Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1987"
TL;DR: Low to moderate positive relations generally were found between empathy and both prosocial behavior and cooperative/socially competent behavior and the method of assessing empathy did influence the strength of the relations.
Abstract: In a prior review involving a meta-analysis (Underwood & Moore, 1982), no relation between affective empathy and prosocial behavior was found. In this article, the literature relevant to this issue is reexamined. The studies were organized according to the method used to assess empathy. When appropriate, meta-analyses were computed. In contrast to the earlier review, low to moderate positive relations generally were found between empathy and both prosocial behavior and cooperative/socially competent behavior. The method of assessing empathy did influence the strength of the relations; picture/story measures of empathy were not associated with prosocial behavior, whereas nearly all other measures were. Several possible explanations for the pattern of findings are discussed, as are the implications of the findings.
2,208 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe how complex, highly intangible services such as life insurance consist largely of credence properties and how insurance providers engage in relationship-building activities that emphasize buyer-seller interconnection.
Abstract: Complex, highly intangible services such as life insurance consist largely of credence properties. Insurance providers engage in relationship-building activities that emphasize buyer-seller interac...
1,104 citations
TL;DR: The need for objective, systematic review procedures for quantitative evaluation of outcomes of single-case research designs in special education is discussed and examples from recent synthesis efforts are outlined.
Abstract: This article describes procedures recently employed for the quantitative synthesis of single-subject research literature in special education. First, the need for objective, systematic review procedures is discussed. Second, previous approaches for quantitative evaluation of outcomes of single-case research designs are reviewed. Third, procedures employed by the present authors are outlined using examples from recent synthesis efforts. Finally, implications for future reviews of single-subject research are described.
946 citations
TL;DR: The three-dimensional structure of the cofactors of the reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 has been determined by x-ray diffraction and refined at a resolution of 2.8 A with an R value of 26%.
Abstract: The three-dimensional structure of the cofactors of the reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 has been determined by x-ray diffraction and refined at a resolution of 2.8 A with an R value of 26%. The main features of the structure are similar to the ones determined for Rhodopseudomonas viridis [Michel, H., Epp, O. & Deisenhofer, J. (1986) EMBO J. 5, 2445-2451]. The cofactors are arranged along two branches, which are approximately related to each other by a 2-fold symmetry axis. The structure is well suited to produce light-induced charge separation across the membrane. Most of the structural features predicted from physical and biochemical measurements are confirmed by the x-ray structure.
830 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an ethnographic approach to document analysis is offered based on principles of qualitative data collection and analysis, and it is suggested that numeric as well as narrative data be collected when studying such documents as TV new and movies.
Abstract: An ethnographic approach to document analysis is offered based on principles of qualitative data collection and analysis. It is proposed that numeric as well as narrative data be collected when studying such documents as TV new and movies. Ethnographic content analysis is briefly contrasted with conventional modes of quantitative content analysis to illustrate the usefulness of constant comparison for discovering emergent patterns, emphases and themes in an analysis of TV news coverage of the Iranian hostage situation. It is suggested that an ethnographic perspective can help delineate patterns of human action when document analysis is conceptualized as fieldwork.
706 citations
TL;DR: The three-dimensional structure of the protein subunits of the reaction center (RC) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been determined by x-ray diffraction at a resolution of 2.8 A with an R factor of 26%.
Abstract: The three-dimensional structure of the protein subunits of the reaction center (RC) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been determined by x-ray diffraction at a resolution of 2.8 A with an R factor of 26%. The L and M subunits each contain five transmembrane helices and several helices that do not span the membrane. The L and M subunits are related to each other by a 2-fold rotational symmetry axis that is approximately the same as that determined for the cofactors. The H subunit has one transmembrane helix and a globular domain on the cytoplasmic side, which contains a helix that does not span the membrane and several beta-sheets. The structural homology with RCs from other purple bacteria is discussed. A structure of the complex formed between the water soluble cytochrome c2 and the RC from Rb. sphaeroides is proposed.
538 citations
535 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an egoistic alternative account of the evidence collected by Batson and his associates has been proposed and tested in their work and the results were interpreted as providing support for an egoistically based interpretation of helping under conditions of high empathy.
Abstract: A substantial body of evidence collected by Batson and his associates has advanced the idea that pure (i.e., selfless) altruism occurs under conditions of empathy for a needy other. An egoistic alternative account of this evidence was proposed and tested in our work. We hypothesized that an observer's heightened empathy for a sufferer brings with it increased personal sadness in the observer and that it is the egoistic desire to relieve the sadness, rather than the selfless desire to relieve the sufferer, that motivates helping. Two experiments contrasted predictions from the selfless and egoistic alternatives in the paradigm typically used by Batson and his associates. In the first, an emphatic orientation to a victim increased personal sadness, as expected. Furthermore, when sadness and empathic emotion were separated experimentally, helping was predicted by the levels of sadness subjects were experiencing but not by their empathy scores. In the second experiment, enhanced sadness was again associated with empathy for a victim. However, subjects who were led to perceive that their moods could not be altered through helping (because of the temporary action of a "mood-fixing" placebo drug) were not helpful, despite high levels of empathic emotion. The results were interpreted as providing support for an egoistically based interpretation of helping under conditions of high empathy.
507 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relation between behavioral expressions of dominance and the heterosexual attractiveness of males and females, and found that manipulated dominance enhanced only a male's sexual attractiveness and not his general Usability.
Abstract: Four experiments examined the relation between behavioral expressions of dominance and the heterosexual attractiveness of males and females. Predictions concerning the relation between dominance and heterosexual attraction were derived from a consideration of sex role norms and from the comparative biological literature. All four experiments indicated an interaction between dominance and sex of target. Dominance behavior increased the attractiveness of males, but had no effect on the attractiveness of females. The third study indicated that the effect did not depend on the sex of the rater or on the sex of those with whom the dominant target interacted. The fourth study showed that the effect was specific to dominance as an independent variable and did not occur for related constructs (aggressive or domineering). This study also found that manipulated dominance enhanced only a male's sexual attractiveness and not his general Usability. The results were discussed in terms of potential biological and cultural causal mechanisms. Concepts that refer to an individual's relative position in a social hierarchy occupy prominent positions in current models of personality and social behavior (Edelmarv & Omark, 1973; Hogan, 1979,1982;StrayerS his analysis of personality descriptions in different language groups indicates that dominance-submission is a universal lexical feature of human languages. The research reported here concerns the relation between behavioral expressions of dominance and the sexual attractiveness of males and females. Specific relations between dominance and attraction are predicted both by sociobiological theories that emphasize evolutionarily determined behavior tendencies and by scciocultural theories that emphasize socialization practices and sex role expectations.
434 citations
TL;DR: The procedure permits the application of larger sample volumes containing more protein than other isoelectric focusing procedures, and provides the additional advantages of slab gels over tube gels for analytical purposes, making it possible to complete a two-dimensional gel in 1 day.
403 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship between aerobic fitness and psychosocial stress response revealed no change in the aerobic fitness-psychosocial reactivity relationship, and the test for the homogeneity assumption showed that it could not be rejected, and thus none of the proposed moderating variables altered the aerobic Fitness-Psychosocial Reactivity relationship.
Abstract: The effects of aerobic fitness on resistance to psychosocial stressors are reviewed. To unravel the inconsistent results in studies examining the relationship between aerobic fitness and psychosocial stress response, a meta-analysis was conducted. The results of 34 studies having 92 effect size estimates from 1,449 subjects were statistically combined to compare psychosocial stressor tasks and arousal measures. The average effect size estimate of 0.48 was significantly different from zero (P less than 0.01), indicating that aerobically fit subjects had a reduced psychosocial stress response compared to either control group or baseline values. The test for the homogeneity assumption showed that it could not be rejected, and thus none of the proposed moderating variables altered the aerobic fitness-psychosocial reactivity relationship. Various underlying mechanisms which may contribute to this response are discussed, and future research directions are presented.
TL;DR: The objectives of the analysis are to define the nature of Mongoloid dental variation, use it to measure Asian intergroup relationships, and develop in greater detail and with larger samples a dental anthropological model of the late Pleistocene and Holocene population history of eastern Asia.
Abstract: The purpose of this communication is to provide a summary description and analysis of 28 dental traits studied in a number of skeletal samples that originated in eastern Asia. The objectives of the analysis are to define the nature of Mongoloid dental variation, use it to measure Asian intergroup relationships, and develop in greater detail and with larger samples a dental anthropological model of the late Pleistocene and Holocene population history of eastern Asia.
TL;DR: The method is applied to point location data for a sample of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees, and shows that heterogeneity within the forest is clearly a function of the scale of analysis.
Abstract: A technique based on second-order methods, called second-order neighborhood analysis, is used to quantify clustering at various spatial scales. The theoretical model represents the degree of clustering in a Poisson process from the perspective of each individual point. The method is applied to point location data for a sample of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees, and shows that heterogeneity within the forest is clearly a function of the scale of analysis.
TL;DR: Japanese quail learned a category for syllable-initial [d] followed by a dozen different vowels and correctly categorized syllables in which the same consonants preceded eight novel vowels, suggesting that the quail adopted a more complex mapping of stimuli into categories.
Abstract: Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) learned a category for syllable-initial [d] followed by a dozen different vowels. After learning to categorize syllables consisting of [d], [b], or [g] followed by four different vowels, quail correctly categorized syllables in which the same consonants preceded eight novel vowels. Acoustic analysis of the categorized syllables revealed no single feature or pattern of features that could support generalization, suggesting that the quail adopted a more complex mapping of stimuli into categories. These results challenge theories of speech sound classification that posit uniquely human capacities.
TL;DR: Both hospital volume and the proportion of patients operated on by low-volume surgeons are related to quality of care as measured by patient outcomes, and higher hospital volume is positively related to better patient outcomes.
Abstract: A growing body of evidence indicates that certain surgical procedures exhibit a "volume-outcome" relationship in which a higher volume of patients undergoing a particular procedure at a hospital is associated with better outcomes for those patients. The proportion of a hospital's patients operated on by low-volume or less experienced surgeons also may be associated with poor patient outcomes and thus contribute to the hospital "volume-outcome" relationship. This paper analyzes the influence of hospital volume and the proportion of a hospital's patients operated on by low-volume surgeons on patient outcome for 10 procedures, controlling for other selected factors that may influence outcomes. The analysis is based on 503,662 patient abstracts from 757 hospitals. Results indicate that both hospital volume and the proportion of patients operated on by low-volume surgeons are related to quality of care as measured by patient outcomes. Higher hospital volume is positively related to better patient outcomes. These findings are consistent with earlier hospital "volume-outcome" research and add an additional set of procedures using more recent data to the evidence. Unlike previous research on surgeon volume, a positive relationship was found between higher percentage of patients operated on by low-volume surgeons and poorer hospital quality.
TL;DR: Following the development of five reliable subscales, correlations of the subscales with self-reported pain behaviors and coping strategies were calculated, providing preliminary support for the concurrent validity of the instrument.
TL;DR: Second-order models are shown to be task-specific special cases of the input-output behavior of the eighth-order model, while the more complex biophysical models are hypothesized to have insignificant advantages and many disadvantages over the Hill-based model during normal human movement.
Abstract: Three structurally different types of models have evolved over the years to describe muscle-joint systems. The first, based on an input-output analysis of a given task, results in a simple second-order differential equation description that is adequate over a certain movement operating range. The second, based on the classic structural model of Hill (1938), results in a higher-order nonlinear model described by ordinary differential equations. The third, based on an analysis of the biophysical contractile mechanism, results in a complex partial differential equation description. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of model are considered, based on the criteria of identifying the simplest model that can adequately simulate any fundamental type of human movement without modifying model parameters for different tasks. It is shown that an eighth-order Hill-based antagonistic muscle-joint model is able to satisfy these criteria for a given joint if each of the four basic mechanically-significant non-linearities of the system are included in the model. This same model structure has been used successfully for eight different muscle-joint systems, ranging in size from knee flexion-extension to eye rotation--the only difference between the models is in the parameter values. Second-order models are shown to be task-specific special cases of the input-output behavior of the eighth-order model, while the more complex biophysical models are hypothesized to have insignificant advantages and many disadvantages over the Hill-based model during normal human movement.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that the effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on plant growth is strongly temperature dependent, and that for a 3°C increase in mean surface air temperature (as is generally predicted to result from the ‘greenhouse effect' of such an increase in the CO2 content of the air), the growth enhancement factor for such a CO2 increase rises from 1.30 to 1.56.
TL;DR: The data suggest that problem-based curricula provide a student-centered learning environment and encourage an inquisitive style of learning in their students as opposed to the rote memorization and short-term learning strategies induced by conventional medical education.
Abstract: In this article, the authors review 15 studies that compare various educational outcomes of problem-based, community-oriented medical curricula with those of conventional programs. The data suggest that problem-based curricula provide a student-centered learning environment and encourage an inquisitive style of learning in their students as opposed to the rote memorization and short-term learning strategies induced by conventional medical education. In addition, community-oriented schools appear to influence the career preferences of their students. The few data available show that significantly larger proportions of graduates from these schools seek careers in primary care. Some of the studies reviewed suggest that students in conventional programs perform somewhat better on traditional measures of academic achievement than do students in problem-based curricula. However, these differences, if any, tend to be very small. Data with respect to performance on instruments measuring clinical competence are inconclusive. Finally, the authors discuss the difficulties involved in carrying out comparative research at the curriculum level.
TL;DR: In this article, nitrogen dynamics of Sycamore Creek, Arizona, a lowland Sonoran Desert stream, are described by seven diel input-output budgets at different stages of postflood succession.
Abstract: Nitrogen dynamics of Sycamore Creek, Arizona, a lowland Sonoran Desert stream, are described by seven diel input-output budgets at different stages of postflood succession. Hydrologic inputs and outputs of nitrogen and N storage in periphyton, mac- roinvertebrates, and fish were measured over 24-h periods. Total nitrogen storage in this desert stream (3-9 g/m2) was lower than that in forest streams of Oregon (12 g/m2) and Quebec (22 g/m2). While > 99% of nitrogen in the latter systems is in allochthonous detritus, benthic algae and autochthonous detritus comprised 90% of the total nitrogen pool in the desert stream. Up to 14% of nitrogen was in consumer organisms. Inputs of nitrogen to the stream ecosystem were dominated by dissolved nitrogen, of which 19-60% was inorganic, primarily nitrate. Particulate nitrogen in transport (4-15% of total input) was mostly autochthonous. Inputs of nitrogen exceeded outputs on most study dates. Rates of ecosystem nitrogen retention were as high as 400 mg m-2 d-' and outputs exceeded inputs on only one study date. Retention was primarily of inorganic nitrogen and was presumed due to autotrophic assimilation. Nitrogen retention data from the seven budgets were used to evaluate the Vitousek and Reiners (1975) model that patterns of nitrogen retention during succession reflect patterns of net ecosystem production and biomass accumulation. Biomass and stored nitrogen increased asymptotically during a postflood successional se- quence at a single site; nitrogen retention during this period accounted for increases in storage. Nitrogen retention among the seven study dates exhibited the predicted succes- sional patterns of increases from early to middle successional stages, followed by late stage declines.
TL;DR: In vivo results extend earlier in vitro findings that bryostatin 1 acts as a partial inhibitor of protein kinase C function and suggest that the postulated role of induction of differentiation in tumor promotion is still under investigated.
Abstract: Bryostatin 1, like the phorbol esters, activates protein kinase C However, bryostatin 1 induces only some of the effects in cultured cells which result from phorbol ester treatment, whereas it blocks other responses to the phorbol esters In mouse keratinocytes in particular, bryostatin 1 induces ornithine decarboxylase, a marker of proliferation, but blocks induction of markers of differentiation Because of the postulated role of induction of differentiation in tumor promotion, we have now examined bryostatin 1 as a tumor promoter and as an inhibitor of phorbol ester tumor promotion in the initiation-promotion model of skin carcinogenesis After initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, weekly topical treatments of the backs of mice with 1 microgram (11 nmol) bryostatin 1 induced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation, although not to the extent seen after treatment with the promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) Treatment with bryostatin 15 min before each TPA exposure reduced the phorbol ester-induced hyperplasia Bryostatin 1 was ineffective as a complete tumor promoter and displayed very weak activity as a second stage promoter upon treatment of initiated mice for 30 weeks Combined exposure of mice to bryostatin 1 and TPA resulted in a substantial inhibition of promotion by TPA Our in vivo results extend earlier in vitro findings that bryostatin 1 acts as a partial inhibitor of protein kinase C function
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the inseparability of the marketing concept and stakeholder concept and investigated the relationship of the competitive environment upon these philosophies as well as upon perceived organizational performance.
Abstract: Marketing educators generally assume in their teaching that there is little inconsistency between adherence to the marketing concept and the stakeholder concept. Some assume that the latter is a logical extension of the former but there has been no empirical analysis of this issue. In this paper, research based on the perceptions of Fortune 500 executives is presented which focuses on this issue. Of particular concern are their views concerning the future business environment, organizational conduct and expected performance in 1995. This data is used to empirically examine the inseparability of the marketing concept and stakeholder concept. In addition, the relationship of the competitive environment upon these philosophies as well as upon perceived organizational performance is empirically investigated and discussed.
TL;DR: Results of experiments that test effects of nest appearance and placement on probability of nest predation are reported, indicating that any biases were consistent among sites and nest types.
Abstract: Nest predation is a primary cause of nesting mortality for many bird species (Skutch 1949, 1966; Nice 1957; Ricklefs 1969; Nilsson 1984). Food limitation and competition also can affect nesting success (see reviews in Martin 1986, 1987). However, the primary role of nest predation in nesting mortality suggests that it can be a strong agent of selection on bird species and assemblages; when nest predation differs among species, habitats, and areas, it can influence life history traits, habitat use, and population and community patterns (Duebbert and Kantrud 1974; Slagsvold 1982; Martin, unpubl.). Intensity of nest predation differs among groups of birds based on the nesting substrates and heights of their nests (Ricklefs 1969, Nilsson 1984), between island and mainland areas (Loiselle and Hoppes 1983, Savidge 1987), and among habitat islands of different sizes (Wilcove 1985). One means of documenting such differences in nest predation is through controlled experiments using artificial nests. Two recent studies (Loiselle and Hoppes 1983, Wilcove 1985) used artificial wicker nests to examine differences in predation rates for different nest types, habitats, and areas. Both studies used wicker nests with leaves or straw lining the inside of the nest and without modification of the outside of the nest (e.g., Loiselle and Hoppes 1983, Wilcove 1985). Wilcove (1985) noted that these nests were more conspicuous than real nests. Consequently, both he and Loiselle and Hoppes (1983) felt that artificial nests did not measure the actual rate of predation that birds experience, but they assumed that any biases were consistent among sites and nest types. However, this crucial assumption requires testing before further experiments are conducted. In this paper, I report results of experiments that test effects of nest appearance and placement on probability of nest predation.
TL;DR: The q-Hermite polynomials are defined as a q-analogue of the matching polynomial of a complete graph, which allows a combinatorial evaluation of the integral used to prove the orthogonality of Askey and Wilson's 4φ3 polynmials.
Abstract: The q-Hermite polynomials are defined as a q-analogue of the matching polynomial of a complete graph. This allows a combinatorial evaluation of the integral used to prove the orthogonality of Askey and Wilson's 4φ3 polynomials. A special case of this result gives the linearization formula for q-Hermite polynomials. The moments and associated continued fraction are explicitly given. Another set of polynomials, closely related to the q-Hermite, is defined. These polynomials have a combinatorial interpretation in terms of finite vector spaces which give another proof of the linearization formula and the q-analogue of Mehler's formula.
TL;DR: The energetics of membrane-protein interactions are analyzed with the three-dimensional model of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, showing an asymmetry in the potential between the two possible pathways of electron transfer, with the A branch being preferred electrostatically.
Abstract: The energetics of membrane-protein interactions are analyzed with the three-dimensional model of the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The position of the RC in the membrane and the thickness of the membrane were obtained by minimizing the hydrophobic energy with the energy function of Eisenberg and McLachlan. The 2-fold symmetry axis that relates the L and M subunits is, within the accuracy of 5 degrees, parallel to the normal of the membrane. The thickness of the membrane is estimated to be 40-45 A. Residues that are exposed to the membrane are relatively poorly conserved in the sequences of homologous RC proteins. The surface area of the RC is comparable to the surface areas of water-soluble proteins of similar molecular weight. The volumes of interior atoms in the RC are also similar to those of water-soluble proteins, indicating the same compact packing for both types of proteins. The electrostatic potential of the cofactors was calculated. The results show an asymmetry in the potential between the two possible pathways of electron transfer, with the A branch being preferred electrostatically.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of individualism-collectivism on the degree of personalization, synchronization, and difficulty that occurs in ingroup and outgroup relationships was tested using data on perceptions of communication in relationships with strangers (outgroup) and classmates (ingroup).
Abstract: Triandis' (1986) refined conceptualization of individualism‐collectivism suggests that this dimension of culture influences individuals’ behavior with members of their ingroups and outgroups. Drawing on his analysis, predictions were made regarding the influence of individualism‐collectivism on the degree of personalization, synchronization, and difficulty that occurs in ingroup and outgroup relationships. The predictions were tested using data on perceptions of communication in relationships with strangers (outgroup) and classmates (ingroup) in Japan, Korea, and the United States. The results indicated that individualism‐collectivism was related systematically to perceptions of communication in ingroup relationships, but its relationship to perceptions of communication in outgroup relationships was more complicated. To explain the link between individualism‐collectivism and perceptions of personalization, synchronization and difficulty in communication with members of outgroups, it appears that it is nec...
TL;DR: The isotopic composition of hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon in amino acid and monocarboxylic acid extracts from the Murchison meteorite confirms the extraterrestrial origin of both classes of compound, and provides the first evidence suggesting a direct relationship between the massive organo-synthesis occurring in interstellar clouds and the presence of pre-biotic compounds in primitive planetary bodies.
Abstract: Much effort has been directed to analyses of organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrites because of their implications for organic chemical evolution and the origin of life We have determined the isotopic composition of hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon in amino acid and monocarboxylic acid extracts from the Murchison meteorite The unusually high D/H and ^(15)N/^(14)N ratios in the amino acid fraction (δD = 1,370‰, after correction for isotope exchange; δ^(15)N = 90) are uniquely characteristic of known interstellar organic materials The δD value of the monocarboxylic acid fraction is lower (377‰), but still consistent with an interstellar origin These results confirm the extraterrestrial origin of both classes of compound, and provide the first evidence suggesting a direct relationship between the massive organo-synthesis occurring in interstellar clouds and the presence of pre-biotic compounds in primitive planetary bodies The isotope data also bear on the historical problem of distinguishing indigenous material from terrestrial contaminants