Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1971"

The morphology of martensite in iron alloys

Abstract: Light and electron microscopy have been used to determine the main structural differences between the two major types of martensite in ferrous alloys. In the martensite that forms in dilute alloys of iron, the basic transformation unit takes the shape of a lath, and hence the term lath martensite is appropriate for identifying this morphology. Each lath is the result of a homogeneous shear, and successive shears produce a packet of parallel laths containing a high density of tangled dislocations. The other type, plate martensite, differs in the shape taken by a transformation unit and its transformation sequence is characterized by nonparallel plate formation. Investigation of a large number of binary ferrous systems shows that alloy composition and the transformation temperature influence the transition from lath to plate martensite. These two factors are discussed in terms of their possible effects on the plastic deformation mechanisms which must occur in the parent austenite and product martensite during transformation.

Method of making synthetic resin composites with magnetic fillers

Abstract: A method of producing synthetic resin composites with small size magnetic fillers. A magnetic field is applied during composite forming to give improved mechanical properties.

Method for treating acid water containing metallic values

Abstract: Method for treating acid water containing metallic values, for example AMD and diluted waste pickle liquor, in which the acid water is treated with an alkali-water slurry, for example, high calcium lime, mixed with a portion of the sludge formed in the method. The alkali-water slurry and sludge are mixed in a first reactor for a time to obtain a uniform mix, prior to treating the acid water. The alkali-water slurry and sludge mix and the acid water flow to a second reactor. Air can be introduced into the second reactor. The acidity of the water is neutralized and a substantial portion if not all of the metallic values are oxidized and precipitated as solids. The mixture in the second reactor flows to a separating means wherein the precipitated solids settle out and form a sludge. The sludge contains about 15 percent to about 50 percent solids. To achieve the results of the invention it is necessary to recycle a portion of the sludge formed in the method. About 20 pounds of solids in the sludge are required for each pound of solids precipitated from the acid water. The treated water can be recycled in the plant or can be discharged into environmental surface water without danger of polluting same.

Apparatus for transferring fluid from an underwater storage unit to a floating vessel

Abstract: Apparatus for transferring fluid between an underwater storage unit and a floating vessel has a rigid elongated member with its lower end connected to the storage unit through a universal joint, a buoyant chamber on the rigid member, a pipe in communication with the storage unit and the floating vessel attached to and extending along the rigid member, and a cable attached to the floating vessel and the upper end of the rigid member.

Method of forming coated seamless containers

Abstract: Sheet steel having differentially coated surfaces of corrosion-resistant metal for use in drawing and ironing seamless articles and the method of forming said articles including coating the opposite surfaces of the sheet steel with metallic coatings having differing lubricity, drawing the coated sheet into a preform and ironing the preform.

Al and or coal derivatives method for simultaneously calcining and desulfurizing agglomerates co

Abstract: AGGLOMERATES OF COAL AND/OR COAL DERIVAITIVES ARE SIMULTANIOUSLY CALCINED AND DESULFURIZED BY EXPOSURE TO HEATED PARTICLES OF A DESULFURIZING AGENT IN A ROTARY KILN. THE AGGLOMERATES AND HEATED PARTICLES OF THE DESULFURIZING AGENT FLOW COUNTERCURRENTLY THROUGH THE KILN. THE AGGLOMERATES ARE CHARGED INTO THE KILN WITHIN A TEMPERTURE RANGE OF BETWEEN ABOUT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE TO ABOUT 850*F. THE AGGLOMERATES ARE DISCHARGED AT A TEMPERATURE ABOVE ABOUT 1400*F. IT IS PREFERRED TO DISCHARGE THE AGGLOMERATES AT A TEMPERATURE ABOVE ABOUT 1950*F. THE AGGLOMERATES ARE HEATED BY HEAT EXCHANGE WITH THE PARTICLES OF THE DESULFURIZING AGENT WHICH ARE CHARGED INTO THE KILN AT A TEMPERATURE ABOVE ABOUT 1400*F. IT IS PREFERRED TO CHARGE THE PARTICLES OF THE DESULFURZING AGENT AT A TEMPERATURE ABOVE ABOUT 1950*F. THE PARTILES OF THE DESULFURZING AGENT CAN BE AT ABOUT 600*F. AND PREFERABLY ABOUT 1100*F. WHEN DISCHARGED, DEPENDENT UPON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AGGLOMERATES WHEN CHARGED. THE AGGLOMERATES SO PRODUCED HAVE A RELATIVELY MEDIUM OR LOW REACTIVITY TO CARBON DIOXIDE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, GOOD RESISTANCE TO ABRASION AND SUFFICIENT STRENGTH TO RESIST DEGRADATION WHEN TRANSPORTED AND CHARGED INTO A FURNACE.

Selection of Operating Parameters to Prevent Central Bursting Defects During Cold Extrusion

Abstract: Central bursts, or chevrons, are the internal arrows shaped defects occasionally encountered in cold extrusions or drawn wire (Figure 1). In cold extrusion the defect is usually observed in the final, light step of a multistep extrusion. When central bursting occurs, the load-carrying capacity of the part is drastically reduced. The possibility of central burst occurrence has required manufacturers of critical parts, e.g., axle shafts and steering gear components, to install and maintain ultrasonic equipment for 100% inspection of the formed parts. Although inspection can prevent the use of components containing central bursts, the rejection of extruded items increases production costs because both material and time are consumed in the manufacture of the unacceptable parts. Thus, it is desirable to completely prevent the occurrence of central bursts.

Component annealing base

Abstract: Apparatus for supporting a charge in a high temperature annealing furnace which comprises a plurality of components arranged in combination for easy replacement of any component or the entire assembly. The apparatus includes a refractory tray which is sealed from the gaseous atmosphere of the heating chamber by a unique arrangement of the component parts of the base assembly including separable top and bottom plates and a compartmented seal trough.

Process for the extraction of nickel,copper and cobalt from manganiferous ores

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF NICKEL, COPPER AND COBALT FROM MANGANIFEROUS ORES, SUCH AS DEEP SEA NODULES, IN WHICH THE ORE IS ROASTED FROM ABOUT 700*F. TO ABOUT 1400*F. IN A REDUCING ATMOSPHERE. THE ORE IS COOLED UNDER NON-OXIDIZING CONDITIONS, AND LEACHED UNDER OXIDIZING CONDITIONS WITH AN AMMONIACAL-AMMONIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION COMPRISING ABOUT 55 TO 160 GRAMS PER LITER OF AMMONIA AND ABOUT 30 TO 120 GRAMS PER LITER OF CARBON DIOXIDE.

Method of coating steel wire with aluminum

Abstract: A heavy aluminum coating ranging in thickness from 10 to 15 per cent of the as-coated radius of a wire is provided on steel wire having a nominal diameter of from 008 to 025 inches by a combination of heating the wire to a temperature within a predetermined range, passing the wire at a predetermined speed related in a substantially inverse ratio to the temperature of the wire through a molten aluminum bath having a predetermined temperature and depth inversely related to each other The particular operating conditions of the process provide a coating of the desired thickness while operating on a plateau in a curve representing the relationship between the coating thickness and the various combined parameters of the process to provide a readily controllable process of making an easily reproducible, uniform heavy aluminum coating with a very thin interfacial alloy layer on long lengths of ferrous wire The coated wire is readily redrawable if necessary to attain a desired final gage and strength

Automatic tracking control for looping tower

Abstract: Tracking of strip evenly over the rolls of a looping tower is facilitated by detecting changes in the amount of strip accumulated in the looping tower and adjusting the tension in the strip proportionally to the rate of change in the amount of strip accumulated in the looping tower. The rate of change of strip so accumulated is preferably detected by measuring the rate of rotation of a torque motor arranged to provide a continuous tension in the strip as it passes through the looping tower.

Moving bed reactor

Abstract: An apparatus for the precipitation of metal compounds from acid waste solution comprises a vertical reaction vessel having a reaction chamber for the upward passage of a liquid suspension of solid particles and means for forcing the particles upward. The apparatus is also provided with overflow means for flowing particles to a recycling chamber, separate ports of entry for a precipitant and for liquid feed, a reservoir above the reaction zone for containment of treated waste liquor, and an exit port for removal of the treated liquid from the apparatus.

Molten metal bath level maintenance system

Abstract: The level of molten metal in a molten metal coating furnace is controlled by the use of a counterweighted hollow ceramic displacement block having thin walls not subject to spalling. The hollow ceramic immersion block is associated with a bath level control system having a fail safe feature.

Process for recovering carbon monoxide from fuel gas

Abstract: Carbon monoxide is recovered from a fuel gas by compressing a fuel gas containing carbon monoxide and by reacting the carbon monoxide with a lower alkyl alcohol to form alkyl formate. The formate is separated from the fuel gas, and the carbon monoxide is regenerated by decomposition of the formate.

Method of continuously quenching molten metal coatings

Abstract: A WIRE PASSING UPWARDLY AFTER HAVING PASSED THROUGH A MOLTEN METAL COATING BATH IS CONTACTED WITH A MOVING STREAM OF WATER JETTING UPWARDLY THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE AT AN ANGLE. THE STREAM OF WATER AND THE MOVING WIRE MEET JUST AT THE APEX OF THE STREAM WHERE THE ENERGY OF MOVEMENT OF THE WATER IS LEAST. THE COOLING STREAM OF WATER THUS CAUSES A MINIMUM DISTURBANCE OF THE STILL MOLTEN COATING ON THE WIRE.

Interlocked type wire strand

Abstract: A lock type wire strand for aerial tramways and the like has the bottom portions of the interlocked outer wires prolated, or bulged. The prolated portions of the interlocked wires extend into the interstices between wires in the next adjacent layer of wires under the interlocked layer of wires and contacts adjacent wires in said next adjacent layer to provide additional resistance against compression forces and relieve secondary bending strains in the interlocked wires of the strand.

Rolled steel having high strength and low impact transition temperature and method of producing same

Abstract: Rolled steels characterized in their as-rolled condition by an unexpected combination of high strength and low impact transition temperature. The product is produced by rolling a steel workpiece containing both austenite and ferrite, preventing complete recrystallization at any time thereafter, and continuing the rolling of said workpiece as it is cooling in the temperature range between the Ar1 temperature and 600 DEG F.

Laboratory digestion tank

Abstract: Method and apparatus for obtaining samples under carefully controlled conditions of the products of digestion of materials in the anaerobic decomposition of said materials.

Process for producing iron-molybdenum alloy powder metal

Abstract: PROCESS FOR PRODUCING IRON-MOLYBDENUM ALLOY POWDER METAL FROM MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE AND IRON OXIDE. THE OXIDES ARE BALLED AND HEAT TREATED IN A FURNACE IN THE PRESENCE OF A SOLID REDUCTANT. THE OXIDES ARE REDUCED TO METALLIC ELEMENTS, THE MOLYBDENUM DIFFUSED INTO THE IRON AND THE BALLS HARDENED TO FORM PELLETS. THE PELLETS ARE CRUSHED AND COMMINUTED TO A DESIRED SIZE.

Method for preventing the formation of rust on the surface of coiled steel strip and an inhibitor for accomplishing same

Abstract: Method for preventing the formation of rust on coiled steel comprising temper rolling annealed cold rolled steel strip, coating the steel strip with a liquid phase-vapor phase corrosion inhibitor and coiling the steel strip. The liquid phase-vapor phase inhibitor consists of an aqueous solution of a non-volatile nitrite of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal or volatile amine which is soluble in water and not subject to auto-decomposition at ambient temperature. The volatile base compounds are, for example, ammonium hydroxide or ammonium carbonate. The nitrite radical is present in an amount of about 0.07% by weight up to the solubility of the nitrite compound. The base compound is about 0.1% by weight up to about 25% by weight of the aqueous solution. The aqueous solution has a pH of not less than about 8 to about 13.

Method of forming minimized spangle coated strip

Abstract: MOLTEN ZINC COATED MATERIAL IS WRAP CONTACTED WITH UNEQUAL SIZED INTERNALLY COOLED CHROMIUM PLATED ROLLS PRIOR TO SOLIDIFICATION TO INHIBIT THE FORMATION OF UNDERSIRABLE SPANGLING OF THE ZINC COATED SURFACE. D R A W I N G

Contact printing apparatus

Abstract: Improved printing apparatus having a tiltable printing frame with a first light source for use when the printing frame is in a horizontal position and a second light source for use when the printing frame is in a vertical position and apparatus to automatically deenergize the first light source and energize the second light source and further apparatus to automatically position the second light source.

Relation between manganese oxide inclusions and microstructure of low-carbon rimmed steel sheet

Abstract: The influence of manganese oxide inclusions on the microstructure of cold-rolled low-carbon rimmed steel sheet containing 030 pct Mn and a high level of oxygen was studied in the laboratory by annealing full-hard samples in the 1200‡ to 1400‡F range Microprobe results showed that the oxide inclusions deplete the surrounding matrix of its manganese and thereby permit sulfur to remain in solid solution after prior hot rolling It was found that the dissolved sulfur precipitates during subsequent annealing after cold rolling and produces bands of fine grains in the inclusion area It was determined that the manganese oxide inclusions, which are generally concentrated toward the center of the sheet cross section, establish a gradient of manganese in solid solution between the surface and center of the steel samples studied As demonstrated by the electron microprobe and photomicrographic evidence, this manganese gradient caused carbon to diffuse to the sheet surfaces during annealing The resulting size, shape, and distribution of carbides at the sheet surfaces depended largely on the annealing treatment

Method of applying particles to a surface

Abstract: FFIG-01 PARTICLES DISPENSING APPARATUS COATS ONE OR MORE SURFACES OF A WORKPIECE SUCH AS A MOVING WEB, STRIP, SHEET, PLATE OR FLAT WIRE. PARTICLES ARE FED FROM AT LEAST ONE SOURCE OVER FLUDIZED CONVEYORS TO SEPARATE PARTICLE APPLICATOR ASSOCIATED WITH EACH SURFACE TO BE COATED. EACH PARTICLE APPLICATOR INCLUDES A RECEIVER-DISPENSER HAVING A FLUDIZED BED AND CUNTER-ROTATING BRUSH ROLLS WHICH CONTINUOUSLY PICKS UP FLUDIZED PARTICLES AND DISCHARGES THEM AGAINST ONE OF THE SURFACES TO BE COATED IN A AMOUNT WHICH VARIES WITH PARTICLES LEVEL IN THE RECEIVER-DISPENSER. A SEPARATE LOAD CELL SUPPORTS EACH RECEIVER-DISPENSER AND DRIVES A LOAD INDICATOR WHICH PRODUCES WEIGHT SIGNALS THAT ARE RELATED TO PARTICLES LEVEL IN EACH RECEIVER-DISPENSER. A CONTROLLER RECEIVING THE WEIGHT SIGNALS ACTS ON THE CONVEYOR MEANS TO IDEPENDENTLY MAINTAIN A PREDETERMINED LEVEL OF PARTICLES IN EACH RECEIVER-DISPENSER. THIS PROVIDES A UNIFORM APPLICATION OF PARTICLES ON EACH SURFACE OF THE WORKPIECE TO BE COATED.

Steel pickling method

Abstract: A method and bath for cleaning and conditioning steel prior to tinplating in which the strip is pickled in a dilute aqueous solution of nitric and sulfuric acids The pickled strip, when tinplated, has improved corrosion resistance

Billet turning wrench

Abstract: Apparatus for rotating billets, blooms and the like to present successive faces for inspection and/or treatment comprises an elongated handle having a load engaging jaw pivotally connected at one end thereof with means to permit limited rotation of said jaw and return of said jaw to a retracted position.

Adjustable coating bath guide

Abstract: Adjustable apparatus to be partially immersed in a container holding a molten metal bath for guiding metallic members to be coated. The apparatus includes means to adjust its width to accommodate members which are passed through the bath in runs or groups having different widths or cross sections.

The effect of composition on the pressure-induced HCP (∈) transformation in iron

Abstract: The pressure-induced phase transformations in iron-rich Fe−Mn and Fe−Ni−Cr alloys were studied using an opposed diamond anvil high-pressure X-ray diffraction unit and a liquidmedium hydrostatic pressure apparatus. Transformations occurring with both increasing and decreasing pressure were studied. It was found that alloy additions of manganese and of nickel plus chromium significantly reduce the formation pressure of the hcp phase and can in some cases stabilize the phase enough to prevent it from transforming into some other phase during pressure release. All of the transformations are shown to be martensitic. Pressurization of prepolished surfaces, a large transformation pressure hysteresis, and the “abaric” formation of the ∈ phase establish the transformation as martensitic.