Showing papers by "Australian National University published in 1994"
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the self and the collective is discussed from the perspective of self-categorization theory and it is shown how the emergent properties of group processes can be explained in terms of a shift in self perception from personal to social identity.
Abstract: The relationship between the self and the collective is discussed from the perspective of self-categorization theory Self-categorization theory makes a basic distinction between personal and social identity as different levels of self-categorization It shows how the emergent properties of group processes can be explained in terms of a shift in self perception from personal to social identity It also elucidates how self-categorization varies with the social context It argues that self-categorizing is inherently variable, fluid, and context dependent, as sedf-categories are social comparative and are always relative to a frame of reference This notion has major implications for accepted ways of thinking about the self: The variability of self-categorizing provides the perceiver with behavioral and cognitive flexibility and ensures that cognition is always shaped by the social context in which it takes place
1,914 citations
TL;DR: A new technique in which an intracellular fluorescent label is divided equally between daughter cells upon cell division is presented, applicable to in vitro cell division, as well as in vivo division of adoptively transferred cells, and can resolve multiple successive generations using flow cytometry.
1,767 citations
Book•
01 Aug 19941,655 citations
TL;DR: The short form of the IQCODE items was cross-validated in a new sample using dementia/delirium diagnosis as the validity standard and was found to perform as well as the long form.
Abstract: Data from four studies were used to assess the psychometric properties of the 26 IQCODE items. The items were assessed in terms of item-total correlations, test-retest reliabilities, correlations with indicators of current cognitive functioning and correlations with indicators of premorbid cognitive functioning. These data were used to develop a 16-item short form. The short form was cross-validated in a new sample using dementia/delirium diagnosis as the validity standard. It was found to perform as well as the long form.
1,044 citations
TL;DR: Reports that neutrophils can act as drug delivery vectors and that their function is influenced by stress and other lifestyle factors suggest that new homeostatic functions for these cells, outside their traditional roles in host defense and inflammation, remain to be identified.
Abstract: Neutrophils play important roles in host defense against all classes of infectious agents but, para- doxically, they are also involved in the pathology of van- ous inflammatory conditions. Their microbicidal armory consists of oxidative and nonoxidative processes that are activated simultaneously upon phagocytosis. Although destruction of infectious agents occurs intracellulanly, release of cytotoxic molecules into the extracellulan milieu can damage body tissues. Neutrophils are heterogeneous. Subpopulations exist in various stages from dormant to primed to fully activated. The activities of neutrophils are regulated locally in microenvironments and systemi- cally by a plethora of mediators including cytokines, "classical" neuroendocrine hormones, and bioactive lipids. The net response depends on a complex balance of stimulatory and inhibitory pathways that are regulated by these mediators. Although some effector and regula- tory pathways are vital, considerable redundancy is also evident. Identification of the essential mediators and the unraveling of any interactions may be the keys to under- standing the neutrophil paradox and developing then- apeutic strategies that optimize microbial killing and minimize host tissue damage. Finally, reports that neu- trophils can act as drug delivery vectors and that their function is influenced by stress and other lifestyle factors suggest that new homeostatic functions for these cells, outside their traditional roles in host defense and inflam- mation, remain to be identified: some are speculated on here.J. Leukoc. Biol. 56: 672-686; 1994.
828 citations
TL;DR: It is proved that the measure of those phases that generate second law violating phase space trajectories vanishes exponentially with time.
Abstract: For reversible deterministic N-particle thermostatted systems, we examine the question of why it is so difficult to find initial microstates that will, at long times under the influence of an external dissipative field and a thermostat, lead to second law violating nonequilibrium steady states. We prove that the measure of those phases that generate second law violating phase space trajectories vanishes exponentially with time.
720 citations
TL;DR: Predictors of the attitudinal measure of orientation toward help-seeking for emotional problems have been shown to include demographic, network, and personality variables but gender and willingness to disclose remained significant predictors.
539 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a phenomenographic approach was used to explore the intentions associated with the teaching strategies of first year physical science lecturers and the implications for attempts to improve teaching through developing strategies are discussed.
Abstract: Changing lecturers' teaching strategies to improve learning in higher education may mean first having to address the intentions associated with those strategies. The study reported in this paper used a phenomenographic approach to explore the intentions associated with the teaching strategies of first year physical science lecturers. Approaches found ranged from those involving information transmission to those where the intention was to develop learning through conceptual change, but in all approaches, logical relations were found between intention and strategy. The implications for attempts to improve teaching through developing strategies are discussed.
531 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for simulating a stationary Gaussian process on a fine rectangular grid in [0, 1]d ⊂ℝd is described.
Abstract: A method for simulating a stationary Gaussian process on a fine rectangular grid in [0, 1]d ⊂ℝd is described It is assumed that the process is stationary with respect to translations of ℝd, but the method does not require the process to be isotropic As with some other approaches to this simulation problem, our procedure uses discrete Fourier methods and exploits the efficiency of the fast Fourier transform However, the introduction of a novel feature leads to a procedure that is exact in principle when it can be applied It is established that sufficient conditions for it to be possible to apply the procedure are (1) the covariance function is summable on ℝd, and (2) a certain spectral density on the d-dimensional torus, which is determined by the covariance function on ℝd, is strictly positive The procedure can cope with more than 50,000 grid points in many cases, even on a relatively modest computer An approximate procedure is also proposed to cover cases where it is not feasible to apply
523 citations
TL;DR: From this model, it is estimated that, on a global basis, 21% of GPP is by C4 plants and for the terrestrial biosphere as a whole, an average isotope discrimination during photosynthesis of 14.8‰ is calculated, which is slightly less than would be calculated from C4 plant dry matter carbon isotopic composition.
Abstract: Estimates of the extent of the discrimination against13CO2 during photosynthesis (ΔA) on a global basis were made using gridded data sets of temperature, precipitation, elevation, humidity and vegetation type. Stomatal responses to leaf-to-air vapour mole fraction difference (D, leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference divided by atmospheric pressure) were first determined by a literature review and by assuming that stomatal behaviour results in the optimisation of plant water use in relation to carbon gain. Using monthly time steps, modelled stomatal responses toD were used to calculate the ratio of stomatal cavity to ambient CO2 mole fractions and then, in association with leaf internal conductances, to calculate ΔA. Weighted according to gross primary productivity (GPP, annual net CO2 asimilation per unit ground area), estimated ΔA for C3 biomes ranged from 12.9‰ for xerophytic woods and shrub to 19.6‰ for cool/cold deciduous forest, with an average value from C3 plants of 17.8‰. This is slightly less than the commonly used values of 18–20‰. For C4 plants the average modelled discrimination was 3.6‰, again slightly less than would be calculated from C4 plant dry matter carbon isotopic composition (yielding around 5‰). From our model we estimate that, on a global basis, 21% of GPP is by C4 plants and for the terrestrial biosphere as a whole we calculate an average isotope discrimination during photosynthesis of 14.8‰. There are large variations in ΔA across the globe, the largest of which are associated with the precence or absence of C4 plants. Due to longitudinal variations in ΔA, there are problems in using latitudinally averaged terrestrial carbon isotope discriminations to calculate the ratio of net oceanic to net terrestrial carbon fluxes.
522 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative research method and results of an investigation of the conceptions of teaching and learning held by teachers of first year university chemistry and physics courses are presented. But the results of the qualitative research are limited to two categories: information transmission and conceptual change in teaching and knowledge accumulation.
TL;DR: In this article, a method for detecting multiple components in a population of analytical observations for zircon and other ages is presented, which uses an approach known as mixture modeling, in order to estimate the most likely ages, proportions and number of distinct components.
Pennsylvania State University1, Australian National University2, University of Leeds3, University of California, Davis4, Children's National Medical Center5, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences6, Wake Forest University7, Drexel University8, University of Massachusetts Medical School9, Mayo Clinic10
TL;DR: The malignant hyperthermia clinical grading scale is recommended for use as an aid to the objective definition of this disease and may improve malignanthyperthermia research by allowing comparisons among well-defined groups of patients.
Abstract: Background:The diagnosis of an acute malignant hyperthermia reaction by clinical criteria can be difficult because of the nonspecific nature and variable incidence of many of the clinical signs and laboratory findings. Development of a standardized means for estimating the qualitative likelihood of
TL;DR: A critical role for IL-6 in vivo in the development of local IgA antibody responses is demonstrated and the effectiveness of vector-directed cytokine gene therapy is illustrated.
Abstract: In mice with targeted disruption of the gene that encodes interleukin-6 (IL-6), greatly reduced numbers of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-producing cells were observed at mucosae and grossly deficient local antibody responses were recorded after mucosal challenge with either ovalbumin or vaccinia virus. The IgA response in the lungs was completely restored after intranasal infection with recombinant vaccinia viruses engineered to express IL-6. These findings demonstrate a critical role for IL-6 in vivo in the development of local IgA antibody responses and illustrate the effectiveness of vector-directed cytokine gene therapy.
TL;DR: This article will review the major pathophysiological responses which occur up until the time of accumulation of glutamate, as well as investigating the role of adenosine in this response.
TL;DR: It is suggested that females allow males in pairs more paternity to ensure their assistance with parental care, and that mating options for females in other species with female control of fertilization may also reflect a trade-off between acquiring the genes of high-quality males for their offspring and parental care of those offspring.
Abstract: In cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus), all males contribute to the feeding and defence of young. Despite the expectation that such paternal care should be directed only to relatives, DNA fingerprinting revealed that most offspring (76%, 138 out of 181) were sired by extra-group males that contributed no care, and that almost all broods (95%, 38 out of 40) contained young sired by extra-group fathers. This is the highest known incidence of cuckoldry. This remarkable mating system is produced by female control of fertilization and consistent preference for certain extra-group male genotypes. This choice leads to the production of sons that also gain extra-group fertilizations. One constraint on the extra-pair mate choice of females is the level of parental assistance received from males. Males living in pairs contribute relatively more parental care and are more likely to gain paternity in one of their broods (85%, 11 out of 13) than dominant males in multi-male cooperative groups (30%, 8 out of 27). In groups helpers compensate for the lower parental assistance of dominant males, so the total feeding rate is similar between pairs and groups. This suggests that females allow males in pairs more paternity to ensure their assistance with parental care. Helpers provide an alternative source of paternal investment, and allow females to express unrestricted mate choice. Mating options for females in other species with female control of fertilization may also reflect a trade-off between acquiring the genes of high-quality males for their offspring and parental care of those offspring.
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that the generalized cross validation calculated for splines may be a more reliable measure of overall prediction error than the variogram dependent predictive error calculated for kriging.
TL;DR: In this paper, a three reservoir model consisting of the continental crust, depleted mantle and a more primitive mantle reservoir is used as a basis to account for both the present-day as well as the evolving isotopic compositions of the Earth's crust and mantle.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the methods used to construct stage damage curves for different classes of buildings in South Africa and present a set of guidelines for the construction and use of stage damage curve for residential and commercial buildings.
Abstract: The estimation of damages is integral to the formulation of flood policy. For the assessment of flood losses this requires the use of stage?
amage curves for di~fere~t classes of buildings. A review is presented ofthe methods used to construct these. The use of synthetic techniques
IS stresse~ and attentton glv~n to actual and potential losses and to the susceptibillty of buildings to failure in response to floodwater depth
and velocity. Recommendatlom, are presented for the construction and use of stage-damage curves for residential and commercial buildings
in South Africa.
TL;DR: Transgenic tobacco with an antisense gene directed against the mRNA of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit was used to determine the kinetic properties of Rubisco in vivo, and Rubisco's relative specificity for CO2 was estimated to be 97.5 in vivo.
Abstract: Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. W38) with an antisense gene directed against the mRNA of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit was used to determine the kinetic properties of Rubisco in vivo. The leaves of these plants contained only 34% as much Rubisco as those of the wild type, but other photosynthetic components were not significantly affected. Consequently, the rate of CO2 assimilation by the antisense plants was limited by Rubisco activity over a wide range of CO2 partial pressures. Unlike in the wild-type leaves, where the rate of regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate limited CO2 assimilation at intercellular partial pressures above 400 ubar, photosynthesis in the leaves of the antisense plants responded hyperbolically to CO2, allowing the kinetic parameters of Rubisco in vivo to be inferred. We calculated a maximal catalytic turnover rate, kcat, of 3.5+0.2 mol CO2·(mol sites)−1·s−1 at 25° C in vivo. By comparison, we measured a value of 2.9 mol CO2·(mol sites)−1·−1 in vitro with leaf extracts. To estimate the Michaelis-Menten constants for CO2 and O2, the rate of CO2 assimilation was measured at 25° C at different intercellular partial pressures of CO2 and O2. These measurements were combined with carbon-isotope analysis (13C/12C) of CO2 in the air passing over the leaf to estimate the conductance for transfer of CO2 from the substomatal cavities to the sites of carboxylation (0.3 mol·m−2·s−1·bar−1) and thus the partial pressure of CO2 at the sites of carboxylation. The calculated Michaelis-Menten constants for CO2 and O2 were 259 ±57 μbar (8.6±1.9μM) and 179 mbar (226 μM), respectively, and the effective Michaelis-Menten constant for CO2 in 200 mbar O2 was 549 μbar (18.3 μM). From measurements of the photocompensation point (Γ* = 38.6 ubar) we estimated Rubisco's relative specificity for CO2, as opposed to O2 to be 97.5 in vivo. These values were dependent on the size of the estimated CO2-transfer conductance.
TL;DR: Overall, for the first time in epidemiologic research a large number of individuals were found connected to each other, directly or indirectly, using a network design.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered a class of fully nonlinear parabolic evolution equations for hypersurfaces in Euclidean space and proved that any strictly convex compact initial hypersurface contracts to a point in finite time, becoming spherical in shape as the limit is approached.
Abstract: We consider a class of fully nonlinear parabolic evolution equations for hypersurfaces in Euclidean space. A new geometrical lemma is used to prove that any strictly convex compact initial hypersurface contracts to a point in finite time, becoming spherical in shape as the limit is approached. In the particular case of the mean curvature flow this provides a simple new proof of a theorem of Huisken.
TL;DR: Better self-ratings of health had an incremental association with survival for women, but only men with poor ratings had significantly worse survival than others, and Australian findings show gender differences relative to North American results.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES. This study tested the hypothesis, from North American findings, that global self-ratings of health predict survival for older Australians. METHODS. A stratified sample of Australians 60 years of age and older surveyed in 1981 was resurveyed in 1988. Cox proportional hazard general linear models were constructed separately for men and women to predict survival over 7 years. RESULTS. Better self-ratings of health had an incremental association with survival for women, but only men with poor ratings had significantly worse survival than others. After major illnesses, comorbidities, disability, depression, and social support were controlled for, poor ratings of health for both men and women were not significantly different from excellent ratings in predicting survival. Only women's good and fair health ratings remained significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS. People rate their health as poor on the objective basis of illness and disability. Australian findings show gender differences relative to North...
TL;DR: In this article, a high-resolution (near weekly) Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopic record is presented for a coral from the Pandora Reef in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) of Australia during the period 1978 to 1984.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that it is possible to develop practices that 'work' both in the sense of reducing recidivism and reintegrating offenders into a wider web of community ties and support and, at the same time, in giving victims a 'voice' in a fashion that is both satisfying and also socially productive.
Abstract: Shifting criminal justice practices away from sligmalization and toward rcintegration is no small challenge. The innovation of community conferences in New Zealand and Australia has two structural features that are conducive to reinlegralive shaming: (a) selection of the people who respect and care most about the offender as conference participants (conducing to rcintegration) ; and (b) confrontation with victims (conducing to shaming). Observation of some failures and successes of these conferences in reintegrating both offenders and victims is used to hypothesize 14 conditions of successful reinlegration ceremonies. The spectre of failure haunts modern criminology and penology. Deep down many feel what some say openly—that 'nothing works': that despite decades of study and debate, we are no nearer deterrence than we ever were and/or that more 'humane' forms of treatment are mere masquerades concealing a descent into Kafaesque bureaucracy where offenders suffer a slow and silent suffocation of the soul. Worse still, we fear that even when something does work, it is seen to do so only in the eyes of certain professionals, while 'outside' the system ordinary citizens are left without a role or voice in the criminal justice process. This paper takes a different view. Rejecting the pessimism that pervades discussions about crime and punishment, it offers an optimistic view of at least one area—the punishment of juvenile offenders. It argues that it is possible to develop practices that 'work'—both in the sense of reducing recidivism and reintegrating offenders into a wider web of community ties and support and, at the same time, in giving victims a 'voice' in a fashion that is both satisfying and also socially productive. Further, it links a theory (reintegrative shaming) and a practice (the reintegration ceremony) which explain how to understand and how to implement this success. While there are elements that are quite distinctive about both the theory and practice of reintegrative shaming, there is also a great deal in common with the theory and practice of 'making amends' (Wright 1982); restorative justice (Cragg 1992; Galaway and Hudson 1990; Zehr 1990); reconciliation (Dignan 1992; Marshall 1985; Umbreit 1985); peacemaking (Pepinsky and Quinney 1991); redress (de Haan 1990) and feminist abolitionism (Meima 1990). We differ from abolitionists, however, in believing that it is right to shame certain kinds of conduct as criminal in certain contexts. The rest of the paper has two sections. The second section outlines some fieldwork
TL;DR: Elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the exercise-related modulation of neutrophil distribution and function would permit more specific monitoring of the immune system in individuals exposed to a high level of physical stress.
Abstract: In recent years there has been considerable interest in how exercise and training may affect the immune system. There is now substantial cross-sectional and epidemiological evidence that exercise causes significant changes in the distribution and function of a number of cellular and humoral immune parameters. Neutrophils represent one of the key nonspecific host defence cell populations responsible for the phagocytosis of many microbial, bacterial and viral pathogens. The neutrophil is also known to be involved in the synthesis and release of immunomodulatory cytokines that influence both T cell and B cell activities. Therefore, it plays an important role in both the efferent (phagocytosis and degranulation) and afferent (release of immunomodulatory molecules) limbs of the immune response. Neutrophils and macrophages respond both to phagocytosable particles (e.g. bacteria, viruses and cell debris) and to a number of soluble factors. There is an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils with exercise as a result of demargination of cells from endothelial tissues (mediated by catecholamines) and bone marrow (mediated by cortisol), or as part of the phagocytic and inflammatory response to exercise-induced tissue damage. Following exercise-induced mobilisation into the circulation and migration into tissues, neutrophils undergo adherence, phagocytosis (engulfment) of bacteria or tissue fragments, degranulation of cytoplasmic granules and, ultimately, activation of the respiratory burst. The capacity of the respiratory burst largely determines the cytotoxic potential of the neutrophil. The respiratory burst involves a sudden increase in nonmitochondrial oxidative metabolism, resulting in the production of the superoxide anion (O2-) and other reactive oxygen species by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme complex located at the plasma membrane. Although the biochemistry of the respiratory burst has been well studied, the mechanisms by which exercise and training may influence its activity are not well characterised or understood. Studies on the acute effects of exercise show that exercise generally elicits an initial activation of neutrophils-evidenced by release of cytoplasmic enzymes (degranulation) with secondary changes in key effector functions such as the phagocytic and respiratory burst activity. The nature of the functional changes is still unclear, as some studies show a transient suppression of the respiratory burst and/or phagocytic capacity immediately after exercise, while others report that moderate intensity exercise elicits an enhanced response. The variability in findings may be attributable to differences in the age, gender and initial fitness levels of the people studied, the intensity and duration of the exercise protocols used, and the different methodological procedures employed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: In this article, optical dating of unburnt quartzose sediments from a rock shelter site (Nauwalabila I, Lindner Site) in Deaf Adder Gorge, 70 km south of Malakunanja II, provides new evidence for the timing of the colonisation of the continent.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the two pay-off functions associated with a two-player Nash game to represent the H/sub 2/H/sub /spl infin// criteria separately.
Abstract: The established theory of nonzero sum games is used to solve a mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin//, control problem. Our idea is to use the two pay-off functions associated with a two-player Nash game to represent the H/sub 2/ and H/sub /spl infin// criteria separately. We treat the state-feedback problem and we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution. Both the finite and infinite time problems are considered. In the infinite horizon case we present a full stability analysis. The resulting controller is a constant state-feedback law, characterized by the solution to a pair of cross-coupled Riccati equations, which may be solved using a standard numerical integration procedure. We begin our development by considering strategy sets containing linear controllers only. At the end of the paper we broaden the strategy sets to include a class of nonlinear controls. It turns out that this extension has no effect on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution or on the nature of the controllers. >
TL;DR: Proposes that much greater use be made of schemes which are designed to afford people anonymity, or which enable them to use multiple identities or pseudonyms, while at the same time protecting the organization′s own interest.
Abstract: Many information systems involve data about people. In order reliably to associate data with particular individuals, it is necessary that an effective and efficient identification scheme be established and maintained. There is remarkably little in the information technology literature concerning human identification. Seeks to overcome that deficiency by undertaking a survey of human identity and human identification. Discusses techniques including names, codes, knowledge‐based and token‐based identification, and biometrics. Identifies the key challenge to management as being to devise a scheme which is practicable and economic, and of sufficiently high integrity to address the risks the organization confronts in its dealings with people. Proposes that much greater use be made of schemes which are designed to afford people anonymity, or which enable them to use multiple identities or pseudonyms, while at the same time protecting the organization′s own interest. Describes multi‐purpose and inhabitant regist...
TL;DR: A review of experimental and theoretical approaches to the study of negative-ion resonances is given together with a consideration of the various schemes that are used for their classification in this paper, where the authors also highlight regularities in their behavior both within groups of the periodic table and along isoionic sequences.
Abstract: The authors attempt to give a comprehensive discussion of observations of atomic negative-ion resonances throughout the periodic table. A review of experimental and theoretical approaches to the study of negative-ion resonances is given together with a consideration of the various schemes that are used for their classification. In addition to providing, where possible, tabulated data for the energies, widths, and symmetries of these states, the authors also attempt to highlight regularities in their behavior both within groups of the periodic table and along isoionic sequences.