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Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1986"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1986-Pain
TL;DR: The results indicate that, for the present sample, the scales yield similar results in terms of the number of subjects who respond correctly to them and their predictive validity, however, when considering the remaining 3 criteria, the 101‐point numerical rating scale appears to be the most practical index.
Abstract: The measurement of subjective pain intensity continues to be important to both researchers and clinicians. Although several scales are currently used to assess the intensity construct, it remains unclear which of these provides the most precise, replicable, and predictively valid measure. Five criteria for judging intensity scales have been considered in previous research: ease of administration of scoring; relative rates of incorrect responding; sensitivity as defined by the number of available response categories; sensitivity as defined by statistical power; and the magnitude of the relationship between each scale and a linear combination of pain intensity indices. In order to judge commonly used pain intensity measures, 75 chronic pain patients were asked to rate 4 kinds of pain (present, least, most, and average) using 6 scales. The utility and validity of the scales was judged using the criteria listed above. The results indicate that, for the present sample, the scales yield similar results in terms of the number of subjects who respond correctly to them and their predictive validity. However, when considering the remaining 3 criteria, the 101-point numerical rating scale appears to be the most practical index.

2,921 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Le concept de support social doit etre abandonne au profit de concepts plus pertinents fondes sur les modeles de relations entre stress and detresse as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Le concept de support social doit etre abandonne au profit de concepts plus pertinents fondes sur les modeles de relations entre stress et detresse

2,280 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a theory of the role of the underwriter in certifying that risky issue prices reflect potentially adverse inside information, based on the literature on the use of reputational capital to guarantee product quality.

970 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study overcomes several methodological shortcomings of prior research on strategic planning and firm performance and identifies statistically significant differences between the financial performance data of firms that employ structured, strategic plans and those that do not.
Abstract: This article develops a classification scheme of planning process sophistication in small firms, categorizes small firms according to planning process sophistication, and examines the relationship between planning process sophistication and the financial performance of a select group of small, mature firms. The study overcomes several methodological shortcomings of prior research on strategic planning and firm performance. Multivariate analysis of variance is used to identify statistically significant differences between the financial performance data of firms that employ structured, strategic plans and those that do not. The results confirm previous research on strategic planning and financial performance. Finally, recommendations are made for future research.

409 citations


Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the Nash equilibria of a two-person, infinitely-repeated game in which players' preferences depend on repeated game payoffs and the complexity of the strategies they use.
Abstract: The authors study the Nash equilibria of a two-person, infinitely-repeated game in which players' preferences depend on repeated game payoffs and the complexity of the strategies they use. The model considered is that of A. Rubinstein (1986). Necessary conditions on the structure of the equilibria are derived. These results place significant restrictions on equilibrium payoffs. The results suggest that the introduction of implementation costs results in a striking discontinuity in the Nash equilibrium sets in terms of strategies and payoffs. Copyright 1988 by The Econometric Society.

380 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a longitudinal design to investigate age-related changes in the magnitude of peer and parent influences on adolescent cigarette smoking and found that both peer and parental influences were significant predictors of subsequent transitions to higher levels of smoking.
Abstract: The current study used a longitudinal design to investigate age-related changes in the magnitude of peer and parent influences on adolescent cigarette smoking. Both peer and parent influences were significant predictors of subsequent transitions to higher levels of smoking. However, unlike previous cross-sectional research, the magnitude of peer and parent influences did not significantly vary across the 6thto 1 lth-grade levels. Additional analyses were undertaken to explore possible explanations for the differences between results produced by cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. Implications for the study of transitions across the life span are discussed.

374 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The traditional sample survey methodology used in previous WOM research does not explicat... as mentioned in this paper, and therefore, the traditional sample sampling methodology does not explain how marketers rely on word of mouth for referrals.
Abstract: Though many marketers—particularly those in the service sector—depend on word of mouth (WOM) for referrals, the traditional sample survey methodology used in previous WOM research does not explicat...

351 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
22 Aug 1986-Science
TL;DR: A detailed investigation at the atomic level has been made of the factors affecting the dynamic activity of small gold crystals that are supported on thin films of amorphous carbon, silicon, and germanium.
Abstract: Small metal particles (<5 nanometers), which are widely used in catalysis, have physical and chemical properties that are markedly different from those of the bulk metal. The differences are related to crystal structure, and it is therefore significant that structral rearrangements in small particles have been observed in real time by using high-resolution electron microscopy. A detailed investigation at the atomic level has been made of the factors affecting the dynamic activity of small gold crystals that are supported on thin films of amorphous carbon, silicon, and germanium. The rate of activity depends mainly on the current density of the incident electron beam and the degree of contact of the particle with the substrate, but this rate decreases rapidly as the particle size is increased. The activity of the particles is very similar on either carbon or silicon, but it is generally less marked on germanium because of increased contact between the particle and the substrate. The electron beam effectively heats the particles, and it appears that their dynamic behavior depends on their thermal contact with the substrate.

260 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, experiments were made on binary and ternary mixtures of H2S, CO2, and C3H8 on H-mordenite molecular sieve zeolite at 30°C.
Abstract: Experimental gas-solid adsorption measurements were made on the binary and ternary mixtures of H2S, CO2, and C3H8 on H-mordenite molecular sieve zeolite at 30°C. The C3H8 containing binaries and the ternary mixture exhibited nonideal behavior, as evidenced by the azeotropelike crossovers in the composition domains and by the peaks in the total amount adsorbed surface. The ternary data were successfully predicted with the activity coefficients calculated by the spreading-pressure-dependent equation. Models that neglect the spreading-pressure dependence can only qualitatively predict the nonidealities.

254 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of the study demonstrated that the males and females displayed significantly different gait patterns under all load conditions, and the females required a higher rate of stepping than the males because of their shorter stride lengths.
Abstract: In order to determine the effect of loads worn or carried on walking mechanics, 11 men and 11 women were filmed using high speed cinematography as they performed overground walking at 1·78 m/s under five load conditions. The loads included a baseline condition in which subjects carried no added load, and additional loads of approximately 9, 17, 29 and 36 kg consisting of standard military items. The latter two loads were added in the form of a framed rucksack system. Values for several variables frequently used to described temporal and kinematic characteristics of walking were quantified from the film. These included stride length, stride rate, single leg support time, double-support time, swing time and the forward inclination of the trunk. The results of the study demonstrated that the males and females displayed significantly different gait patterns under all load conditions. Not unexpectedly, the females required a higher rate of stepping than the males because of their shorter stride lengths. The re...

246 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The isotope systematics in these inclusions are sufficiently similar to those of a modern evaporite pan to indicate that Permian sea water was isotopically similar to modern sea water.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1986-Icarus
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a model to determine the abundance of exposed rocks on the surface of Mars, which relates the thermal emission in each of the four surface-sensing IRTM bands to temperature contrasts within the field of view, non-unit thermal emissivity due to absorption bands in the surface materials, and the absorption and scattering of the outgoing energy by atmospheric dust and water ice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report a field study of dyadic channel relationships in India and find that a manufacturer's perceived power is related positively to the frequency of use of relatively high power devices.
Abstract: The author reports a field study of dyadic channel relationships in India. Among the findings is that a manufacturer's perceived power is related positively to the frequency of use of relatively hi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a description of the use of infrared thermal mapper (IRTM), earth-based radar, and visual observations for the study of the existence of regional dust deposits is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a description of the use of Viking infrared thermal mapper (IRTM), earth-based radar, and visual observations for the study of the existence of regional dust deposits. It is pointed out that these observations provide estimates of particle size, rock abundance, surface texture, thermal emissivity, and albedo. These estimates can be used to characterize surface deposits and to determine the degree of surface mantling. Attention is given to the regolith properties, atmospheric dust properties, and a model for formation of low-inertia regions. It is found that global dust storms deposit currently approximately 25 microns of material per year in the equatorial region. Over geologic time this value may vary from 0 to 250 microns due to variations in atmospheric conditions produced by orbital variations.

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Jan 1986-Science
TL;DR: In naturally occurring species, reproductive strategies are much more diverse, and mechanisms controlling behavior are correspondingly diverse, which provides a useful context within which to conceptualize differences between species, populations, and individuals.
Abstract: The proximate mechanisms underlying mating behavior in naturally occurring species can be fundamentally different from those in more commonly studied laboratory and domesticated forms. In naturally occurring species, reproductive strategies are much more diverse, and mechanisms controlling behavior are correspondingly diverse. A variety of hormonal, environmental, and social cues can be used to activate mating behavior. Which cues are used by particular species depends on differences in environmental and physiological constraints imposed by particular reproductive strategies. Study of this diversity of mechanisms promises to identify specific selective forces that have shaped their evolution. This evolutionary perspective leads to widely applicable generalizations and provides a useful context within which to conceptualize differences between species, populations, and individuals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aphasic patients who met stringent selection criteria were assigned randomly to three groups: clinic treatment by a speech pathologist for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of no treatment; home treatment by trained volunteers for 12-weeks; or deferred treatment for 12 -weeks.
Abstract: • Aphasic patients who met stringent selection criteria were assigned randomly to three groups: clinic treatment by a speech pathologist for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of no treatment; home treatment by a trained volunteer for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of no treatment; or deferred treatment for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of treatment by a speech pathologist. At 12 weeks after entry, language measures indicated that the clinic-treatment patients made significantly more improvement than did the deferred-treatment patients, and improvement in home-treatment patients did not differ significantly from either clinic- or deferred-treatment patients. At 24 weeks after entry, after deferred-treatment patients had received clinic treatment, there were no significant differences among the groups. These results suggest that clinic treatment for aphasia is efficacious, and delaying treatment for 12 weeks does not compromise ultimate improvement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined whether access to attitude-relevant beliefs and prior experiences mediates the relation between attitudes and behavior, and found that those with relatively high levels of access were likely to act in a manner consistent with their opinions; those in favor of preservation recycled, signed, and agreed to circulate the petitions, whereas those less favorable were not as likely to do so.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model that integrates the content and process considerations of social responsibility using a marketing orientation is proposed to increase the firm's relative competitive advantage and enhance the benefits of socially responsive behaviors.
Abstract: Corporate social responsibility is conceptualized as a “product” offered to key publics of the firm. A model is proposed that integrates the content and process considerations of social responsibility using a “marketing” orientation. This approach is designed to increase the firm's relative competitive advantage and enhance the benefits of socially responsive behaviors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The development of an inventory to assess small events to cover events in major areas of life concern was constructed and existing event inventories were screened for items and new items written to fit these criteria.
Abstract: The development of an inventory to assess small events is described. In the construction of the inventory specific criteria were established and existing event inventories were screened for items and new items written to fit these criteria. The event had to denote an observable change in a person's everyday life, have a discrete beginning, be classifiable as either desirable or undesirable, and be scaled as having an average of 250 Life Change Units or less using B. S. Dohrenwend, Krasnoff, Askenasy, Dohrenwend's (1978) magnitude estimation parameters. The inventory was constructed to cover events in major areas of life concern: family, work, leisure, household, financial, health/illness, nonfamily relations, crime/criminal activity, education, religion, and transportation. Two studies are reported that test the utility of the inventory.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the singular Hopf bifurcation from a basic steady state to these relaxation oscillations was studied. But the authors focused on the symmetry of the harmonic oscillations near the Hopf point and did not consider the reverse transition from stable steady states to periodic solutions.
Abstract: Relaxation oscillations characterized by two quite different time scales are described by mathematical models of the form $x_t = f(x,y,\lambda ,\varepsilon )$ and $y_t = \varepsilon g(x,y,\lambda ,\varepsilon )$ where $\varepsilon \ll 1$ and $\lambda $ is the control parameter. In this paper, we study the singular Hopf bifurcation from a basic steady state to these relaxation oscillations. Our bifurcation analysis shows how the harmonic oscillations near the bifurcation point progressively change to become pulsed, triangular oscillations.In the second part of the paper, we present a numerical study of the FitzHugh–Nagumo equations for nerve conduction. We first observe that the numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical predictions. We then consider the switching from a stable steady state to a stable periodic solution, or the reverse transition. Our purpose is to explain the annihilation experiments described in the nerve conduction literature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, complete active space MC SCF (CAS SCF) followed by full second-order CI calculations are carried out on the three lowest-lying states of SnH 2 (1 A 1, 3 B 1, 1 B 1 ).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a systeme dynamique discret engendre par une application monotone, concave T:R + n → R + n + n, where n = F(t,x) a nonlinearites concaves.
Abstract: On considere le systeme dynamique discret engendre par une application monotone, concave T:R + n →R + n . On etudie, ensuite, des systemes d'equations differentielles cooperatifs periodiques x'=F(t,x) a non-linearites concaves

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study suggests that both self-esteem and social support are positive indicators of life-style, andSocial support was found to exert influence indirectly through its direct effect on self- esteem.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify relationships among perceived social support, self-esteem, and positive health practices among adults living in a south-western metropolitan area. The sample (N = 98) of convenience was selected from an adult apartment complex and the variables were measured using three self-report questionnaires (Personal Resource Questionnaire, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and Personal Life-style Activities Questionnaire). Initially, a positive association among the variables, self-esteem, social support, and life-style, was determined using a simple correlation matrix. To further explicate the relationships among the variables, a theoretical causal model was developed and tested. Using path analytic techniques, both the direct and the indirect effects of various independent variables on life-style were determined; 28% of the variance, p less than .0001, was accounted for by this model. The study suggests that both self-esteem and social support are positive indicators of life-style. Further, social support was found to exert influence indirectly through its direct effect on self-esteem.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Grips and movements were observed during the manufacture and use of Paleolithic tools by archaeologists as discussed by the authors, and the potential range of effective gripping postures and movements and accompanying stresses were then estimated for fossil hominid hands.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gums are complex polysaccharides which, like foliage, require fermentation for digestion, and at least some gummivorous primates show intestinal specializations for fermentation.
Abstract: Primates are usually classified as faunivores, frugivores, or folivores. Recent field studies have shown that plant exudates, mainly gums, are also a significant component of primate diets. Few other vertebrates consume gum. One group of primate gummivores, including the lemur Phaner, the galagine Euoticus, and especially the marmosets Cebuella and Cat-lithrix, has dental adaptations allowing its members to gouge or scrape trees to stimulate the flow of gum. Members of this group also have modifications of the nails which facilitate the postural repertoire required to harvest gums on large-diameter trunks. A second group, including Galago spp., Perodicticus potto, tamarins (Saguinus spp.), baboons (Papio spp.), vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops), and patas (Erythrocebus patas), is less morphologically specialized. These primates eat gums exuded in response to insect and/or mechanical damage. Gums are complex polysaccharides which, like foliage, require fermentation for digestion. At least some gummivorous primates show intestinal specializations for fermentation. Gums may also be an important source of minerals, especially calcium. Like folivores, gum feeders have the capacity to avoid secondary compounds found in gum, such as tannins and phenols. Gums are found in small, discrete patches. Each gum site can generally accommodate only one individual at a time, but the site may be rapidly renewed. One tree may contain many gum sites. Consequently, the foraging and digestive challenges entailed by gummivory involve a unique combination of features shows by faunivory, frugivory, and folivory. Understanding the biological bases of gummivory will be of value in interpreting the anatomy and modeling the behavior of early primates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The bulbs of Pancratium littorale collected in Hawaii were found to contain a new phenanthridone biosynthetic product designated pancratistatin (4a) that proved to be effective against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia.
Abstract: The bulbs of Pancratium littorale collected in Hawaii were found to contain a new phenanthridone biosynthetic product designated pancratistatin (4a) that proved to be effective (38-106% life extension at 0.75-12.5 mg/kg dose levels) against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. Pancratistatin also markedly inhibited (ED50, 0.01 microgram/ml) growth of the P-388 in vitro cell line and in vivo murine M-5076 ovary sarcoma (53-84% life extension at 0.38-3.0 mg/kg). An X-ray crystal structure determination of pancratistatin monomethyl ether (4c) and a detailed high resolution (400 MHz) nmr study of pancratistatin and its pentaacetate (4b) completed assignment of structure 4a. Companion antineoplastic constituents of P. littorale were found to be narciclasine (2c) and its 7-deoxy derivative (2a). The structure of 7-deoxynarciclasine (2c) was also confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of uncertainty reduction in high-context cultures, items were generated to tap attribulional confidence in these cultures, integrated with Clatterbuck's (1979) CL7 scale and administered to samples in Japan and the United States.
Abstract: Current measures of attribulional confidence were generated to account for uncertainty reduction in the United States but have been used in tests of the theory in other cultures. This procedure may yield inappropriate measurement in other cultures. Based on a review of uncertainty reduction in high-context cultures, items were generated to tap attribulional confidence in these cultures. The new items were integrated with Clatterbuck's (1979) CL7 scale and administered to samples in Japan and the United States. A confirmatory factor analysis of the resulting data revealed two unique factors ofattributional confidence. The amount of variances and covariances accounted for by the two-factor model was over 90% in both samples. Scores on both factors were influenced by culture and stage of relationship development. Correlations between other variables (e.g, shared networks, frequency of communication) and the two dimensions also differed across cultures. It was concluded that the eight-item scale provides a derived etic measure of attributional confidence that is applicable in both low- and high-context cultures.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1986
TL;DR: A generalized form of the matrix inversion lemma is derived in this article, which allows particular forms of this lemma to be derived simply and is used to derive a new factorization scheme and a new matrix-inversion algorithm with a high degree of parallelism.
Abstract: A generalized form of the matrix inversion lemma is shown which allows particular forms of this lemma to be derived simply. The relationships between this direct method for solving linear matrix equations, lower-diagonal-upper decomposition, and iterative methods such as point-Jacobi and Hotelling's method are established. The generalized form is used to derive a new factorization scheme and a new matrix inversion algorithm with a high degree of parallelism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Measurements of seasonal changes in circulating levels of the sex steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol indicated that testosterone levels in both sexes are elevated when territorial behavior is expressed, even during the period of nonbreeding-season territoriality during the summer.
Abstract: In many vertebrates, seasonal activation of sexual and territorial behaviors coincides with seasonal gonadal activation and is caused by the increase in sex steroid hormones. Both male and femaleSceloporus jarrovi are territorial, but in this species territorial behavior is seasonally activated in late April, months before seasonal gonadal maturation, which occurs in August prior to the fall mating season. Measurements of seasonal changes in circulating levels of the sex steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol indicated that testosterone levels in both sexes are elevated when territorial behavior is expressed, even during the period of nonbreeding-season territoriality during the summer. This suggests that a nonbreeding season behavior is activated by a sex steroid hormone in this species.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Clifford Algebra provides the key to a unified Geometric Calculus for expressing, developing, integrating and applying the large body of geometrical ideas running through mathematics and physics.
Abstract: To cope with the explosion of information in mathematics and physics, we need a unified mathematical language to integrate ideas and results from diverse fields. Clifford Algebra provides the key to a unified Geometric Calculus for expressing, developing, integrating and applying the large body of geometrical ideas running through mathematics and physics.