Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1977"

A study of the delamination behavior of a very low-carbon steel

Abstract: Splitting,i.e., delamination behavior in Charpy specimens of low-carbon steel was found to be caused by cracks propagating between pancake grains parallel to the rolling plane of the as-rolled plate. The results suggest the mechanism is a decohesion of grain boundaries that is independent of the texture of the material. The number of splits increased with decreasing finishing temperature and impact test temperature. The energy absorbed in impact testing was inversely proportional to the number of splits. In specimens annealed after rolling splitting was evident until the material was almost completely recrystallized.

Method of making sealed wire rope

Abstract: A corrosion resistant rope in which the individual strands are sealed with a plastic foam impregnant and surrounded with a dense unfoamed plastic material is made by applying a foamable plastic to the individual wires of a series of wire strands, or, alternatively, to the individual strands as a whole, and closing the strands into a rope in a closing die while passing a nonfoamable plastic material into the closing die. Sealed plastic foam impregnated wire strands can be made in the same manner by passing nonfoamable plastic material into the stranding die during fabrication of the strand.

Load indicator washer

Abstract: A load indicator washer in the form of a parallelogram includes flat bearing surfaces on one of its faces, the bearing surfaces extend inwardly from two opposite ends of the washer, a slightly arcuate portion extends between and connects the bearing surfaces, a hole to receive a fastener extends through the washer at about the midpoint of the washer, and a conical portion symmetrically positioned about the hole, terminating short of the ends of the washer, and extending outwardly from the arcuate portion The arcuate portion and the conical portion act as springs, deflect under a load, and thereby indicate such load The load indicator washer is particularly adapted for use with a mine roof bolt

Sealed wire rope

Abstract: A corrosion resistant rope in which the individual strands are sealed with a plastic foam impregnant and which exhibits excellent retention of lubrication is made by preimpregnating the outer strands of the rope with plastic foam material prior to closing the strands into a wire rope. The final rope may then be surface lubricated to provide temporary and long term corrosion resistance and lubrication to exposed surface wires.

Energy Absorption of High-Strength Steel Tubes Under Impact Crush Conditions

Abstract: The energy absorption of automotive sheet steels was determined at impact speeds to 40 mph by crushing tubular structures at 70 and -40 F. The test program was designed to provide an intermediate step between tensile and vehicle tests aimed at understanding material behavior at high impact speeds. Energy absoprtion increased with impact velocity, strength, thickness, and lower temperature. Energy absorbed was also influenced by tube geometry. These results show that the new HSLA steels provide excellent energy absoprtion and that designers can use these steels at relatively light gages to reduce vehicle weight without sacrificing crashworthiness, even at low temperature. /GMRL/

Railway gondola cars

Abstract: A railway gondola car suitable for rotary unloading. The floor of the car comprises a pair of concave troughs which extend between the center sill and the sides of the car having their axes parallel to the axis of the center sill along that portion of the car between the trucks. The car has an increased lading capacity and lower center of gravity than conventional gondola cars.

Base bracket for shelving

Abstract: A base bracket comprises a heel and hook member, a heel reinforcement, a bottom swing tab, and a backload pin. When the bracket is properly positioned in a slot in a shelf upright, the pin is adapted to pass through aligned holes in the shelf upright, the hook, and the bottom swing tab.

Abrasive material suitable for manually blast cleaning ferrous metals prior to painting

Abstract: A non-toxic abrasive material used to manually blast clean the surface of ferrous metals prior to painting comprised of generally spherical particles containing 85% iron, the remainder being substantially oxygen and minor amounts of elements usually found in carbon and alloy steels, and having a metallic core containing 30% to 50% of the iron as metallic iron surrounded by a shell containing the remaining 50% to 70% of the iron as iron oxides. The abrasive material is characterized by having a specific gravity of 5 to 6 and a bulk density of 180 pounds per cubic foot (2.88 grams per cubic centimeter). It is preferred to use particles within the size range of -6,+100 mesh for manual blast cleaning purposes, however particles which are -100 mesh size can be used in special applications.

Bar gauge plotting and display system

Abstract: Computerized electro-optical system gages two orthogonal dimensions of a moving hot bar and plots cold bar profile. Dual back-lighted electronic camera heads mounted 90° apart on a scanner generate separate bar shadow pulses representing othogonal bar dimensions. Each camera source of bar pulses is processed in individual camera electronics where it is presumed the bar pulse has been corrected for optical and electronic system sources of error. If each bar pulse is not corrected, it is assumed that both a bar size pulse and bar position-in-field-of-view pulse are generated by each camera electronics and fed to a digital computer. The computer is programmed to correct for optical and electronic errors, bar temperature and composition and other errors. Two corrected bar size signals, together with a scanner position signal and a bar aim size signal, are used to plot cold bar profile deviation from aim size. CRT and printing terminals readout and printout bar profile data and interact with the computer.

Method and apparatus for distillation

Abstract: The thermal efficiency of an ammonia still is significantly increased by the use, in conjunction with the usual countercurrent steam stripping medium, of an auxiliary inert gas stripping medium initially heated and humidified by heat exchange with hot still bottoms derived from the still.

Electro-optical gaging system having dual cameras on a scanner

Abstract: Computerized electro-optical system gages two orthogonal dimensions of a moving hot bar at various peripheral positions Dual back-light electronic camera heads mounted 90° apart on a scanner generate high-speed bar shadow pulses which represent the bar dimensions Bar pulses are processed by way of individual camera electronics and a digital computer CRT and printing terminals, interacting with the computer, indicate and/or record each cold-size bar diameter measurement, a plot of bar profile deviation from aim gage overlaid on full- and half-commercial tolerance references with a data header, and a gaging system histogram Each camera head electronics includes camera AGC circuit, a digital type one-axis bidirectional linear sweep, bar pulse edge-detection with an autocorrelator to remove noise and enhance the bar pulse, and a digital accumulator of digital bar size signals and digital bar position-in-field-of-view signals The digital computer assimilates each bar size and bar position digital signal along with scanner position, bar temperature and other data signals The computer is programmed to: (a) compensate each bar size signal for field-of-view errors and other optical and electronic nonlinearities, bar temperature and other sources of error; (b) calibrate the gage off-line and automatically recalibrate the gage on-line to correct for drift and slope errors; (c) automatically drive the scanner and implement incremental digital storage of corrected bar size signals for bar profile plotting; (d) perform gaging system histograms; and (e) communicate with the CRT and printing terminals and an exterior control system

Automatic diametric dimension control for mill for rolling round bars

Abstract: A mill for rolling round bars, having a penultimate and a last stand with mutually perpendicular roll axes, is provided with a control system for varying the roll gaps of said stands and for axially aligning the rolls in the last stand. A gauge measures the diameters of the bar about its entire periphery and supplies a computer with this data. In addition, data, indicative of lengthwise variations in predetermined diameters of the bar, are supplied to the computer. The computer uses these data to compute an optimum diameter profile of the bar. The computer then calculates adjustments to the rolls in these last two stands to obtain this optimum profile. If substantial improvement in the performance of the mill can be obtained by these adjustments, the computer actuates means for adjusting these rolls whereby this profile may be realized.

Thermosetting organic coated metallic sheet

Abstract: Sheet metal having a partially cured organic thermosetting coating thereon and method of forming drawn and ironed seamless containers therefrom.

Low carbon high yield and tensile strength steel and method of manufacture

Abstract: A process for producing a killed, low carbon, columbium, boron alloy steel characterized by high strength and an unbanded ferrous microstructure in the as-rolled condition. The steel is hot rolled to form an intermediate section before the steel temperature reaches 1650° F. Below 1650° F, the steel is further reduced with a total minimum reduction of 50% in one embodiment, and 35% in a second embodiment, and in the Ar 3 -Ar 1 temperature range, reduction is a plurality of reduction passes under conditions to permit substantial recrystallization of deformed grains after each pass, with a finishing temperature between 1100°-1150° F in one embodiment, and a finishing temperature between 1350° F and Ar 1 in a second embodiment.

Magnetically shielded image dissector tube camera

Abstract: Image dissector camera with either of two shielding embodiments permits camera to be moveably mounted in earth's magnetic field and strong electrical magnetic fields. Each embodiment includes one or more mu metal closure members adapted to attenuate both axial and radial magnetic fields while the camera is stationary or being moved through the magnetic fields.

Method and apparatus for determining the weight of slag on a bath of molten metal

Abstract: The weight of the slag floating on a steel bath is determined by multiplying the surface area of the slag by the pressure head at the slag-steel interface. The pressure head is determined by a method including passing a gas through a tubular member that is lowered through the slag and into the steel.

Autocorrelated pulse processor

Abstract: Electro-optical gaging system has an electronic camera which develops a raw camera pulse having a width that approximates the dimension between edges of an object imaged on the camera. A camera pulse processor employs edge detecting techniques using raw pulse differentiators, threshold detectors, zero cross-over detectors, and an autocorrelator to eliminate differentiator-generated noise. This processor produces a precise output pulse that accurately defines the object edge dimension and may be used to drive A/D measuring and/or converting circuits.

Particulate size separator and method of operating

Abstract: Size separation is effected upon coal, ores, pellets of various sizes and other particulates by depositing the particulate material in an inclined rotating separator vessel having a flat bottom with a central orifice and peripheral sidewalls. As the separator vessel rotates the particulates are carried upwardly and churned by the movement of the vessel. The larger particulates accumulate upon the top of the body of particulates in the separator and eventually overflow over the lip of the vessel while the smaller particulates accumulate in the lower portion of the body of particulates and are then carried up by the movement of the vessel and pass out of the vessel through the central orifice.

Electro-optical gaging system

Abstract: Computerized electro-optical system gages dimension of a moving hot bar. Back-lighted electronic camera head generates high-speed bar shadow pulses which represent the bar dimensions. Bar pulses are processed by way of camera electronics and a digital computer. CRT and printing terminals, interacting with the computer, indicate and/or record cold-size bar diameter measurement, with respect to commercial tolerance references and a gaging system histogram. Camera head electronics includes camera AGC circuit, a digital type one-axis bidirectional linear sweep, bar pulse edge-detection with an autocorrelator to remove noise and enhance the bar pulse, and a digital accumulator of digital bar size signals and digital bar position-in-field-of-view signals. The digital computer assimilates bar size and bar position signals bar temperature, aim size, and other data signals. The computer is programmed to: (a) compensate bar size signal for field-of-view errors and other optical and electronic nonlinearities, bar temperature and other sources of error; (b) calibrate the gage off-line and automatically recalibrate the gage on-line to correct for drift and slope errors; (c) perform a gaging system histogram; and (d) communicate with the CRT and printing terminals and an exterior control system.

Process for producing low reactivity calcined coke agglomerates

Abstract: A process for producing calcined coke agglomerates characterized by having a low reactivity to carbon dioxide. The process includes calcining green coal agglomerates at a temperature within the range of 1700° F. to 1950° F. (927° C. to 1066° C.) in a calciner. The agglomerates are exposed to a gaseous atmosphere which before cracking contains not less than 20% by volume of at least one straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon gas containing one to four carbon atoms. The gaseous atmosphere is preheated to a temperature within the range of 200° F. to 700° F.(93° C. to 371° C.) prior to being introduced into the calciner. Carbon produced when the hydrocarbon gas is cracked, is deposited as vitreous carbon on the surfaces, in the fissures and in the pores of the agglomerates. The calcined coke aggglomerates discharged from the calciner have a reactivity to carbon dioxide of between 2% to 8%.

Selectable coiling control method and apparatus

Abstract: Computerized coiling control in which both pouring reel location and reel speed wobble pattern are preselected, whereby a moving product, such as bar, rod or wire, is continuously poured into a reel to form the densest product coils under a variety of coiling situations. A coiler operator presets independently adjustable parameters including coil O.D. and I.D., reel speed wobble rate, and a reel speed wobble pattern selected from computer storage and having either a spiral, spiral with dwell, or triangular waveform. The computer is programmed to assimilate operator input data, and calculate reel motor speed reference and current reference signals for use by a reel motor controller which will form the densest coils having predetermined flat spirals stacked axially in alternate reverse-convolute layers. Reel speed is modified to compensate coiler operation for effects due to variations in bar grade, temperature and/or shape.

Method of producing vanadium

Abstract: METHOD OF PRODUCING VANADIUM Abstract of the Disclosure Vanadium oxides are reduced to the metallic state by reaction with carbon in a plasma arc torch.

Partially alloyed galvanize product

Abstract: A partially alloyed galvanized ferrous strand and a method for its production. The method is characterized by the steps of immersing a clean and oxide-free ferrous strand in a molten zinc galvanizing bath to produce on the strand a coating weight of between 0.2 and 0.5 oz. per square foot. After immersion, the zinc-coated ferrous strand is heat treated and cooled to produce a galvanized coating on said ferrous strand, which coating has a duplex structure characterized by an iron-zinc intermetallic layer consisting essentially of the zeta phase, an overlay of free zinc, and an average iron content between about 2 and less than 4% by weight.

Linearity correction system for electro-optical gage

Abstract: Computerized electro-optical system gages dimension of a moving hot bar. Back-lighted electronic camera head generates high-speed bar shadow pulses which represent the bar dimensions. Bar pulses are processed by way of camera electronics and a digital computer. CRT and printing terminals, interacting with the computer, indicate and/or record a field-of-view correction map and a cold-size bar diameter measurement. Camera head electronics includes camera AGC, a digital type one-axis bidirectional linear sweep, bar pulse edge-detection with an autocorrelator to remove noise and enhance the bar pulse, and a digital accumulator of digital bar size signals and digital bar position-in-field-of-view signals. The digital computer assimilates bar size and bar position signals along with bar temperature, aim size, and other data signals. The computer is programmed to: (a) compensate bar size signals for field-of-view errors and other optical and electronic nonlinearities, bar temperature and other sources of error; (b) calibrate the gage off-line; and (c) communicate with the CRT and printing terminals and an exterior control system.

Corrosion inhibiting primer paint for hand cleaned ferrous metals

Abstract: A red lead primer paint having excellent wetting and penetrating characteristics, which when applied to the surface of ferrous metals forms a tough, resilient, adherent coating characterized by having excellent weathering and corrosion inhibiting properties, is comprised of a red lead pigment well dispersed in a binder of raw linseed oil and long oil alkyd resin. The red lead primer paint has a pigment volume concentration (PVC) within the range of about 25% to about 30%. The concentration of the red lead pigment in the primer paint is in the range of 0.25 to 2.2 pounds per gallon (29.95 to 263.56 grams per liter) of solids. The binder is comprised of raw linseed oil and a long oil alkyd resin mixed in a ratio within the range of 1:1 to 2:1.

Wire handling apparatus

Abstract: In apparatus for depositing a series of concentric loops on a conveyor whereby due to the motion of the conveyor the loops form a series of non-concentric overlapping loops, the combination of a conveyor belt having spaced pins for engaging the loops to control the spacing between the loops and guide means to engage the loops to limit their upward movement and contain them in the spaces between the pins of the conveyor belt, so that substantially uniform spacing occurs between the non-concentric overlapping loops.

Recalibration system for electro-optical gage

Abstract: Computerized electro-optical system gages dimension of a moving hot bar. Back-lighted electronic camera head generates high-speed bar shadow pulses which represent the bar dimensions. Bar pulses are processed by way of camera electronics and a digital computer. CRT and printing terminals, interacting with the computer, indicate and/or record a recalibration mask table and a cold-size bar diameter measurement. Camera head electronics includes camera AGC, a digital type one-axis bidirectional linear sweep, bar pulse edge-detection with an autocorrelator to remove noise and enhance the bar pulse, and a digital accumulator of digital bar size signals. The digital computer assimilates bar size along with bar temperature, aim size, and other data signals. The computer is programmed to: (a) compensate bar size signals for bar temperature; (b) calibrate the gage off-line and automatically recalibrate the gage on-line to correct for drift and slope errors; and (c) communicate with the CRT and printing terminals and an exterior control system.

Erection strength adequacy of long truss cantilevers

Abstract: Structural steelwork design specifications commonly limit erection stresses to fixed multiples of design stresses. This type of limitation is not necessarily adequate for controlling the erection of large bridges. This paper develops a logical theory for the erection stressing of monumental truss bridgework, and implements it with a stress-analysis procedure. Historical background material on the evolution of truss bridgework, the development of cantilever erection, and the analysis of secondary stresses is included.

Rotary drum agglomerating apparatus

Abstract: Agglomerating apparatus in the form of a rotating drum and a method for agglomerating and controlling the size consist of carbonaceous material, such as particulate coal, finely divided char and, optionally, a binder such as pitch. Control of the agglomerate consist size distribution discharged from the drum is achieved by increasing the relative residence time of the small or growing agglomerates and by limiting contact between the large formed agglomerates and the small forming or growing agglomerates. The preferred means to insure adequate growth time for the small agglomerates consists of a plurality of annular ribs spaced about the inside wall of the drum and a cooperating scraping mechanism. The scraping mechanism comprises a plurality of scraper blades projecting radially from a rotating shaft throughout the length thereof of the agglomerate-forming section of the drum. However, at the annular paths wherein a rib is found the scraping blades are shorter in length.