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Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1973"


Patent
J Kostecky1
17 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a metal wall framing system for residental and commercial building construction is presented, where the studs are secured between top and bottom channel shaped metal tracks without the use of separate fasteners by an arrangement of lugs, tabs and punched slots.
Abstract: A metal wall framing system for residental and commercial building construction. Channel shaped metal studs are secured between top and bottom channel shaped metal tracks without the use of separate fasteners by an arrangement of lugs, tabs and punched slots that hold the studs tightly to the tracks in a predetermined position.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of boron content varying from 0.0001 to 0.0110 wt pct on the hardness and toughness of a steel plate made from grade ASTM A514-J was studied.
Abstract: The effects of boron content varying from 0.0001 to 0.0110 wt pct were studied to determine the optimum boron range for commercially desirable combinations of hardenability and notch toughness in 11/4 in. thick steel plate made from grade ASTM A514-J. Increasing boron content up to 0.0025 pct resulted in a gradually increasing boron hardenability factor which reached a maximum value slightly greater than 3 at about 0.0020 boron content. The increase in the boron hardenability factor was accompanied by a modest decrease in the CV15 TT. An optimum value was realized at about 0.0020 pct boron. This behavior is consistent with established theory that small amounts of boron, not detectable by conventional means, concentrate at the prior austenite grain boundaries suppressing the ferrite reaction and thus improving hardenability. Increasing the boron content above 0.0025 pct resulted in a decrease in the boron hardenability factor to a value of about 2.0 when 0.0060 boron was added. No further lowering of the boron hardenability factor was experienced with boron additions as high as 0.0110 pct. Additions of boron above 0.0025 pct caused a strong increase in the CV15 TT value. The deterioration of both the boron hardenability factor and toughness, when boron contents exceeded 0.0025 pct, was attributable to the formatipn of large particles of the “boron constituent,” identified as Fe23(C, B)6 which formed at the prior austenite grain boundaries and nucleated massive ferrite. The mechanism was operable at austenitizing temperatures and cooling rates equivalent to those used in commercial practice.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a carburized coarse-grained AISI 8620 steel was subjected to three postcarburization heat treatments: a) direct oil quench from the carburizing temperature (1700°F), b) direct OQ, reheat to 1550°F and OQ quench, and c) slow cool, OQ reheat, oil quenched, and reheat.
Abstract: A carburized coarse-grained AISI 8620 steel was subjected to three postcarburization heat treatments: a) direct oil quench from the carburizing temperature (1700°F), b) direct oil quench, reheat to 1550°F and oil quench, and c) slow cool, reheat to 1550°F and oil quench, reheat to 1450°F and oil quench. The latter two treatments refined the austenitic grain size over that resulting from the direct quench and caused a reduction in the size of the marten-site plates and of the number and/or size of the microcracks within the plates. The refine-ment of the microstructure and the reduction of the number of microcracks resulted in greatly improved fatigue resistance,i.e., from fatigue limits of 140 to 250 ksi maximum cyclic stress for the direct quench and double reheat conditions, respectively. Subcritical crack growth was transgranular, but the mode of unstable crack propagation was mixed transgranular and intergranular in the direct quench and single reheat specimens. Obser -vations of microcrack coalescence and fracture surface features suggest that microcracks are instrumental in the transgranular mode of failure.

49 citations


Patent
07 Feb 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for producing manganese oxide pellets from high grade, medium grade or low grade oxidic or carbonate manganous ores and from waste products which are obtained from high-grade and medium grade processing plants is presented.
Abstract: Method for producing manganese oxide pellets from manganese-bearing material such as high grade, medium grade or low grade oxidic or carbonate manganese ores and from waste products which are obtained from high grade and medium grade manganese ore processing plants. The manganese-bearing material is beneficiated to form an upgraded concentrate which includes manganese oxides and non-magnetic iron oxides. The concentrate is roasted to reduce the manganese oxides to mangano-manganic oxide and to reduce a major portion of the non-magnetic iron oxides to magnetic iron oxides. The roasted concentrate is ground and treated magnetically to separate non-magnetic particles from magnetic particles. The ground non-magnetic particles are flocculated, thickened and filtered to thus produce a non-magnetic concentrate which may be partially dried and which is balled and pelletized.

26 citations


Patent
20 Jun 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a segmented primary tunnel lining is provided having longitudinal and circumferential bolted joints in which an elastic gasket is placed between corresponding jointed flanges of the circum-ferential joints and between the corresponding jointsed end plates of the longitudinal joints.
Abstract: A segmented primary tunnel lining is provided having longitudinal and circumferential bolted joints in which an elastic gasket is placed between corresponding jointed flanges of the circumferential joints and between the corresponding jointed end plates of the longitudinal joints. The flanges and end plates are deformed by high strength bolts to exhibit metal-to-metal contact in the area of the bolts for joint stiffness. The gaskets are positioned to the outside of the bolts for prevention of leaks.

18 citations


Patent
J Link1, G Marsh1
16 Apr 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a procedure for improving the through thickness properties of coarse grain ferrous alloy plate through a controlled deoxidizing and desulfurizing practice is described, which includes adding rare earth additions to the tapping stream or ladle during tapping of the unkilled or non-deoxidized molten Ferrous alloy.
Abstract: A procedure for improving the through thickness properties of coarse grain ferrous alloy plate through a controlled deoxidizing and desulfurizing practice. Said practice includes adding rare earth additions to the tapping stream or ladle during tapping of the unkilled or non-deoxidized molten ferrous alloy. The ferrous alloy, when processed into plates, is characterized by a low sulfur content below about .015 percent, by weight, preferably less than about .010 percent, and by excellent ductility when tensile tested in any axial direction.

18 citations


Patent
14 Aug 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of direct cooling of hot corrosive industrial gases, particularly coke oven gas, is achieved by cooling of the gases by direct countercurrent contact with a liquid coolant such that the exit temperature of the coolant is raised to a temperature at which absorption therein of corrosive amounts of acid gases is prevented.
Abstract: A method of direct cooling of hot corrosive industrial gases, particularly coke oven gas, is achieved by cooling of the gases by direct countercurrent contact with a liquid coolant such that the exit temperature of the coolant is raised to a temperature at which absorption therein of corrosive amounts of acid gases is prevented.

17 citations


Patent
21 Mar 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a hand-held sampling probe remotely connected to a portable flame photometer enables immediate on-site identification of a desired piece of steel in a mixed stockpile thereof according to a percentage concentration of manganese element in the steel.
Abstract: A hand-held sampling probe remotely connected to a portable flame photometer enables immediate on-site identification of a desired piece of steel in a mixed stockpile thereof according to a percentage concentration of manganese element in the steel. An operator causes the sampling probe to strike a low-voltage electric arc on a sampling surface of the test piece so as to generate an aerosol of atmospheric air and sample particles. An induction burner located in the flame photometer is fueled by a self-contained propane bottle and is adjusted to aspirate the aerosol and excite the sample particles in low-energy flame. Photoelectric circuits analyze the flame spectra and accumulate concentrations of iron as an internal standard and manganese as the identifying element. When the iron concentration reaches a predetermined value, a control unit interrupts the electric arc and element accumulations and displays percent manganese concentration on a meter without ratioing iron and manganese signals.

15 citations


Patent
06 Apr 1973
TL;DR: In this article, one to four carbon alkanols, preferably methyl formate, are hydrolyzed autocatalytically to formic acid with substantial reduction in reaction time.
Abstract: Formates of one to four carbon alkanols, preferably methyl formate, are hydrolyzed autocatalytically to formic acid with substantial reduction in reaction time. The process involves establishing and maintaining a single phase within the liquid components during hydrolysis by preselecting composition ratios.

14 citations


Patent
Stephen E Chehi1
27 Jun 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a method of making metal stock utilizing powder metal technology and rolling mill practices is described, which comprises filling a container having a contoured interior surface with metal powder, sealing, evacuating and heating the container and cross-rolling the containerized powder in a rolling mill to produce a predictable size and configuration of compacted metal product having properties similar to conventionally rolled or forged stock.
Abstract: A method of making metal stock utilizing powder metal technology and rolling mill practices The method described comprises filling a container having a contoured interior surface with metal powder, sealing, evacuating and heating the container and cross-rolling the containerized powder in a rolling mill to produce a predictable size and configuration of compacted metal product having properties similar to conventionally rolled or forged stock

14 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of cooling rate (10°F/min to 25,000°F /min) on the transformation of austenite and provided data for the construction of continuous cooling-transformation diagrams were obtained for hardenability calculations.
Abstract: The pearlitic hardenability of a high-purity Fe-0.8 pct C alloy and zone-refined iron binary alloys containing Mn, Ni, Si, Mo, or Co was studied by means of hot-stage microscopy. The binary alloys were carburized in a gradient furnace to produce eutectoid compositions, thus eliminating proeutectoid phases. A special technique based on hot-stage microscopy was used to study the effect of cooling rate (10°F/min to 25,000°F/min) on the transformation of austenite and provided data for the construction of continuous cooling-transformation diagrams. From these diagrams critical cooling rates were obtained for hardenability calculations. It was found that molybdenum is the most effective element, followed by Si, Ni, Co, and Mn, in suppressing the pearlite transformation,i.e., in increasing the hardenability of the alloys studied. The alloying additions were grouped into two classes according to their effect on hardenability: α-stabilizers (Mo and Si) and γ-stabilizers (Ni, Co, Mn), with the α-stabilizers being the more effective in improving hardenability.

Patent
15 Nov 1973
TL;DR: A spray unit positioned between roll stands in the path of a steel workpiece advancing in a predetermined substantially horizontal pass line in a continuous hot-rolling mill, includes a pair or spaced spray chambers longitudinally aligned in tandem as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A spray unit positioned between roll stands in the path of a steel workpiece advancing in a predetermined substantially horizontal pass line in a continuous hot-rolling mill, includes a pair or spaced spray chambers longitudinally aligned in tandem. The steel workpiece passes through a spray section in each of the spray chambers. As the steel workpiece passes through the spray sections, water is sprayed by high pressure nozzles onto the entire surface of the steel workpiece to reduce the temperature thereof. Guard means are provided to prevent damage to the high pressure nozzles. The steel workpiece is aligned axially in the spray chambers by positioning means. The sprayed water is rapidly removed from the spray sections to prevent the formation of a water bath in the spray chambers.

Patent
02 May 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a central orifice plate or similar means is used to reduce the cross-sectional flow area in one portion of the duct to about one-fourth of the area of the remaining portions.
Abstract: Method and apparatus for improving the efficiency of dry dust recovery from moving gases. A constriction is located in a duct carrying ''''dirty'''' gas from a dust-producing industrial operation, such as, for example, a blast furnace, to a dust catcher. The constriction may be a central orifice plate or similar means which reduces the cross-sectional flow area in one portion of the duct to about one-fourth of the area of the remaining portions of the duct, and thereby accelerates the velocity of gas flow through that portion of the duct. The location of the constriction when used with a cyclone type dust catcher must be at least five duct diameters upstream of the dust catcher in order to increase dry dust collection and is preferably ten duct diameters upstream from the dust catcher.

Patent
15 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a thermocouple inside a cylindrical insulating sleeve is at least partially insulated with a glass material, and a thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the hot face of a refractory which lines the wall of an electric arc furnace.
Abstract: A device for continuously measuring the temperature of the hot face of a refractory which lines the wall of an electric arc furnace including a pair of dissimilar wires, for example, platinum-platinum/rhodium alloy, constituting a thermocouple in a container and separated from the container by a powdered refractory material. The container can be a cylindrical insulating sleeve. The thermocouple inside the sleeve is at least partially insulated with a glass material.

Patent
S Herman1, R Horst1
21 Mar 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, wastewaters from a coke oven byproduct plant containing cyanides and objectionable complex organic compounds are treated by a high density sludge process, where aqueous high calcium lime slurry and the portion of recycled sludge are mixed for a time to obtain a uniform mix.
Abstract: Wastewaters, from a coke oven by-product plant, containing cyanides and objectionable complex organic compounds are treated by a high density sludge process. The wastewaters are mixed with an aqueous high calcium lime slurry and a portion of the sludge formed in the process, which portion is recycled in the process. The aqueous high calcium lime slurry and the portion of recycled sludge are mixed for a time to obtain a uniform mix. A solution containing iron values is added to the uniform mix. Iron cyanide compounds and a portion of the complex organic compounds are precipitated. The precipitate is flocculated and is passed to a settling tank wherein the precipitate settles out to form a high density sludge.

Patent
W Books1
05 Dec 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for preventing early damage to the refractory lining at critical wear areas in a metallurgical furnace, such as an electric arc furnace and the like, is described.
Abstract: Method for preventing early damage to the refractory lining at critical wear areas in a metallurgical furnace, such as an electric arc furnace and the like, including laying-up the critical wear areas of the refractory lining with standard refractory shapes encased in metal. The metal cases extend a distance beyond the hot faces of the refractory shapes to form box-like configurations which act as receptacles and anchors to retain pulverulent refractory material which is subsequently sprayed over the hot faces of the refractory shapes prior to initial start-up of the furnace. The pulverunt sprayed refractory material insulates and protects the hot faces of the refractory shapes from a rapid rate of increase in temperature which occurs during initial melt down and heat up at the beginning of a campaign.

Patent
19 Nov 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an as-worked BIANITIC FERROUS ALLOY and a novel method of processing the same to obtain strength and robustness.
Abstract: THIS INVENTION RELATES TO AN AS-WORKED BIANITIC FERROUS ALLOY AND TO A NOVEL METHOD OF PROCESSING SAME TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS. MORE PARTICULARLY, THIS INVENTION IS DIRECTED TO THE HOT WORKING CYCLE OF A FERROUS ALLOY CHARACTERIZED BY AN I-T DIAGRAM OR S CURVE HAVING A DOUBLE NOSE OR A PEARLITE TRANSFORMATION KNEE OF THE BEGINNING CURVE ABOVE A BROAD BIANITIC BAY REGION. SUCH AN ALLOY IS HEATED TO AN AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 1500* TO 2200*F., AND SUBJECTED TO A PLURALITY OF WORKING OPERATIONS AT SUCCESSIVELY LOWER TEMPERATURES, WHERE THE FINAL WORKING OPERATION IS CONDUCTED AFTER THE BEGINNING OF THE AUSTENITE TRANSFORMATION TO BAINITE AND BEFORE THE COMPLETE TRANSFORMATION THEREOF.

Patent
07 Nov 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the vanadate-rich aqueous leaching solution is separated from the undissolved residue containing iron-values and treated by known methods to recover the vanadium-values.
Abstract: Method for extracting vanadium-values from vanadium-bearing iron ores and/or iron ore concentrates including mixing the iron ores and/or iron ore concentrates with a calcium containing material, roasting the mix in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature for a time to produce calcium vanadates, comminuting the roasted mix and leaching the comminuted roasted mix in an aqueous solution containing carbonate or bicarbonate compounds to produce vanadates which are readily soluble in the aqueous leaching solution and simultaneously producing substantially insoluble calcium carbonate or calcium bicarbonate which remains as part of the undissolved residue containing iron-values. The vanadate-rich aqueous leaching solution is separated from the undissolved residue containing iron-values and treated by known methods to recover the vanadium-values. The undissolved residue can be processed to recover the iron-values.

Patent
Henry Robert J1
02 May 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a method of treating a wheeled STEEL RAILROAD RAIL to improve its shelling resistance is proposed, which is similar to the one described in this paper.
Abstract: 1. A METHOD OF TREATING A ROLLED STEEL RAILROAD RAIL TO IMPROVE ITS SHELLING RESISTANCE, COMPRISING THE STEPS OF FORMING THE SAID RAIL FROM A STEEL WHOSE COMPOSITION, BY WEIGHT, COMPRISES CARBON BETWEEN ABOUT 0.64 TO 0.82%, MANGANESE UP TO ABOUT 1.50%, PHOSPHOROUS UP TO ABOUT 0.04%, SULFUR UP TO ABOUT 0.05%, SILICON UP TO ABOUT 1.25%, CHROMIUM UP TO ABOUT 2.5%, BALANCE ESSENTIALLY IRON, AT A TEMPERATURE ABOVE ABOUT 2000*F. AND RAPIDLY COOLING SAID RAIL FROM A TEMPERATURE ABOVE 1800*F. TO AT LEAST A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN ABOUT 700 TO 1000*F. AT A RATE SUFFICIENT TO PRODUCE A FULLY PEARLITIC MICROSTRUTURE AND AN AVERAGE PEARLITE SPACING OF LESS THAN ABOUT 1500 A.

Patent
Fetner M1, Hunsicker G1
01 Jun 1973
TL;DR: A traversing mechanism, carrying a transducer and two proximity detectors, is continuously scanned transversely of a moving strip and produces a signal which is converted into a visual display indicative of the longitudinal tension in the strip as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A traversing mechanism, carrying a transducer and two proximity detectors, is continuously scanned transversely of a moving strip and produces a signal which is converted into a visual display indicative of the longitudinal tension in the strip.

Patent
Hostetter R1, Vyas M1
07 Mar 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of reducing the wear in the work rolls of a mill stand for rolling a workpiece which comprises applying a lubricant onto the surface of the rolls in carefully controlled quantities during the rolling process is described.
Abstract: A method of reducing the wear in the work rolls of a mill stand for rolling a workpiece which comprises applying a lubricant onto the surface of the rolls in carefully controlled quantities during the rolling process.

Patent
27 Jun 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a method for producing steel in an electric arc furnace to increase its productivity and overall efficiency, which method utilizes apparatus comprising two roofs and a preheater station.
Abstract: A method for producing steel in an electric arc furnace to increase its productivity and overall efficiency, which method utilizes apparatus comprising two roofs and a preheater station. One roof is equipped with fuel burners and the second roof is a conventional electric arc furnace roof provided with a plurality of ports through which carbon or graphite electrodes can be lowered into the electric arc furnace. The furnace can be connected to the preheater station to preheat scrap steel and iron contained in a charging bucket in the preheater station. In the method of the invention, a portion of the total charge of scrap steel and iron is melted in the electric arc furnace by electric power. A second portion of the total charge of scrap steel and iron is placed in a conventional clamshell-type charging bucket and is positioned in a preheater station alongside the electric arc furnace. The second portion of scrap steel and iron is preheated by the hot gases formed in the electric arc furnace. The hot gases pass from the electric arc furnace to the preheater station through interconnected waste gas ducts atop the roofs. The hot gases pass downwardly through the scrap to heat the scrap to a temperature between 800* F. and 1,200* F. and pass outwardly to the exhaust system by means of ductwork connecting the bottom of the clamshell-type charging bucket to an air pollution control unit. The second portion of the charge of scrap steel and iron is charged into the furnace and a third portion of the total charge of scrap steel and iron is charged into a clamshell-type charging bucket and placed in the preheater station. The third portion of the charge of scrap steel and iron is preheated by the hot gases formed in the electric arc furnace during melting of the second portion of the charge of scrap steel and iron. The process is repeated until the melting capacity of the electric furnace is achieved. The initial scrap steel and iron charge for the next heat of steel to be produced in the campaign is preheated in the preheater station during the refining of the steel in the electric furnace. The preheated scrap remains hot during tapping of the preceding heat and furnace inspection and repair to the refractory lining in the electric furnace. if desired, however, the scrap may be additionally heated by means of the fuel burners in the preheater roof. The initial cold charge of scrap for the first heat in a campaign or series of heats is preferably preheated in the furnace shell using the preheater roof.

Patent
21 Nov 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a process for eliminating surface discoloration of batch annealed steel products is described, where the discoloring has been described as graphite staining, where a small quantity of CO2 is added to the annealing atmosphere comprising hydrogen and nitrogen.
Abstract: A process is described for eliminating surface discoloration of batch annealed steel products, where said discoloration has been described as graphite staining. Said process is characterized by an annealing step which includes the introduction of a small quantity of CO2 to the annealing atmosphere comprising hydrogen and nitrogen.

Patent
24 May 1973
TL;DR: A composite mold for casting a roll having a metal chill at the terminus of the lower journal portion is described in this article, which is particularly useful in eliminating subsurface defects, known as "freckles" on the machined surface of the body portion of rolling mill rolls.
Abstract: A composite mold for casting a roll having a metal chill at the terminus of the lower journal portion. This improved apparatus is particularly useful in eliminating subsurface defects, known as "freckles" on the machined surface of the body portion of rolling mill rolls.

Patent
23 Oct 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a self-propelled transfer car was used to carry a clam shell type refractory-lined charging bucket and a movable refractor-lined burner hood equipped with a plurality of downwardly directed burners.
Abstract: The apparatus comprises a container for a scrap charge which is a clam shell type refractory-lined charging bucket, a movable refractory-lined burner hood equipped with a plurality of downwardly directed burners, said burner hood adapted to fit atop the container, a self-propelled transfer car upon which the container rests and an exhaust system.

Patent
Chu1
13 Feb 1973
TL;DR: Porous manganese oxides were used as sulfur acceptors for reducing the sulfur content of other materials such as coke pellets, iron ore pellets and the like.
Abstract: Porous manganese oxide pellets in which a major portion of the manganese oxides is manganous oxide and the porosity of the pellets is not less than about 45%. Preferably, substantially all the manganese oxide in the pellets is manganous oxide and the porosity is about 60 percent. The porous manganese oxide pellets are between about one-fourth inch to about five-eighths inch in diameter. The pellets are useful as sulfur acceptors whereby they can be used to reduce the sulfur content of other materials such as coke pellets, iron ore pellets and the like.

Patent
09 May 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, Hypoeutectoid steels are worked within a temperature range of between the A 1 temperature to 150° F below the A 2 temperature. And the cross-sectional area of the steels is reduced by not less than 60% during working.
Abstract: Hypoeutectoid steels are worked within a temperature range of between the A 1 temperature to 150° F. below the A 1 temperature. The cross-sectional area of the steels is reduced by not less than 60% during working. After working, the steels can be heated to about the A 1 temperature to obtain the optimum hardness and ductility for cold-working. The as-worked structure and the heat treated structure are also described.

Patent
20 Jul 1973
TL;DR: In this paper, an iron-aluminum ferritic alloy characterized by high-temperature strength, resulting from the precipitation of a fine TiSi intermetallic type precipitate of high thermal stability, and hightemperature oxidation-resistance under conditions of cyclic heating at temperatures up to about 2,500 DEG F.
Abstract: An iron-aluminum ferritic alloy characterized by high-temperature strength, resulting from the precipitation of a fine TiSi intermetallic type precipitate of high thermal stability, and high-temperature oxidation-resistance under conditions of cyclic heating at temperatures up to about 2,500 DEG F. said alloy consists essentially of, by weight, up to about 0.1% carbon, from about 4.0 to about 8.2% aluminum, about 0.2 to 4.0% silicon, about 0.05 to 2.0% titanium, with a preferred silicon/titanium ratio between about 1.0 to 4.0, and the balance iron, incidental impurities and additions which do not materially affect the attainment of the desired properties.

Patent
05 Feb 1973
TL;DR: In this article, 2-hydroxyethyliminodiacetonitrile is prepared from monoethanolamine, formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide at pH 7-9, after removal of any excess cyanide and formaldehyde.
Abstract: 2-Hydroxyethyliminodiacetonitrile is prepared from monoethanolamine, formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide at pH 7-9. Hydrolysis of the nitrile in an aqueous solution, after removal of any excess cyanide and formaldehyde, results in the formation of 2-hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid, or corresponding salt, free from contamination. 2-hydroxyethyliminodiacetates are useful as detergent builders.

Patent
J Wheeler1
24 May 1973
TL;DR: In this article, a method and device for charging and supporting containerized reagents within a plunging bell was proposed, where the reagents were placed within the bell and supported by a support member depending from the sidewalls of the plunging Bell and extending across the bottom opening.
Abstract: A method and device for charging and supporting containerized reagents within a plunging bell including positioning the reagents within a plunging bell and supporting the reagents with a support member depending from the sidewalls of the plunging bell and extending across the bottom opening beneath the sidewalls of the plunging bell.