Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1974"

Specific permeability of partially solidified dendritic networks of Al-Si alloys

Abstract: Porous dendritic networks of Al-4 pet Si and Al-4 pct Si-0.25 pet Ti alloys with volume fraction solid,gsA > 0.628 were prepared by removing the segregated interdendritic liquid from partially solidified samples of the alloys. In the equiaxed samples, available channels for flow were predominately between the grains. Specific permeabilities of the porous dendritic networks were measured with a triaxial cell permeameter. Measured values of specific permeability were 1 × 10-9 to 3.5 × 10-11 cm2 in the Al-4 pet Si alloy for volume fractions solid of 0.655 to 0.94, respectively. Specific permeabilities in Al-4 pct Si-0.25 pct Ti alloy were 4.82 × 10-10 to 7.6 × 10-11 cm2 for volume fractions solid of 0.628 to 0.837, respectively. For equivalent volume fractions solid, the measured specific permeabilities were consistently lower for the grain refined samples. Flow through the porous dendritic networks obeys D’Arcy’s law and equations derived from the capillaric flow model for volume fraction liquid less than ∼0.35.

Packet microstructure in Fe-0.2 pct C martensite

Abstract: The arrangement, size, and boundary area of the laths that make up a packet of martensite in a coarse-grained Fe-0.2 pct C alloy were studied by replica and thin foil electron microscopy. Frequently laths of two habit plane variants coupled to a single {111} A plane of the parent austenite are observed in a packet. The width distribution of the laths is log normal, with the most frequently observed lath width being 0.15 microns. Larger laths between 1 and 2 microns are distributed throughout a packet. The total lath boundary area per unit volume of martensite obtained by analysis of micrographs taken from thin foils is quite high, 65,000 cm-1, and analysis of packet structure by selected area diffraction and precision dark field techniques show that there may be five times as much low angle boundary area as high angle boundary area in a packet.

Method for protecting metal H-piling in underwater environments and protected H-piling

Abstract: A metal H-piling is protected from corrosion in underwater and semi-underwater locations by the application of a coating of a corrosion resistant covering consisting of an outer shield of stiff plastic, an inner layer of a corrosion inhibiting material and a series of expanded plastic clampimg members having an internal shape corresponding substantially to the outer shape and dimensions of the H-piling. The expanded plastic clamping members serve to hold the outer plastic shields, which are preferably in the shape of half sections of the outer dimensions of the H-pile, tightly against the outer surfaces of the H-pile. The clamps, which are preferably in the form of two interlocking sections may be held together by corrosion resistant strapping.

Method of injection molding a structural foamed thermoplastic article having a uniform swirl-free and indent-free surface

Abstract: A process for producing a swirl-free, indent-free foamed thermoplastic structural article in which water is utilized as a foaming agent. Water and a melted thermoplastic resin are mixed together in an extruder to form a pressurized foamable mixture. The foamable mixture from the extruder is collected in an accumulator and from there is delivered to a cavity in a mold in a suitable clamping device. The pressure in the cavity is lower than the pressure of the foamable mixture in the accumulator or extruder therefore when the foamable mixture enters the cavity the foaming agent is released and the thermoplastic resin is frothed and expands to completely fill the cavity. The melted foamed thermoplastic resin cools in the mold and solidifies to form a foamed thermoplastic structural article. The quantity of water introduced into the extruder is between about 0.1 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent of the thermoplastic resin charge in the extruder. To produce a swirl-free foamed thermoplastic structural article the quantity of water introduced into the extruder is between about 0.1 weight percent and about 2.0 weight percent of the thermoplastic resin charge in the extruder.

Method and apparatus for determining coil sheet length

Abstract: Sheet material in a rolling mill passes over a measuring roll on its way to a coiler and causes the production of length measuring pulses at the roll and coil wrap pulses at the coiler. Sometimes slipping occurs between the moving sheet and measuring roll, thus causing variable errors in length measurements. A digital computer first stores predetermined constants and all pulse data until the tail end of the sheet is detected, then performs a regression analysis on the pulse data to compensate for measurement errors, and subsequently integrates the corrected data to obtain a highly accurate coil sheet length calculation. The computer also corrects the coil sheet length calculation for additional errors caused by a partial last wrap on large diameter coils, as well as for any significant differences in sheet thickness from a nominal value.

Aluminum-zinc coated low-alloy ferrous product and method

Abstract: Large steel products such as structural sections, castings, forgings and machined sections are coated with a smooth, adherent, bright metallic coating comprised of 25 to 85% aluminum, silicon in an amount of 0.7% or more by weight of the amount of aluminum and the balance substantially zinc without the occurrence of detrimental exothermic reactions of the coating medium with the base metal.

Coal beneficiating process

Abstract: A coal beneficiating process for the efficient production of high quality coal at higher yields through a concept of stage separation which requires a minimum of crushing.

Method for cladding a ferrous substrate with non-ferrous metals

Abstract: A method for producing a composite article having a ferrous substrate and at least one non-ferrous metal, for example, copper or aluminum, clad thereto on one surface or on both surfaces. The method includes cold rolling the substrate and cladding to effect a reduction of about 5%, heating the composite thus formed to a temperature in the range of a minimum of 600* F. and a maximum which is about 100* F. below the temperature at which the clad metal will melt, and rolling the composite within this temperature range to effect a reduction of about 20 to about 50%. The composite may be further reduced to obtain final gage. The product produced by cladding copper and aluminum on the surfaces of a ferrous substrate is also described and claimed.

Bolted and welded stainless steel connections

Abstract: Results are presented from tests and analyses of bolted connections in half-hard type 301 stainless steel, butt weldments, and transverse and longitudinal fillet welded connections in quarter and half-hard type 301 stainless steel Material thickness ranged from 0021 to 062 in (053 to 157 mm) Expressions are given for the average failure loads or stresses for the connections as a function of the appropriate material properties and geometric parameters These failure loads or stresses can be reduced by appropriate safety factors to arrive at allowable design stresses for connections in cold rolled stainless steel The welded specimen test results indicate that the use of annealed material yield strength values for the design of welded connections in cold rolled stainless steel is overly conservative

Scanning pyrometer system

Abstract: Optical field scanning pyrometer system having oscillating scan mirror in stationary detector head scans field to measure temperature of moving hot bar or sheet which vibrates in field. Pyrometer scans through the permissible range of product movement to detect the hot product and measures and stores its temperature. The stored temperature signal is continuously fed to an external analytical computer and is updated at the end of each scan. The stored temperature signal is also displayed and recorded, but up-dating is less frequent. Scanning time and width can be varied to suit various process requirements.

Continuous casting apparatus

Abstract: Apparatus for a process of continuously casting metals by passing a metal core member upwardly through a container of molten metal, and thereby accreting and solidifying molten metal on the core member. The apparatus comprises a molten metal container or crucible with an entry port in its bottom wall for the passage of the core member. A bushing member is positioned within the entry port with a substantial portion of its mass extending above the inner surface of the bottom wall of the container and into its interior.

Bainitic ferrous alloy and method

Abstract: This invention relates to an as-worked bainitic ferrous alloy and to a novel method of processing same to obtain optimum strength and toughness. More particularly, this invention is directed to the hot working cycle of a ferrous alloy characterized by an I-T Diagram or "S" Curve having a double nose or a pearlite transformation knee of the beginning curve above a broad bainitic bay region. Such an alloys is heated to an austenitizing temperature of about 1,500 DEG to 2,200 DEG F., and subjected to a plurality of working operations at successively lower temperatures, where the final working operation is conducted after the beginning of the austenite transformation to bainite and before the complete transformation thereof.

Protective panel circuit

Abstract: A protective panel circuit provides under-voltage protection to existing manually operated motor controllers, and in addition assures that the controller is returned to the off or start position after a power interruption before the motor circuit can be re-energized.

Method for controlling the temperature of steel during hot-rolling on a continuous hot-rolling mill

Abstract: Method for hot-rolling carbon and alloy steels in a continuous hot-rolling mill including spraying water onto the surface of the steels at selected locations in the continuous hot-rolling mill during hot-rolling of the steels in order to control the temperature of the steels. The hot-rolled steels off-the-mill have an integrated mean temperature of not more than about 1750° F. and can have a surface temperature of about 1700° F. The as-rolled steel products produced by the method have uniform metallurgical characteristics. The scale which forms on the surface of the steels during air-cooling to ambient temperature is uniform, smooth, fine-textured and relatively thin.

Automatic dry coke weight system

Abstract: An analog electrical system utilizes a signal from a coke weighing system and a signal from a coke moisture gauge to correct for prior errors in hopper weighings due to delivery overshoot as well as moisture variations in prior batches of coke.

Rolling mill control method and apparatus

Abstract: Rolling mill with computer programmed for absolute lock-on AGC control rolls material having absolute aim gage without using an active thickness gage in the control loop. Computer is programmed to calculate; (a) lock-on length of rolled material, (b) mill stretch using a simplified subroutine, (c) calibration-corrected roll gap, (d) a lock-on thickness error relative to aim gage, (e) a corrected roll gap reference signal as a function of a constant lock-on thickness error and other variable thickness errors caused by changes in mill stretch and roll gap occurring after lock-on, and (f) a rate-sensitive variable gain of the corrected roll gap reference signal to reduce thickness errors to substantially zero as rapidly as possible.

Process for the preparation of nitrilotriacetonitrile (NTN)

Abstract: Nitrilotriacetonitrile (NTN) is produced in high yeilds from hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde and ammonia, or its equivalent as an ammonium salt of a strong acid, by utilization of a critical two-stage reaction sequence within a narrow dilution ratio and temperature range. The reaction sequence steps provide for a first mixture to be prepared comprising a mixture of the formaldehyde and ammonia. No external adjustment of the pH of this mixture is permitted. A second mixture is prepared comprised of the HCN in an aqueous solution and a strong mineral acid such as sulfuric acid for adjusting the pH of the mixture to about 1 or less. NTN is produced by combining the mixtures at a temperature of from about 55° C. to about 70° C. either by adding the formaldehyde/ammonia solution to the HCN/acid solution or vice versa. The ratios and dilution of the reactants is critical for good yields. The aqueous solution of formaldehyde and ammonia or ammonium salt (calculated as ammonia) may have a ratio of total solute weight to solution weight within a range of about 25 to 60%, and an optimum mole ratio of formaldehyde to ammonia of no more than 3 to 1. In the combined mixtures a mole ratio of hydrogen cyanide to formaldehyde of 1.1 or greater and a concentration factor of total reactant weight to solution weight of from about 30 to about 40% is required. The nitrilotriacetonitrile produced may be converted by hydrolysis to the carboxylic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or a carboxylic acid salt such as the sodium salt, known as SNTA. NTA and its salt are useful as detergent builders.

Wire rope and strand unreeling apparatus

Abstract: A system and apparatus for unreeling wire rope and strand in which reels of rope or strand are rotatably journaled upon especially designed fork lift pallets and stored in unreeling position upon especially designed structural racks positioned such that any one of a number of ropes or strands can be drawn as needed from the rack and through a length measuring mechanism prior to delivery to a customer.

Soldering flux and method

Abstract: A reaction type flux and the method utilizing same in the soldering of aluminum containing products, particularly aluminum-zinc coated ferrous sheet and strip products. Said flux comprising a mixture consisting essentially of, parts by weight, 10 to 14 stannous chloride, 0.25 to 1.5 ammonium chloride, and 0.05 to 0.3 sodium fluoride. Such a flux mixture is characterized by a reaction temperature in the anhydrous condition of less than about 470° F., preferably below about 450° F., thereby permitting the application of electric iron techniques in the soldering operation.

Marine apparatus having telescopic legs

Abstract: A mobile marine apparatus has a platform, telescopic legs for supporting the platform, each telescopic leg having at least one inner section slidably mounted within an outer section, a frame member attached to the lower ends of the outer sections, a mat attached to the lower ends of the inner sections, locking means to selectively restrain relative movement between the sections and a jacking mechanism on the platform for selectively effecting or restraining relative movement between the platform and the sections and between the sections.

Flexible pumping strand and method of making

Abstract: A flexible pumping strand is formed from a plurality of steel wires stranded or held together within an abrasion resistant flexible outer plastic jacket perforated at intervals along its length, each of the plurality of steel wires being coated with an imperforate corrosion resistant plastic bonded to the surface of the wire.

Flow promoting device for batch hoppers

Abstract: An apparatus for minimizing arching of granular material within a gravity operated, batch-type hopper. A plate rotatable about a horizontal shaft is mounted within the hopper above a bottom discharge opening. Prior to charging, the plate is rotated to a horizontally extending position and during discharging to a vertically extending position. The plate is power actuated to cause rotation in a predetermined time interval after the opening of the hopper.

Method for separating and recovering kish graphite from mixtures of kish graphite and fume

Abstract: Kish graphite can be separated from fume in kish graphite-fume mixtures and can be recovered as a clean usable product by screening the kish graphite-fume mixtures to separate the mixtures into a screen overflow and screen underflow. The screen overflow is mixed with a solution of a washing agent and a surface active agent. The mixture is stirred to thoroughly "wet" the surfaces of the kish graphite. The mixture is filtered. The kish graphite is recovered as a filter cake. The effluent which consists of the washing agent, the surface active agent and fume, is passed to waste. The kish graphite retains its integrity through the separation, recovery, and cleaning steps.

Method of injecting pelletized coal through blast furnace tuyeres

Abstract: Fueling a blast furnace by the injection of pelletized coal through hot blast tuyeres improves blast furnace operating efficiency. Pelletizing provides means for using fine coal, more effective removal of pyritic sulfur and an improved fuel which rolls rather than slides. Rolling pellets resist melting during lance injection through hot blast tuyeres better than sliding particles of coal. Pelletizing of fine coal enhances the suitability of a wide variety of coals for replacing coke as a blast furnace fuel.

Determination of total nitrogen in solution in Fe-Mn-N alloys by internal friction

Abstract: The internal friction of 22 Fe-Mn-N alloys with 0 to 2 pct Mh and 23 to 170 ppm N was measured at 1 Hz and temperatures between 220 and 525 K. The Snoek spectra were resolved into sets of Debye peaks of heightp i. This resolution was accomplished with five independent sets of Debye parameters (number of peaks, activation energies, and peak temperatures), which were obtained from the literature. The five resulting sets ofp i were correlated with the chemically determined nitrogen (Nch) by multiple regression analyses. A high degree of correlation was obtained with all five sets of parameters. For ease of calculation, we recommend resolving the spectra into the three Debye peaks determined by Couper and Kennedy. The regression equation obtained by applying these parameters was Nch (ppm) = 11.9 + 2.33p 1 + 0.83p 2 + 0.75p 3 with a standard error of estimate of 6.8 ppm. The first term on the right-hand side was interpreted as nitrogen precipitated by traces of refractory metals. The sum of the last three terms on the right was interpreted as the total nitrogen in solution. A procedure for determining total nitrogen in solution in Fe-Mn-N alloys is recommended and described in detail.

Fluid sampling device

Abstract: A sample bottle for obtaining fluid samples to be chemically analyzed is provided with a sampling valve at each end to open and close the bottle. The sampling valve is connected to the bottle by an adapter which together with a bushing forms a continuous passageway. A hollow sampling stem for conveying fluid moves within the passageway between an open and closed position, and an indicator is provided to indicate when the valve is open or closed.