scale and from interviewer impressions. Official delinquency was measured with official records of police contact both before and three years after the interviews, and self-reported delinquency was formulated using the Delinquent Lifestyle Scale. Disobedience to parents was composed of items from the child interview, the parent interview and the mother's rating on the Child Behavior Checklist. Peer deviance was formulated from peer nominations, the child interview and the mother's rating on the Child Behavior Checklist. Observed coercive behavior was derived from the MOSAIC observation of child and mother behaviors. One item from the Teacher Rating Instrument measured teachers' thoughts about the subjects' school fighting, and two items from the mothers' Child Behavior Checklist measured mother reports on subjects' fighting at home. The cross-setting fighting score was obtained from both teacher and mother ratings. Test-retest correlations averaged 0.75, although inter-rater correlations for observed coercive behavior and family problem solving were questionable. Analyses included examination of frequencies, MANOVA and one-way ANOVA. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: It was found that two-thirds of the cross-setting fighters and 54% of the mother-identified fighters had come into contact with the police at least once, compared with only 13% of the teacher-identified fighters and 17% of the non-fighters. A mutilvariate Wilk's lambda test showed significant differences between the four groups on delinquent lifestyle, disobedience and deviant peers, with the cross-setting group being the most deviant. The four groups were also found to differ on levels of coercion in the home (p AUTHORS' RECOMMENDATIONS: The authors suggested further research into the relationship between family dynamics and the setting for antisocial behavior. They recommended early interventions for the reduction of aggression, with the role of the parent and the teacher being crucial for the child to learn more appropriate behavior. Caretakers also should be trained to react to aggression in a way that would not lead to its escalation. Effective cross-setting treatment and prevention would depend upon changing the program to fit the setting, with the best intervention being provided at an early age to reduce the risk of violence in adulthood. EVALUATION: This study uses sophisticated analyses, has relatively good generalizability and provides a thorough discussion of implications of the findings and alternative explanations. However, the small sample of fighters, the lack of a clear definition of fighting, and lack of measurement of agreement between mothers and teachers suggests that the results be examined with some caution. The researchers did not examine any intervention attempts on the part of the mother and teacher together, which may have influenced further fighting. Also, for the subjects who were in the tenth grade, fighting may have been less overt and therefore more difficult for teachers to know about. Despite these limitations, the study provides some interesting preliminary findings on the consistency of fighting across different contexts. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) N1 - Call Number: F-40, AB-40 KW - Oregon KW - Family Relations KW - Family Conflict KW - Family Environment KW - Grade 4 KW - Grade 7 KW - Grade 10 KW - Elementary School Student KW - Junior High School Student KW - Senior High School Student KW - Male Behavior KW - Male Aggression KW - Male Offender KW - Male Violence KW - Juvenile Behavior KW - Juvenile Antisocial Behavior KW - Juvenile Problem Behavior KW - Juvenile Violence KW - Juvenile Offender KW - Juvenile Aggression KW - Child Aggression KW - Child Behavior KW - Child Antisocial Behavior KW - Child Problem Behavior KW - Child Offender KW - Child Violence KW - Parent Child Relations KW - Parent Child Conflict KW - Parenting Practices KW - Parental Discipline KW - Parental Monitoring KW - Parent Perceptions KW - School Personnel Perceptions KW - Teacher Perceptions KW - Fighting Behavior KW - Peer Relations KW - Peer Conflict KW - Aggression Causes KW - Violence Causes KW - Behavior Causes KW - School Violence KW - Student Aggression KW - Student Behavior KW - Student Fighting KW - Physical Aggression Language: en
01 Dec 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed analogues of the notion of left and right half plane zeros for systems of relative degree one and showed that high gain output feedback stabilizes minimum phase systems of (strong) relative degree 1 and that lag-lead compensators can also be used to shape the response.
Abstract: In this paper we develop, in the nonlinear setting, certain of the basic elements of the frequency domain approach to linear system theory. Thus, we develop analogues of the notion of left and right half plane zeros for systems of relative degree one. It is shown that high gain output feedback stabilizes minimum phase systems of (strong) relative degree one and that lag-lead compensators can also be used to "shape the response" of nonlinear systems. We conclude with a discussion of the performance of high gain adaptive stabilizers for such nonlinear systems.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a home economics model of the timing of the first birth, where the child-timing decision is treated as a multi-period planning problem in which the date of first birth influences both the mean and the dispersion of the household's intertemporal income distribution.
Abstract: Summary In this paper we present a new ‘home economics’ model of the timing of the first birth. The child-timing decision is treated as a multi-period planning problem in which the date of first birth influences both the mean and the dispersion of the household's intertemporal income distribution. Couples are assumed to use capital markets and the timing of childbirth to smooth life-cycle consumption. Optimal timing is shown to depend upon the rate at which job skills depreciate during unemployment, the wife's pre-marital work experience, the opportunity costs of completing a family, and the mean and dispersion of the husband's intertemporal earnings profile. The theory is tested with statistics drawn from the National Longitudinal Surveys. The results strongly support those theoretical hypotheses that can be tested and offer insights into timing patterns. If the upsurge in women's labour force participation and educational involvement continue, our work implies that there will be a marked economic incent...
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of relational competence is elaborated and operationalized in which person A's motivation, knowledge, and skills in conversing with B in a given episode are expected to predict both participants' satisfaction with self, other, and the communication.
Abstract: A model of relational competence is elaborated and operationalized in which person A's motivation, knowledge, and skills in conversing with B in a given episode are expected to predict both participants' satisfaction with self, other, and the communication. Naturally occurring dyadic conversations were interrupted and questionnaires were distributed referencing the preceding dialogues (n = 180 dyads). The o verall model explained significant proportions of variance in participants' satisfaction with self (R2= 16), other (R2= .26), and the communication (R2= .27). Results were similar when predicting others' satisfaction with self (R2= .25), other (R2= .29) and the communication (R2= .60). Despite these results, the knowledge component fared poorly, relative to the other predictors. Reasons for this finding, along with other theoretical and methodological implications, are examined.
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism was developed to describe the oxidation and pyrolysis of propane and propene, which consists of 163 elementary reactions among 4l chemical species.
Abstract: Abstract—A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism is developed to describe the oxidation and pyrolysis of propane and propene. The mechanism consists of 163 elementary reactions among 4l chemical species. New rate expressions are developed for a number of reactions of propane, propene, and intermediate hydrocarbon species with radicals including H, 0, and OH. The mechanism is tested by comparisons between computed and experimental results in shock tubes and the turbulent flow reactor. The resulting comprehensive mechanism accurately reproduces experimental data for pressures from 1 to 15 atmospheres, temperatures from 1000 to 1700 K, and fuel-oxidizer equivalence ratios from 0.066 to pyrolysis conditions. The mechanism also predicts correctly laminar flame properties for propane and propene, and detonation properties for propane.
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of male and female correctional officers working at the same prison facility (three male and one female units) was used to compare the importance of gender, with experiences on the job as determinants of job satisfaction.
Abstract: Despite the recent interest in women working in nontraditional occupations, few analyses have systematically compared the work-related attitudes of such women with those of men holding the same positions. This article presents an exploratory analysis, drawing hypotheses from the “gender” and “job” models described by Feldberg and Glenn (1979), to compare work-related attitudes among male and female correctional officers. Data drawn from a survey of male and female correctional officers working at the same prison facility (three male and one female units) are utilized to contrast the importance of gender, with experiences on the job as determinants of job satisfaction. The results support the job model, which suggests that the attitudes of working women are a function of their position in the organizational structure and immediate working conditions.
TL;DR: In this paper, two families of pin fin array geometries which have potential for improving airfoil internal cooling performance were studied experimentally and the results indicated that the use of circular pins with array orientation between staggered and inline can increase heat transfer while decreasing pressure loss.
Abstract: Modern high-performance gas turbine engines operate at high turbine inlet temperatures and require internal convection cooling of many of the components exposed to the hot gas flow. Cooling air is supplied from the engine compressor at a cost to cycle performance and a design goal is to provide necessary cooling with the minimum required cooling air flow. In conjunction with this objective, two families of pin fin array geometries which have potential for improving airfoil internal cooling performance were studied experimentally. One family utilizes pins of a circular cross section with various orientations of the array with respect to the mean flow direction. The second family utilizes pins with an oblong cross section with various pin orientations with respect to the mean flow direction. Both heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics are presented. The results indicate that the use of circular pins with array orientation between staggered and inline can in some cases increase heat transfer while decreasing pressure loss. The use of elongated pins increases heat transfer, but at a high cost of increased pressure loss. In conjunction with the present measurements, previously published results were reexamined in order to estimate the magnitude of heat transfer coefficients on the pin surfaces relative to those of the endwall surfaces. The estimate indicates that the pin surface coefficients are approximately double the endwall values.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that at temperatures below 400 °C and pressures above 300 bar, the fluids coexisting with graphite in the C-O-H system consist either of CO2-H2O mixtures or CH4-H 2 O mixtures.
Abstract: Equilibrium calculations and published phase equilibria are used to show that at temperatures below 400 °C and pressures above 300 bar, the fluids coexisting with graphite in the C-O-H system consist either of CO2-H2O mixtures or CH4-H2O mixtures. Bulk fluid compositions consisting of CH4-H2O will unmix to methane-rich fluid and H2O-rich liquid at temperatures below about 325 °C. Compositions on the CO2-H2O join will unmix only at temperatures below about 275 °C. Oxygen fugacity in the CH4-H2O-graphite three-phase region is fixed (at constant P and T ) and approximately equal to that of the quartz-magnetite-fayalite assemblage. In the CO2-H2O-graphite three-phase region, oxygen fugacity is about three orders of magnitude greater. From the end stages of diagenesis to temperatures of 300 °C (and possibly 400 °C in salt-rich systems), many metamorphic rocks may contain CH4-H2O fluids rather than CO2-H2O mixtures. Thus, metamorphic reactions involving carbonate minerals would involve CH4, graphite, and H2O rather than CO2. The immiscibility between CH4 and H2O could result in the common occurrence of methane (natural gas) in low-grade metamorphic terrains.
TL;DR: The authors found that education is significantly positively related to adult subjective well-being, accounting for 1 to 3% of the variance in the relation between formal educational attainment and adults' subjective wellbeing.
Abstract: What is the relation between formal educational attainment and adults' subjective well-being? What factors account for variation in the estimates of this relation? Does education contribute to adult subjective well-being by increasing income or occupational status? To address these questions, we performed a metaanalytic research synthesis. Dependent variables were zeroand first-order correlations between educational attainment and subjective well-being, and independent variables were sample, measure, and study quality characteristics. We found that education is significantly positively related to adult subjective well-being, accounting for 1 to 3% of the variance. The relation is stronger in samples of women than men and in older than younger adults, but no differences were found between whites and blacks. The strength of the relation has not changed significantly over a span of nearly five decades. When occupational status, but not income, was the control variable the education/subjective well-being relation was reduced. Overall, education is a small but positive contributor to adult subjective wellbeing.
TL;DR: In this paper, meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings on the social activity/subjective well-being relation and they found that social activity is positively and significantly related to subjective wellbeing.
Abstract: Meta-analytic techniques were used to synthesize findings on the social activity/subjective well-being relation. We chose zero-order and first order associations as our dependent variables and several different measure, sample, and study quality characteristics as our independent variables. We found that social activity is positively and significantly related to subjective well-being. Contrary to activity theory, informal activities and activities with friends were not related to subjective well-being consistently more strongly than were formal activities and activities with neighbors. In addition, the remaining measure, sample, and study quality characteristics were not adequate predictors of variation in activity/subjective well-being associations.
TL;DR: For S-type granitic melts, melting reactions involving muscovite breakdown in pelites yield low-temperature, “wet” melts that form veins, pockets and small plutons in regional metamorphic terranes as discussed by the authors.