Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1979"

Wet quenching of incandescent coke

Abstract: Method for the reduction of emissions from the wet quenching of incandescent coke in a quenching tower adapted to receive in its base a quench car containing the coke which comprises positioning the car with the coke in the quenching chamber of the tower, effecting a gas seal to substantially prevent air from infiltrating the quenching chamber and ascending the tower, quenching the coke with the resultant generation of steam and other quenching emissions, cooling and cleaning the emissions with water sprays, demisting the cooled emissions, sensing the external and internal pressures of the tower during the quenching process, maintaining a substantially zero gauge internal pressure by controlling the emissions flow exiting the tower and collecting, cooling and recycling the quenching and cooling waters. Apparatus for practicing the method is also disclosed.

Coke quenching practice for one-spot cars

Abstract: A process for quenching hot coke discharged from an oven of a battery of coke ovens into a one-spot car. The process utilizes a unique arrangement of two sets of narrow angle spray nozzles to quench the coke. In addition to quenching the coke, one set of spray nozzles initially knocks down the peak portion of the coke pile and distributes the coke so that the exposed surface of the coke is substantially level. The quench liquid discharged through the narrow angle spray nozzles contacts about 50% to about 70% of the substantially level, exposed surface of the hot coke. Sufficient openings are provided adjacent the bottom of the one-spot car to drain the quench liquid to prevent the buildup of quench liquid in the quench car.

An oriented, semi-crystalline polymer product and method and apparatus for producing such product

Abstract: A thick-walled, seamless, rigid non-porous conduit (Y) having a substantially uniform wall thikkness which is not less than about 0.5 percent of the outside diameter consisting essentially of an oriented crystalline thermoplastic polymer characterized by a structure comprised of radially compressed discrete, platelet-like spherulitic crystalline aggregates (A!) and having a combination of good ultimate tensile strength and low temperature tensile impact strength. The conduit is fabricated by solid state hydrostatic extrusion of a substantially non-oriented semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer preform (X) which may contain up to about60 weight percent filler. The polymer is substantially simultaneously elongated in both circumferential and axial directions by compressive forces with the circumferential elongation being at least 100 percent. The apparatus used to produce the product is a hydrostatic extrusion press which includes an annular orifice in which the thermoplastic polymer is elongated substantially simultaneously circumferentially and axially with the circumferential elongation being at least 100 percent. Means for maintaining the rigidity of tooling and the hydrostatic extrusion fluid pressure while providing a film of the fluid on the preform for lubricity are provided in the apparatus. A sheet (F) substantially uniform in thickness and having substantially the microstructure and properties of the conduit and excellent drawability may be made from the conduit by slitting and heat deformation. Articles of manufacture may be made by solid state deformation processing of the conduit or the sheet, such as vacuum drawing.

One-spot car coke quenching method

Abstract: A process for quenching hot coke in a one-spot coke quench car. The process utilizes a unique arrangement of pipes and spray nozzles to quench the hot coke in a substantially watertight coke quench car having a sloping bottom. A plurality of pipes are directed downwardly from a header mounted on the bench side of the quench car to provide solid streams of water onto the shallow coke bed portion at the top of the sloped bottom for a portion of the quench period. After an initial period a flow of water from a plurality of spray nozzles mounted on additional headers is directed onto the substantially horizontal deep coke bed portion for the remainder of the quenching period. The unvaporized quench liquid is retained in the watertight car until the completion of the quench cycle when it is rapidly drained away.

Method and apparatus for controlling caster heat removal by varying casting speed

Abstract: Breakouts due to insufficient skin thickness exiting below caster mold are prevented. Minimum mold heat removal rate is defined in terms of casting speed, mold faces, mold size, material grade and tundish superheat, then calculated, indicated and compared to actual measured values of heat removal rate. As a result of the comparison, caster preset speed correction is taken to automatically maintain the mold heat removal rate above the minimum level where breakouts occur.

Method for cleaning sinter plant gas emissions

Abstract: A method for cleaning sinter plant gas emissions using a wet electrostatic precipitator system having separate recirculating wash liquor loops for the high voltage precipitator section and the pre-scrubber section. The system is operated with acidic washing liquor to avoid scaling and deposition of solids within the system.

Electrolytic coating of strip on one side only

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for electrolytically coating, e.g. zinc or tin, one side only of a horizontally moving flat rolled strip or sheet. More specifically, in the practice of this invention, a cathodically charged flat rolled sheet moves horizontally and contiguously above electrolytic cell body solution, and perforated, submerged, insoluble anode member. Fresh cell electrolyte (plating) solution contained within a solution chamber, under pressure, is continuously fed through said perforations. The cell electrolyte body solution extends to the strip edges, drops off, cascades over the edges of the solution chamber into a catch box, is returned to the recirculation system and pumped into the solution chamber. The flat moving strip, whose bottom surface is being electrolytically coated with metal from said plating solution, serves as a solution deflector and causes the solution flow along the strip edges to extend outward in a flat flow pattern. As a consequence, little or no plating solution contacts the upper or bare strip surface, and metal is not deposited on said upper surface.

Removal of naphthalene from recirculated wash oil

Abstract: A bleed stream from the recirculating wash oil in a final cooling system for coke oven gas is centrifugally separated into a waste water stream, a sludge stream and a clean, dry oil stream which is substantially free of solids and has a water content less than 0.5% (wt.). The clean, dry oil stream is heated to less than about 160° C., preferably 125°-135° C., before entering a naphthalene stripper-wash oil still.

Method for treating granulated blast furnace slag

Abstract: A method for treating a water slurry of granulated blast furnace slag containing particles of granulated slag having a size consist of about 0.635 centimeter × 0 (1/4 inch by 0) wherein a size separation of the particles is made at about 100 sieve. The sink fraction i.e. coarse particles larger than 100 mesh are partially dewatered and thermally dried prior to being comminuted with raw materials to make portland blast furnace slag cement. The float fraction i.e. fine particles smaller than 100 mesh can be used as is or partially dried prior to being used as an additive or extender for a cementitious material in the production of concrete products.

Ladle shroud apparatus

Abstract: Apparatus for use in positioning a pouring tube on a bottom pour nozzle of a hot metal casting vessel including a pouring tube support carriage having universal or two dimensional movement in a horizontal plane and pouring tube transfer car mounted on the carriage to extend the pouring tube from an inboard position adjacent the carriage to an outboard position in alignment with the bottom pour nozzle. The apparatus is designed to raise and lower the pouring tube with respect to the bottom pour nozzle when in alignment therewith. The apparatus is also provided to move the pouring tube from an inboard vertical position to a horizontal travel position and finally to a vertical outboard position with the bottom portion of the pouring tube projecting into the molten metal bath of a tundish positioned beneath the casting vessel and the top of the pouring tube engaging the casting vessel bottom pour nozzle. The pouring tube transfer car is designed to be rapidly withdrawn in an emergency.

Selective removal of a gaseous component from a multi-component gas stream

Abstract: A method and apparatus for selectively removing a desired gaseous component from a gas stream containing at least two gaseous components and having a variable flow rate. The absorber is divided into at least two individual absorption volumes connected in series in which the gas and absorbent solution can countercurrently contact each other and includes means to control the passage of the fluid streams through the individual absorption volumes.

Method and apparatus for determining and controlling amount of carbon deposited on a surface by a gas

Abstract: of the Disclosure The amount of solid carbon deposited on a surface by a gas during the coking cycle in a coke oven is determined by measuring the thickness, as a function of time, of carbon deposited on a probe passing through the roof of the oven and into the path of the gases flowing out of the oven.

Temperature measuring system

Abstract: In a continuous slab caster, for example, the system measures tundish molten steel temperature using tundish probe, recorder and temperature monitoring circuits having separate outputs to a temperature indicator and an industrial process controller. Monitoring circuits periodically reject errors and discontinuities in temperature traces, reject open thermocouple or burn-out conditions, and advise the probe operator by way of the indicator to accept a present good reading or take another sample. The last bonafide temperature reading is held at the output to the process controller, thereby eliminating control errors caused by errors or discontinuities in temperature traces.

The mathematical and physical modeling of turbulent recirculating flows

Abstract: A physical model has been constructed to represent turbulent recirculating flows that occur in argon-stirred ladles. By using a mechanically driven circulating system including a moving tube it was possible to generate flow fields such that all the boundary conditions could be defined unambiguously. The velocity fields developed in the system and the spatial distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy were measured experimentally using a laserdoppler anemometer. The experimental measurements were found to be in good agreement with predictions based on theK-W model for turbulent recirculating flows, provided appropriate wall functions were used. A simplified model was also described in the paper, for representing the transient decay of turbulence in teemed systems or in bubble stirred vessels after the agitation had been terminated. This model, which in essence involved the use of a simple algebraic relationship, gave semiquantitative agreement with measurements.

Method for controlling noxious gases formed during granulation of molten slag

Abstract: METHOD FOR CONTROLLING NOXIOUS GASES FORMED DURING GRANULATION OF MOLTEN SLAG Abstract of the Invention Molten bast furnace slag is quenched by a volume of water divided into two streams. The first stream is directed downwardly against the slag while the second stream is directed horizontally against the slag. The molten slag is broken down into relatively fine sand-like granules which are kept submerged in the water, The vapors formed during granulation are substantially free of detectable SO2 and the H2S formed and vented to the atmosphere is insufficient to be a detriment to the surrounding environment.

Steel composition chipper knife

Abstract: A ferrous alloy suitable for use as a knife in a rotary wood chipper, said alloy consisting essentially of, by weight, ______________________________________ Broad (%) Preferred (%)______________________________________Carbon .40-.60 .45-.50Manganese 1.0 max. .20-.40Phosphorus 0.035 max. 0.025 max.Sulfur 0.035 max. 0.025 max.Silicon 1.50 max. .30-.50Nickel 2.00 max. .25-.35Chromium 4.0-6.0 4.6-4.8Molybdenum 1.0-3.0 1.9-2.1Aluminum 0.10 max. 0.010-0.030Iron* balance balance______________________________________ *includes optional additions in nominal amounts of columbium, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt. The alloy, in a heat-treated condition, is characterized by (1) a high level of toughness on the order of 100 ft-lbs min. on unnotched specimen, (2) good wear resistance, (3) good machinability, (4) a hardness of at least 56 HRC after a double temper at 950° F. or higher, and (5) being hardenable using a maximum of 1850° F. as the austenitizing temperature.

Microstructural Control in Microalloyed Steels

Abstract: High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels constitute a classic metallurgical development in which alloying additions and thermomechanical processing have been brought together effectively to attain desired combinations of engineering properties through microstructural control. Moreover, the microstructural control is relatively inexpensive because the alloying elements are used only in small concentrations as carbide-formers, and the associated thermomechanical processing is introduced merely as a modification of the final hot-rolling operation. A key feature of the resulting microstructure is the small ferritic grain size that provides a favorable balance of strength and toughness in the as-rolled steel. Here, we examine the interactions in columbium-treated HSLA steels among austenite chemistry, plastic deformation, strain-induced carbonitride precipitation, recrystallization characteristics, and the subsequent transformation of the thermomechanically-processed or conditioned austenite to the final ferrite-based structures. The latter transformations are studied in order to relate the ferrite nucleation and growth as well as its ultimate morphology to the state of the prior austenite.

Phase equilibria in the iron-molybdenum-1 Pct carbon system between 1143 and 1253 K

Abstract: A series of Fe−Mo-1 pct C alloys containing 0 to 5 pct molybdenum was used to determine portions of Fe−Mo−C isothermal sections at 1143, 1198, and 1253 K. The identity, compositions, and amounts of the phases present, after homogenizing for either 500 or 1000 h at temperature, were determined by a variety of experimental techniques. The solubility of molybdenum in the austenite of Fe−Mo-1 pct alloys was found to be lower than that previously reported, and a unique metastability of M6C carbides was found in specimens held for as long as 2500 h at 1143 K.

Apparatus for one side coating of a continuous strip

Abstract: Improved apparatus for the continuous coating of one side only of a metal strip with molten coating metal, more particularly, one side galvanizing of a ferrous metal strip. Characteristics of the invention are (1) an atmosphere controlled entry chute through which said metal strip passes into the molten coating metal, (2) a deflector roll which guides said strip into and out of said molten coating metal, where the width of said deflector roll is less than the width of said strip and said strip is only slightly immersed below the surface of said molten coating metal, (3) movable guide means adapted to shift laterally with corresponding movement of said strip, and (4) gas jets secured to said guide means and directed towards edges of the uncoated surface of said strip projecting beyond said deflector roll to prevent molten metal from contacting said uncoated surface.

Green balls formed by agglomerating wet-collected fume produced in metallurgical furnaces

Abstract: Green balls suitable for charging into a metallurgical furnace characterized by having sufficient strength to resist degradation during transport and charging into said furnace, made by agglomerating iron-bearing fume produced in steelmaking furnaces.

New metal plastic laminates from polyolefin compositions having high impact resistance and high temperature flow resistance

Abstract: Polyolefin compositions having a high level of impact resistance and high temperature flow resistance comprising 30 to 90 weight percent resin containing greater than 50 to less than 75 weight percent of polyolefin and greater than 25 to less than 50 weight percent elastomer, and 10 to 70 weight percent filler are described. Metal plastic laminates are prepared by sandwiching a plastic sheet prepared from the polyolefin compositions between two sheets of metal. Figure 2 shows the impact strength of polyolefin resin-filler compositions in which the resin-filler weight ratio is constant but the elastomer content of the resin varies.

Metallurgical lance deskuller

Abstract: An apparatus for removing the skull from a metallurgical lance having positioning means mounted on a supporting member, a main arm pivotally fixed to the positioning means, two jaw arms pivotally attached to the main arm, activating means for providing movement to each jaw arm and a guide roller and scraper blade attached to each jaw arm. The apparatus may be enclosed in a housing when not in use. Also electro-pneumatic timing circuitry for automatically operating the apparatus.

Rotary drum and method of mixing, drying, cooling, heating or calcining solid particles

Abstract: A mixer block (20) for use in a rotary kiln (10) for mixing, drying, cooling, heating, or calcining of solid materials such as gravel, stone or fluxes, has a base surface (21), two aide surfaces (22, 23) converging away from the base surface (21) to define therewith a generally triangular cross-sectional shape. In use in the rotating kiln one (22) of the converging side surfaces serves as a leading surface and the other (23) as a trailing surface. The base surface (21) and the two converging side surfaces intersect to include respective angles which are between plus 10* and minus 10* of the angle of repose of the material being troated, the block (20) thereby producing a more uniform product with minimal production of fines and dust. The mixer block (20) is especially useful when used as part of the refractory lining (12) in a rotary kiln to calcine fluxstone such as limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone or magnes i te.

Stimulating Technological Innovation: Improving the Corporate Environment

Abstract: (1979). Stimulating Technological Innovation: Improving the Corporate Environment. Research Management: Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 19-22.

Apparatus for the distillation of weak ammonia liquor

Abstract: The fouling of ammonia stills which results from the clogging, particularly of the lower plates of the stills, with sludge and precipitates is eliminated by use of combined apparatus in which a calcium compound precipitation step followed by a clarification step prior to initiation of actual distillation can be effected.

Investigations of submicron sized metal particles in glass coatings of lunar breccia 15286

Abstract: Almost all the submicron metal particles in the glass coating of breccia 15286 are rounded and contain two phases, metal and sulfide (FeS). The Ni content of the metal phase as determined by scanning transmission electron microscope X-ray analysis ranged from 9.4 to 15.5 wt %. The sulfide was nearly stoichiometric troilite containing up to 1.3 wt % Ni. The close chemical and microstructural similarities between the coarse (greater than 1-micron) and the submicron sized metal indicate a common origin probably as meteoritic debris. Metal-silicate melt experiments under controlled oxygen partial pressured indicate that the metal particles may have formed from a fine dispersion of immiscible metal-sulfide droplets into an impact-generated silicate melt.

Evaluation of Steels for Arctic Line Pipe

Abstract: Line pipe for transporting gas from Arctic fields is subjected to the conditions of an extremely hostile environment. Bethlehem Steel has been conducting an extensive program to evaluate the materials and processes that can produce the property requirements for Arctic-grade line pipe. In the course of the program, several alloy combinations were evaluated. The paper describes each of these, but concentrates on the vanadium-columbium (V-Cb) alloy grade, which we feel is the most practical and economical to produce. The critical aspects, from steelmaking to plate rolling and testing, are described. A regression analysis correlation of chemistry and processing to microstructure and properties is presented. This correlation permits the prediction of plate and pipe properties on the basis of the chemistry and processing. The dependence of properties on a number of specific microstructural features is illustrated by metallographic studies.

Correlation of Structural Steel Fractures Involving Massive Plasticity

Abstract: A three-dimensional, elastic-plastic fracture strength correlation for A36 and HSLA structural steel connections containing discontinuities was determined. The fracture specimens comprised beam-column connections in whichone column flange contained a mid-thickness plane of discontinuity. Beam loading or direct tension applied normal to the column face imposed tensile load transfer around the boundaries of the discontinuity. Fracture extension was mixed mode (crack opening and edge sliding), and inclined toward the free surface on the web side of the column flange containing the discontinuity. Successful correlation for these specimens was accomplished with a plastic stress singularity strength model, if the discontinuity was sufficiently large. The average singularity strengths at ultimate load were 64.6 MNm - 3 / 2 (58.7 ksi in. 1 / 2 ) for HSLA steels, and 53.7 MNm - 3 / 2 (48.8 ksi in. 1 / 2 ) for A36 steel. The percent coefficient of variation was 6.4 percent for HSLA steels and 8.4 percent for A36 steel.

Arc control in plasma arc reactors

Abstract: A process for controlling the arc in plasma arc reactors having two electrodes in which reactor the reaction charge forms a reaction layer covering one of the electrodes and is a point of arc attachment. The reaction layer is characterized as non-conductive for a period of time causing an arc struck between the uncovered electrode and the reaction layer to short-circuit. An electrically conductive material is added to the reaction layer stabilizing the arc. Substantially pure molybdenum is prepared from molybdenum disulfide.