Showing papers by "Arizona State University published in 1991"

Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions

Abstract: Introduction Interactions between Continuous Predictors in Multiple Regression The Effects of Predictor Scaling on Coefficients of Regression Equations Testing and Probing Three-Way Interactions Structuring Regression Equations to Reflect Higher Order Relationships Model and Effect Testing with Higher Order Terms Interactions between Categorical and Continuous Variables Reliability and Statistical Power Conclusion Some Contrasts Between ANOVA and MR in Practice

How Many Subjects Does It Take To Do A Regression Analysis

Abstract: Numerous rules-of-thumb have been suggested for determining the minimum number of subjects required to conduct multiple regression analyses. These rules-of-thumb are evaluated by comparing their results against those based on power analyses for tests of hypotheses of multiple and partial correlations. The results did not support the use of rules-of-thumb that simply specify some constant (e.g., 100 subjects) as the minimum number of subjects or a minimum ratio of number of subjects (N) to number of predictors (m). Some support was obtained for a rule-of-thumb that N ≥ 50 + 8 m for the multiple correlation and N ≥104 + m for the partial correlation. However, the rule-of-thumb for the multiple correlation yields values too large for N when m ≥ 7, and both rules-of-thumb assume all studies have a medium-size relationship between criterion and predictors. Accordingly, a slightly more complex rule-of thumb is introduced that estimates minimum sample size as function of effect size as well as the number of predictors. It is argued that researchers should use methods to determine sample size that incorporate effect size.

Relaxation in liquids, polymers and plastic crystals — strong/fragile patterns and problems☆

Abstract: An overview of relaxational phenomenology is given in a manner intended to highlight a number of the important problems which, notwithstanding much recent sophisticated investigation, continue to confront the field. The rapidly lengthening timescale for diffusional and/or reorientational motion, which provokes the glass transition, is examined within the framework of the ‘strong’ and ‘fragile’ classification of both liquids and plastic crystals. The behavior patterns observed are related to the topological features of the potential energy hypersurfaces which may characterize each extreme. In view of the implication that the observed glass transition is the kinetically obscured reflection of an underlying higher order thermodynamic transition which could be associated with a diverging length scale (at least for fragile systems), the problem of the basic diffusional length scale at the glass transition, using a probe molecule approach, is considered. Then, details of the kinetics of relaxation under isothermal conditions are reviewed to decide on the range of deviations from Debye behavior which may be encountered. A correlation with fragility is strongly indicated. The phenomena of serial decoupling of relaxational modes from the main structural relaxation as T g is approached is outlined and, finally, the additional phenomena that may be encountered in experiments that explore the state-dependence (or non-linearity) of relaxation are briefly examined.

Fractal Model of Elastic-Plastic Contact Between Rough Surfaces

Abstract: Based on the scale-independent fractal roughness parameters, a new model of contact between isotropic rough surfaces is developed. The model predicts that all contact spots of area smaller than a critical area are in plastic contact

Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship

Abstract: Preface to the Paperback EditionAcknowledgments1.The Monkey Cage and the Red Desoto2. Exiles from KinshipIs Straight to Gay as Family Is to No Family? Deck the HallsKinship and ProcreationFrom Biology to Choice3. Coming Out to "Blood" RelativesDisclosing Sexual IdentityCategorical Understandings (Or, It's All Relative)Family-Which Family?Conditional LoveDiscursive LocationsTaking Identity, Talking KinshipSelection and Rejection4. Kinship and Coherence: Ten Stories5. Families We ChooseBuilding Gay FamiliesSubstitute for Biological Family?Friends and LoversFrom Friendship to CommunityDeliberating Difference6. Lovers Through the Looking GlassThe Looking-Glass OtherPower "Differentials," Relationship "Roles"The Urge to MergeNarcissism, Kinship, and Class ConvictionsCouples Versus CommunityReflections on Metaphor7. Parenting in the Age of AIDSThe Lesbian Mother as IconMale-Female Revisited: Insemination and AIDSOf Death and BirthBlood Relatives RespondParents and Persons8. The Politics of Gay FamiliesAssimilation or Transformation?Common GroundThe Big PictureReengineering BiogeneticsAppendixNotesReferencesIndex

A Meta-Analysis on the Anxiety-Reducing Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise: Outcomes and Mechanisms

Abstract: The relationship between exercise and anxiety has been extensively examined over the last 15 years. Three separate meta-analyses were conducted to quantitatively review the exercise-anxiety literature for state anxiety, trait anxiety and psychophysiological correlates of anxiety. Such a procedure allows tendencies of the research to be characterised.

Coping with chronic pain: A critical review of the literature.

Abstract: A growing number of investigators have used models of stress and coping to help explain the differences in adjustment found among persons who experience chronic pain. This article reviews the empirical research which has examined the relationships among beliefs, coping, and adjustment to chronic pain. Although preliminary, some consistent findings are beginning to emerge. For example, patients who believe they can control their pain, who avoid catastrophizing about their condition, and who believe they are not severely disabled appear to function better than those who do not. Such beliefs may mediate some of the relationships between pain severity and adjustment. Although coping strategies appear to be associated with adjustment in chronic pain patients, methodological problems limit conclusions regarding the strength and nature of this association. Our recommendations for future research include the development of coping and belief measures which: (1) do not confound different dimensions (e.g., coping, beliefs, and adjustment) in the same measure; (2) assess specific (rather than composite) constructs; (3) are psychometrically sound; and (4) assess behavioral coping strategies more objectively. We also recommend a greater use of experimental research designs to examine causal relationships among appraisals, coping, and adjustment.

Homework in Macroeconomics: Household Production and Aggregate Fluctuations

Abstract: This paper explores some macroeconomic implications of including household production in an otherwise standard real business cycle model. We calibrate the model on the basis of macroeconomic evidence and long-run considerations, simulate it, and examine its statistical properties. We find that introducing home production significantly improves the quantitative performance of the standard model along several dimensions. It also implies a very different interpretation of the nature of aggregate fluctuations.

Structural equations modeling test of a turnover theory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Abstract: Hom, Griffeth, and Sellaro's (1984) theoretical alternative to Mobley's (1977) turnover model was investigated in two studies. In Study 1, conceptual distinctions among model constructs and operationalizations of those constructs were validated. 206 nurses were surveyed, and constructs were assessed

Some Statistical Process Control Methods for Autocorrelated Data

Abstract: Traditionally, control charts are developed assuming that the sequence of process observations to which they are applied are uncorrelated. Unfortunately, this assumption is frequently violated in practice. The presence of autocorrelation has a serious i..

Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community

Abstract: Data from the National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA) (197980) are used to examine the effects of skin-tone variations of blacks on educational attainment, occupation, and income, net of such antecedent factors as parental socioeconomic status and such contemporaneous factors as sex, region of residence, urbanicity, age, and marital status. The findings are that not only does complexion have significant net effects on stratification outcomes, but it is also a more consequential predictor of occupation and income than such background characteristics as parents' socioeconomic status. Results are consistent with an interpretation that suggests that the continuing disadvantage that darker blacks experience is due to persisting discrimination against them in the contemporary United States.

Put to the Test: The Effects of External Testing on Teachers

Abstract: Evidence from an extensive qualitative study of the role of external testing in elementary schools led to propositions about the effects of such tests on teachers. Data from interviews revealed that teachers experience negative emotions as a result of the publication of test scores and determine to do what is necessary to avoid low scores. Teachers believe that scores are used against them, despite the perceived invalidity of the tests themselves. From classroom observations it was concluded that testing programs substantially reduce the time available for instruction, narrow curricular offerings and modes of instruction, and potentially reduce the capacities of teachers to teach content and to use methods and materials that are incompatible with standardized testing formats.

Giant magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic Co/Cu multilayers

Abstract: We report giant values of saturation magnetoresistance in sputtered antiferromagnetic Co/Cu multilayers containing thin Co and Cu layers 8–10 A thick. We discuss the key importance of the buffer layer in controlling the growth of flat Co and Cu layers. As shown by cross‐section transmission electron microscopy high‐quality structures are found for growth on Fe buffer layers. Such structures display saturation magnetoresistance at 300 K of more than 65% with saturation fields of ≂10 kOe. These values are several times larger than previously found for any magnetic material at room temperature.

Progressive vs single-stage treadmill tests for evaluation of claudication.

Abstract: The reliability of claudication pain and the metabolic and hemodynamic measurements of the lower limbs of patients with stable peripheral vascular occlusive disease (PVOD) were compared during and following single-stage (S) and progressive (P) treadmill tests. Ten patients (69.8 +/- 1.8 yr; X +/- SE) walked to maximal claudication pain twice a month for 4 months. Patients walked at 1.5 mph up a 7.5% grade (S test) and at 2 mph on a 0% grade, increasing by 2% every 2 min (P test). Distance walked to the onset of claudication pain (CPD) and maximal walking distance (MWD) were recorded. Foot transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) was measured before, during, and after exercise, while ankle systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the ankle-to-brachial SBP index (ABI) were measured before and after exercise. Intraclass correlation coefficients (R) of CPD and MWD during S tests were R = 0.53 and R = 0.55, respectively. In contrast, the respective R values during P tests were R = 0.89 and R = 0.93. Higher R values of foot TcPO2 were also obtained during and following P tests, while ankle SBP and ABI were highly reliable following both tests. It is concluded that the severity of PVOD is better assessed by P treadmill tests because clinical measurements are more reliable during exercise and recovery.

Intraday Volatility in the Stock Index and Stock Index Futures Markets

Abstract: We examine the intraday relationship between returns and returns volatility in the stock index and stock index futures markets. Our results indicate a strong intermarket dependence in the volatility of the cash and futures returns. Price innovations that originate in either the stock or futures markets can predict the future volatility in the other market. We show that this relationship persists even during periods in which the dependence in the returns themselves appears to weaken. The findings are robust to controlling for potential market frictions such as asynchronous trading in the stock index. Our results have implications for understanding the pattern of information flows between the two markets. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.

Substance use and symptomatology among adolescent children of alcoholics.

Abstract: This study assessed the magnitude and specificity of parental alcoholism as a risk factor for internalizing symptomatology, externalizing symptomatology, and alcohol and drug use in adolescence. We evaluated parents' and children's reports of symptomatology and children's reports of alcohol and drug use in a community sample of 454 adolescents. The results showed that parental alcoholism was a moderate to strong risk factor, with stronger risk associated with recent (rather than remitted) parental alcoholism. Multivariate analyses showed that the specificity of risk varied with the outcome measure. In predicting externalizing symptomatology, the risk associated with parental alcoholism was mediated by co-occurring parental psychopathology and environmental stress. However, in predicting alcohol use, the father's alcoholism was a specific risk factor above and beyond the more generalized effects of stress and family disruption.

Communication Boundary Management: A Theoretical Model of Managing Disclosure of Private Information Between Marital Couples

Abstract: This article presents a theoretical approach that may be used to understand the way individuals regulate disclosure of private information. The communication boundary management perspective, while more generally applicable, in this presentation focuses on the way marital couples manage talking about private matters with each other. This theoretical perspective presents a boundary coordination process representing couples’management of communication boundaries in balancing a need for difclosure with the need for privacy. The theory identifies the prerequisite conditions for disclosure and the message strategies a disclosing spouse may use to tell private information, as well as the strategic messages the marital partner may use to reply. In addition, a proposal for the way the disclosing spouse and receiving partner manage the coordination of their communication boundaries is presented.

Hiring for the organization, not the job

Abstract: Executive Overview This article examines a new approach to selection in which employees are hired to fit the characteristics of an organization, not just the requirements of a particular job. Diverse firms—high and low-tech, U.S. and Japanese-owned—are using the approach to build cultures that rely heavily on self-motivated, committed people for corporate success. New, often expensive, hiring practices are changing the traditional selection model. An organizational analysis supplements a job analysis, and personality attributes are screened in addition to skills, knowledge, and abilities. We outline the basic steps of the new selection model and present a case description of a manufacturing company that used the model in hiring employees to work in its high-involvement organization. The new model works to its fullest advantage in organizations that allow employees enough freedom to use their unique attributes to influence job performance.

The asymptotic decider: resolving the ambiguity in marching cubes

Abstract: A method for computing isovalue or contour surfaces of a trivariate function is discussed. The input data are values of the trivariate function, F/sub ijk/, at the cuberille grid points (x/sub i/, y/sub j/, z/sub k/), and the output of a collection of triangles representing the surface consisting of all points where F(x,y,z) is a constant value. The method is a modification that is intended to correct a problem with a previous method. >

Prosocial Development in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract: Change in prosocial moral reasoning over an 11-year period, gender differences in prosocial reasoning in adolescence, and the interrelations of moral reasoning, prosocial behavior, and empathy-related emotional responses were examined with longitudinal data and data from adolescents interviewed for the first time. Hedonistic reasoning declined in use until adolescence and then increased somewhat (primarily for boys). Needs-oriented reasoning, direct reciprocity reasoning, and approval and stereotypic reasoning increased until midchildhood or early adolescence and then declined. Several modes of higher level reasoning emerged in late childhood or adolescence. Girls' overall reasoning was higher than boys'. Consistent with expectations, there was some evidence of high level prosocial reasoning being associated with procosial behavior and empathy and of a relation between sympathy or empathy and prosocial behavior

State of the Art Procedures for Translating, Validating and Using Psychoeducational Tests in Cross-Cultural Assessment

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to outline state of the art procedures for test translation, validation and use in multicultural, multilingual assessment. Guidelines are based on psychometric, linguistic, cultural and practical considerations. The authors encourage sound practice within the international psychological community in its assessment of children outside the intended source language and/or culture of available tests.

Liquids at large negative pressures: water at the homogeneous nucleation limit.

Abstract: An isochoric cooling method for obtaining unprecedented tensions on liquids was used to determine the homogeneous nucleation limit for stretching of water at a variety of water densities. At densities in the range 0.55 to 0.68 gram per milliliter (g/ml), the data agree with the homogeneous nucleation temperatures measured by Skripov for superheated water at positive pressures. At densities between 0.68 and 0.93 g/ml, cavitation occurred only at negative pressures (that is, under tension). The cavitation tensions measured were in excellent agreement with those predicted by Fisher9s 1948 vapor nucleation theory. A maximum tension of 140 megapascals (=1400 bars) was reached at 42°C, which lies on an extrapolation of the line of isobaric density maxima. At higher densities, cavitation of droplets that survived heterogeneous nucleation failed to occur at all unless provoked, at much lower temperatures, by freezing. This observation confirms the existence of a density maximum at 42°C and –140 megapascals and hence greatly strengthens the basis for Speedy9s conjecture of a reentrant spinodal for water.

Assessment of features technology

Abstract: Features encapsulate the engineering significance of portions of the geometry of a part or assembly, and, as such, are important in product design, product definition, and reasoning, for a variety of applications. Feature-based systems have demonstrated some potential in creating attractive design environments and in automating the geometric reasoning required in applications such as process planning and manufacturability evaluation. The paper reviews the major concepts and approaches that are in use in feature-based modelling. Several methodologies are prevalent for creating feature models and databases. These fall broadly into the categories of interactive definition, automatic recognition/extraction, and design by features. Within each, there are several subcategories, which are discussed and compared in the paper. Also presented are several schemes popular for representing features. They include augmented graphs, syntactic strings in grammars, and objects in object-oriented programming. Feature interactions and validation issues are outlined. Attempts at developing feature taxonomies are also summarized.

The parameter R2 in multiquadric interpolation

Abstract: The multiquadric (MQ) method is an effective bivariate interpolant to three-dimensional data (xi, yi, zi), where the (xi, yi) are arbitrarily located in the plane. The accuracy of the MQ method is dependent on a user defined parameter R2, and most practitioners select R2 based upon the number of data points and the locations of the (xi, yi) in the plane. We observe that the optimal value of R2 is a strong function of the zi, and that it is essentially independent of both the number and the locationsof the (xi, yi) points. Contrary to some opinions, we observe that the MQ method can effectively interpolate to “track data”, that is, data sampled densely along tracks in the plane. Together with several other observations, we present an algorithm that generally yields an effective value for R2.

Methods for studying the yeast vacuole.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes techniques used in the study of the vacuole and focuses on the procedures used in the laboratories. The yeast vacuole is a large, dynamic organelle that can be detected by fight microscopy. It is most prominent when cells are viewed using differential interference-contrast optics. Reliable detection of vacuoles using vital staining with fluorescent dyes in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy is described in the chapter. Several methods are available for purification of the yeast vacuole, all of which take advantage of the low buoyant density of the vacuole. The method of choice is a modified version of the procedure used by involves enzymatic removal of the cell walls, osmotic lysis of the spheroplasts, followed by flotation of the vacuoles on a discontinuous Ficoll gradient. Other methods use polybase induced lysis of spheroplasts under isotonic conditions followed by density gradient centrifugation. The procedure that follows has consistently given 10–20% yield of vacuoles and low contamination of other organelles.

Gender and Age Stereotypes of Emotionality

Abstract: This study examined the content of adults' stereotypes about sex differences in both the experience and the expression of emotions and investigated how these beliefs vary with the age of the target person. Four hundred college students (200 men and 200 women) judged the frequency with which they believed males or females in one of five age groups (infants, preschoolers, elementary schoolers, adolescents, and adults) typically feel and express 25 different emotions. It was found that adults' gender-emotion stereotypes held for both basic and nonbasic emotions and appear to be based on a deficit model of male emotional expressiveness (i.e., a belief that males do not express the emotions they feel). Moreover, these beliefs about sex differences in emotionality refer primarily to adolescents and adults. It was concluded that gender-emotion stereotypes are complex and that there may be an age-of-target bias in the evaluation of others' emotions.

Control beliefs, coping efforts, and adjustment to chronic pain.

Abstract: This study examined factors hypothesized to influence adaptation to chronic pain in 118 patients who were interviewed to gauge adjustment (psychological functioning, medical services utilization, and activity level) and several widely discussed predictors of adjustment. Control appraisals and the practice of ignoring pain, using coping self-statements, and increasing activities were positively related to psychological functioning. Control appraisals and the practice of diverting attention, ignoring pain, and using coping self-statements also yielded a positive relation to activity level, but only for those patients reporting relatively low levels of pain severity. None of the predictors were related to medical services utilization. Future research is needed to replicate these findings and help clarify when appraisals and coping strategies are most productive among patients with chronic pain.

Nest-Site Selection and Nesting Success of Cavity-Nesting Birds in High Elevation Forest Drainages

Abstract: ABssAcr.-We identified habitat features that characterized successful and unsuccessful nest sites, nest sites vs. random sites, and differences among coexisting species of cavitynesting birds for 356 nests in central Arizona. Live and, more commonly, dead quaking aspens (Populus tremuloides) were used for 88% of all nest sites, but aspens constituted only 12% of all trees in random plots (n = 152). Nest patches (11.3-m-radius circle centered on the nest tree) of most bird species contained significantly more aspens and conifers, which provided foraging substrates for cavity-nesting species, than random plots, but the patches had fewer deciduous trees (except aspens). Thus, more potential nest sites and foraging substrates existed in chosen nest patches than in random plots. Failed nests generally were more concealed by foliage and were closer to conifers. Nest success was lower for species with lower nest height. Reduced nest success at lower and more concealed nests may occur because predators are more successful. Nonexcavator species had lower nesting success than excavator species possibly because they nested lower, had greater nest concealment, used older cavities, and tended to have smaller body mass. Received 21 May 1990, accepted 26 November 1990.