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Showing papers by "Australian National University published in 2022"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the impact of fugitive emissions and lower capture rates on total emissions and costs, and find that emissions from gas or coal based hydrogen production systems could be substantial even with CCS, and the cost of CCS is higher than often assumed.

50 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) underpins the existence of strongly localized waves embedded into the radiation spectrum that can enhance the electromagnetic fields in subwavelength photonic structures as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: The concept of optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) underpins the existence of strongly localized waves embedded into the radiation spectrum that can enhance the electromagnetic fields in subwavelength photonic structures. Early studies of optical BICs in waveguides and photonic crystals uncovered their topological properties, and the concept of quasi-BIC metasurfaces facilitated applications of strong light-matter interactions to biosensing, lasing, and low-order nonlinear processes. Here we employ BIC-empowered dielectric metasurfaces to generate efficiently high optical harmonics up to the 11th order. We optimize a BIC mode for the first few harmonics and observe a transition between perturbative and nonperturbative nonlinear regimes. We also suggest a general strategy for designing subwavelength structures with strong resonances and nonperturbative nonlinearities. Our work bridges the fields of perturbative and nonperturbative nonlinear optics on the subwavelength scale.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of Co3O4 electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been investigated, revealing insights into the close interplay between activity and stability.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that a distinctly positive form of social connection is made possible by the social identities that people derive from psychologically meaningful group memberships, and that a good way to tackle loneliness and support mental health is by building, restoring, and sustaining social identities through meaningful group-based connections.
Abstract: This review argues that a distinctly positive form of social connection is made possible by the social identities that people derive from psychologically meaningful group memberships. These connections have important implications for mental health by virtue of their distinct capacity to furnish people with a sense of collective meaning, purpose, support, and efficacy. This analysis suggests that loneliness and its toxic effects arise in part from the challenges of achieving this distinct form of social connection in contemporary society. However, it also suggests that a good way to tackle loneliness and support mental health is by building, restoring, and sustaining social identities through meaningful group-based connections. We conclude by reflecting on the success of interventions that do precisely this - most notably Groups 4 Health.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize the recent experimental and computational developments of the modifications of InVO4-based photocatalysts by morphology control, element doping, and hetero-junction construction.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of "wellbeing economy" (WE) as discussed by the authors is gaining support amongst policymakers, business, and civil society, and several national governments have adopted it as their guiding framework to design development policies and assess social and economic progress.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the lifetime limitation due to Auger recombination in a single-junction crystalline silicon solar cell was derived using a physically motivated equation based on Coulombenhanced Auger-enhanced recombination for all doping and injection conditions.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors summarize the recent experimental and computational developments of the modifications of InVO4-based photocatalysts by morphology control, element doping, and hetero-junction construction.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The risk of infectious disease transmission in public washrooms causes concern particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic as mentioned in this paper, and a systematic review aims to assess the risk of transmission of viral or bacterial infections through inhalation, surface contact, and faecal-oral routes in public indoor washrooms in healthcare and non-healthcare environments.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the trace doping of early transition metal (ETM) Re into ultrathin PtNiGa nanowires (Re-PtNiGa NWs) was used to construct a novel catalyst integrating the superior activity, long-time durability, and high utilization efficiency of Pt atoms.
Abstract: Discovering an active and durable catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction is crucial to the commercialization of fuel cells, but remains grand challenging. Here we report, for the first time, the trace doping of early transition metal (ETM) Re into ultrathin PtNiGa nanowires (Re-PtNiGa NWs) to construct a novel catalyst integrating the superior activity, long-time durability, and high utilization efficiency of Pt atoms. Impressively, the Re-PtNiGa tetrametallic NWs present a 19.6-fold enhancement in mass activity (3.49 A mg−1Pt) compared to commercial Pt/C catalyst and only a 10.6% loss in mass activity after 20,000 cycles of durability test. Moreover, the real fuel cell assembled by Re-PtNiGa NWs on the cathode strongly supports its great potential in fuel cells. The density functional theory calculations reveal that introduction of ETM Re into PtNiGa NWs could weaken binding strength of oxygenated species and elevate dissolution potential, well rationalizing the great enhancements in activity and durability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper forms two novel optimization problems for delay-sensitive IoT applications, i.e., the total utility maximization problems under both static and dynamic offloading task request settings, and develops efficient approximation and online algorithms with provable performance guarantees for the problems in a special case where the bandwidth capacity constraint is negligible.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) technology provisions unprecedented opportunities to evolve the interconnection among human beings. However, the latency brought by unstable wireless networks and computation failures caused by limited resources on IoT devices prevents users from experiencing high efficiency and seamless user experience. To address these shortcomings, the integrated Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) with remote clouds is a promising platform to enable delay-sensitive service provisioning for IoT applications, where edge-clouds (cloudlets) are co-located with wireless access points in the proximity of IoT devices. Thus, computation-intensive and sensing data from IoT devices can be offloaded to the MEC network immediately for processing, and the service response latency can be significantly reduced. In this paper, we first formulate two novel optimization problems for delay-sensitive IoT applications, i.e., the total utility maximization problems under both static and dynamic offloading task request settings, with the aim to maximize the accumulative user satisfaction on the use of the services provided by the MEC, and show the NP-hardness of the defined problems. We then devise efficient approximation and online algorithms with provable performance guarantees for the problems in a special case where the bandwidth capacity constraint is negligible. We also develop efficient heuristic algorithms for the problems with the bandwidth capacity constraint. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through experimental simulations. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are promising in reducing service delays and enhancing user satisfaction, and the proposed algorithms outperform their counterparts by at least 10.8 percent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors demonstrate asymmetric parametric generation of light in nonlinear metasurfaces by assembling dissimilar nonlinear dielectric resonators into translucent metamurfaces that produce images in the visible spectral range.
Abstract: Subwavelength dielectric resonators assembled into metasurfaces have become a versatile tool for miniaturizing optical components approaching the nanoscale1–3. An important class of metasurface functionalities is associated with asymmetry in both the generation and transmission of light with respect to reversals of the positions of emitters and receivers4–6. The nonlinear light–matter interaction in metasurfaces7–9 offers a promising pathway towards miniaturization of the asymmetric control of light. Here we demonstrate asymmetric parametric generation of light in nonlinear metasurfaces. We assemble dissimilar nonlinear dielectric resonators into translucent metasurfaces that produce images in the visible spectral range on being illuminated by infrared radiation. By design, the metasurfaces produce different and completely independent images for the reversed direction of illumination, that is, when the positions of the infrared emitter and the visible light receiver are exchanged. Nonlinearity-enabled asymmetric control of light by subwavelength resonators paves the way towards novel nanophotonic components via dense integration of large quantities of nonlinear resonators into compact metasurface designs. Asymmetric parametric generation of light in nonlinear metasurfaces is enabled by nonlinear dielectric resonators in translucent metasurfaces. Upon infrared illumination, different and independent visible light images are detected for ‘forwards’ versus ‘backwards’ operation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the formation mechanism of such contaminants and evaluate their potential risk to ecosystems, a prerequisite to understand and explore effective control strategies for producing biochars with minimum contamination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a magnetic chitosan-palygorskite (MCP) nanocomposite was prepared through a straight-forward one pot synthesis approach to evaluate its lead (Pb2+) removal capacity from aqueous solution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine surface digital image correlation (DIC) with 3D micro-computed tomography (μ CT) and corresponding digital volume correlation as a non-contact approach to access the deformation and damage of woven thermoplastic composites.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the threats to human health from global environmental changes (GECs) are increasing in the Anthropocene epoch, and urgent actions are required to tackle these pressing challenges.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of key design parameters including geometrical configurations, Reynolds number, and different pitches of twisted elliptical tube and twisted tape insert is analyzed over the Nusselt number, the friction factor, and the PEC (performance evaluation criterion) number.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a nationally representative sample of 1,296 Australian adults was recruited at the beginning of Australian COVID-19 restrictions in late-March 2020, and followed up every two weeks.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has been highly disruptive, with the closure of schools causing sudden shifts for students, educators and parents/caregivers to remote learning from home (home-schooling). Limited research has focused on home-schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic, with most research to date being descriptive in nature. The aim of the current study was to comprehensively quantify the psychosocial impacts of home-schooling on parents and other caregivers, and identify factors associated with better outcomes.A nationally representative sample of 1,296 Australian adults was recruited at the beginning of Australian COVID-19 restrictions in late-March 2020, and followed up every two weeks. Data for the current study were drawn from waves two and three. Surveys assessed psychosocial outcomes of psychological distress, work and social impairment, and wellbeing, as well as a range of home-schooling factors.Parents and caregivers who were home-schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced significantly higher levels of psychological distress and work/social impairment compared to those who were not home-schooling or had no school-aged children. A current mental health diagnosis or lower levels of perceived support from their child's school negatively affected levels of psychological distress, work and social impairment, and wellbeing in parents and caregivers involved in home-schooling.The mental health impacts of home-schooling were high and may rise as periods of home-schooling increase in frequency and duration. Recognising and acknowledging the challenges of home-schooling is important, and should be included in psychosocial assessments of wellbeing during periods of school closure. Emotional and instrumental support is needed for those involved in home-schooling, as perceived levels of support is associated with improved outcomes. Proactive planning by schools to support parents may promote better outcomes and improved home-schooling experiences for students.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis of novel nickel-based reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanostructured composites with superior energy storage and photocatalytic properties was discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) describe the adverse health effects associated with for-profit actors and their actions as discussed by the authors, and the cumulative impacts of CDoH on the health and well-being of specific populations.
Abstract: The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) describe the adverse health effects associated with for-profit actors and their actions. Despite efforts to advance the definition, conceptualization, and empirical analyses of CDoH, the term's practical application to mitigate these effects requires the capacity to measure the influences of specific components of CDoH and the cumulative impacts of CDoH on the health and well-being of specific populations. Building on the Global Burden of Disease Study, we begin by conceptualizing CDoH as risk factor exposures that span agency and structural influences. We identify 6 components of these influences and propose an initial set of indicators and datasets to rank exposures as high, medium, or low. These are combined into a commercial determinants of health index (CDoHi) and illustrated by 3 countries. Although now a proof of concept, comparative analysis of CDoH exposures by population, over time and space, and their associated health outcomes will become possible with further development of indicators and datasets. Expansion of the CDoHi and application to varied populations groups will enable finer targeting of interventions to reduce health harms. The measurement of improvements to health and wellness from such interventions will, in turn, inform overall efforts to address the CDoH.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an up-to-date review of the gettering techniques and processes in silicon solar cells, providing a complete picture of the possible gettering sinks and routes in various cell architectures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of key design parameters including geometrical configurations, Reynolds number, and different pitches of twisted elliptical tube and twisted tape insert is analyzed over the Nusselt number, the friction factor, and the PEC (performance evaluation criterion) number.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: Amino acid homeostasis is maintained by import, export, oxidation, and synthesis of nonessential amino acids, and by the synthesis and breakdown of protein this article , which is dominated by autoregulatory processes such as transport and oxidation of excess amino acids.
Abstract: Amino acid homeostasis is maintained by import, export, oxidation, and synthesis of nonessential amino acids, and by the synthesis and breakdown of protein. These processes work in conjunction with regulatory elements that sense amino acids or their metabolites. During and after nutrient intake, amino acid homeostasis is dominated by autoregulatory processes such as transport and oxidation of excess amino acids. Amino acid deprivation triggers processes such as autophagy and the execution of broader transcriptional programs to maintain plasma amino acid concentrations. Amino acid transport plays a crucial role in the absorption of amino acids in the intestine, the distribution of amino acids across cells and organs, the recycling of amino acids in the kidney, and the recycling of amino acids after protein breakdown.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2022-Energy
TL;DR: In order to promote the sustainable development of the wind power industry, the Chinese Government has issued a series of related industrial policies, which not only greatly promote the development of China's wind power sector, but may also generate potential contagion effects on other industries as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors demonstrate that the Belinfante-Rosenfeld construction naturally arises in gravity (water surface) waves, where the canonical momentum is associated with the generalized Stokes drift phenomenon, while the spin is generated by subwavelength circular motion of water particles.
Abstract: Spin is a fundamental yet nontrivial intrinsic angular momentum property of quantum particles or fields, which appears within relativistic field theory. The spin density in wave fields is described by the theoretical Belinfante-Rosenfeld construction based on the difference between the canonical and kinetic momentum densities. These quantities are usually considered as abstract and non-observable per se. Here, we demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that the Belinfante-Rosenfeld construction naturally arises in gravity (water surface) waves. There, the canonical momentum is associated with the generalized Stokes drift phenomenon, while the spin is generated by subwavelength circular motion of water particles. Thus, we directly observe these fundamental field theory properties as microscopic mechanical properties of a classical wave system. Our findings shed light onto the nature of spin and momentum in wave fields, demonstrate the universality of relativistic field theory concepts, and offer a new platform for their studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the electrification of land transport within a photovoltaics and wind dominated 100% renewable electricity system and present an hourly energy balance analysis of the Australian National Electricity Market.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of firing treatments on n-type silicon samples passivated by ex-situ phosphorus-doped polysilicon (poly-Si)/SiOx structures, and identify factors affecting the firing response.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess changes in heroin or other substance use by people who use opioids following take-home naloxone provision, finding no evidence that THN provision was associated with increased opioid use or overdose.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a review shows how enzyme kinetic strategies can provide explanations for differences in digestion rate of different starchy foods and how enzymes can be used to evaluate catalytic efficiency and ease of digestibility of starch.
Abstract: Starch is a principal dietary source of digestible carbohydrate and energy. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to foods containing starch vary considerably and glucose responses to starchy foods are often described by the glycaemic index (GI) and/or glycaemic load (GL). Low GI/GL foods are beneficial in the management of cardiometabolic disorders (e.g., type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease). Differences in rates and extents of digestion of starch-containing foods will affect postprandial glycaemia.Amylolysis kinetics are influenced by structural properties of the food matrix and of starch itself. Native (raw) semi-crystalline starch is digested slowly but hydrothermal processing (cooking) gelatinises the starch and greatly increases its digestibility. In plants, starch granules are contained within cells and intact cell walls can limit accessibility of water and digestive enzymes hindering gelatinisation and digestibility. In vitro studies of starch digestion by α-amylase model early stages in digestion and can suggest likely rates of digestion in vivo and expected glycaemic responses. Reports that metabolic responses to dietary starch are influenced by α-amylase gene copy number, heightens interest in amylolysis.This review shows how enzyme kinetic strategies can provide explanations for differences in digestion rate of different starchy foods. Michaelis-Menten and Log of Slope analyses provide kinetic parameters (e.g., Km and kcat/Km ) for evaluating catalytic efficiency and ease of digestibility of starch by α-amylase. Suitable kinetic methods maximise the information that can be obtained from in vitro work for predictions of starch digestion and glycaemic responses in vivo.