Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1983"

Studies of the interfacial kinetics of the reaction of nitrogen with liquid iron by the15N-14N isotope exchange reaction

Abstract: The rate of dissociation of N2 on high purity liquid iron and iron-sulfur alloys between 1550 and 1650 °C has been studied by means of the15N-14N exchange reaction. It is shown that the rate constants at given sulfur concentrations are consistent with those for the absorption of nitrogen into iron-sulfur alloys, indicating a common rate determining step. The rate constant for high purity liquid iron, in units of mol cm−2 s−1 aim−1, is given by: logk f = −340/T − 1.38. The rate constant is found to be independent of carbon concentration up to about 4.3 wt pct and to be closely consistent with ideal chemisorption kinetics. The results are combined with those of previously published studies to give rational equations for the apparent rate constants for Fe-S and Fe-O alloys. Consistent values for the adsorption coefficients at 1600 °C for sulfur and oxygen are deduced to be about 130 and 220, respectively, for a standard state of the 1 wt pct ideal solution.

Intergranular zinc embrittlement and its inhibition by phosphorus in 55 pct Al-Zn-coated sheet steel

Abstract: Room-temperature tensile and bend tests and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used to study embrittlement in sheet steels coated with a 55 pct Al-Zn alloy and then heated in the range 316 to 538 °C for up to 5000 hours. The results of these studies show that embrittlement is caused by diffusion of Zn from the coating into the ferrite grain boundaries of the steel substrate, reducing intergranular cohesion. The activation energy for grain boundary diffusion of Zn in iron is estimated at 89 kJ/mole. When present in the steel in concentrations of at least 0.04 pct by weight, P is shown to prevent embrittlement by preemptively segregating to the ferrite grain boundaries where it blocks intergranular diffusion of Zn.

Furnace burden thermographic method and apparatus

Abstract: Improved infrared camera system better enables furnace burden surface temperature measurements and temperature profile measurements and displays of such measurements to be made at various stocklines An infrared data processing system is incorporated with the camera system which provides automatic acquisition, validation and preprocessing of thermal images from an infrared camera, defines and extracts key features of the thermal images, provides automatic classification and storage of thermal images, periodically reports on displays and printer burden temperature information, and provides convenient data retrieval and data archiving capability The invention may be incorporated in new or existing methods and apparatus

Effect of recycling on residuals, processing, and properties of carbon and low-alloy steels

Abstract: Because of the continuing increase in electric furnace steelmaking, which is a scrap-intensive process, and also in view of future new sources of scrap, such as municipal solid wastes, it is important to develop more knowledge about: (a) the effects of residual elements on steel, (b) processing strategies for producing high-residual steels, and (c) products in which residuals could be used to advantage. This review will first identify the important residual elements and the trends in their use and levels in steels. The effect of these elements on the processing phenomena and product properties of carbon and low-alloy steels will be discussed in detail. These phenomena and properties include hot shortness, scale adherence, room temperature tensile properties, impact resistance, and hardenability. Also discussed are examples of specific problems that residual elements present, both now and with emerging trends, for steel processing and applications, and the ways of using residuals to advantage.

Method of producing metal-filled organic coating

Abstract: This invention is directed to a coating method. In the preferred practice of this invention, the method includes the steps of selecting a ferrous substrate, such as steel sheet preferably containing a first coating having certain corrosion resistant and adhesion-promoting characteristics, applying thereto an outer coating of an organic resin containing a particulate metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Ni, Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Co, Ag, Au and alloys thereof, where the particle size of said metal or alloy is prefereably no more than about 10 microns, and applying thereover a cathodic electrophoretic coating at voltages of at least 300 V. The product of such method is corrosion resistant, free of craters or pores, and is readily welable prior to the application of said cathodic electrophoretic coating.

Method for increasing the wet bulk density of coking coals

Abstract: A method for increasing the wet bulk density of coking coal charges for code ovens which charges contain at least about 6 and as much as 13 weight percent moisture, to an optimum level of between about 47 and 50 pounds per cubic foot (753 to 801 kg per cubic meter) and for controlling and maintaining the bulk density at such optimum levels, the method including: (a) forming a 5 to 20 weight percent aqueous dispersion of a surfactant having a desired viscosity, and (b) applying a quantity of the aqueous dispersion to a quantity of coal equivalent to between about 0.5 and 2.5 pounds (0.227 and 1.135 kg) of surfactant per ton (907.2 kg) of coal, the surfactant being an alkylphenoxypoly (ethyleneoxy) ethanol having a general formula: ##STR1## where R is an alkyl group having between about 8 and 12 carbon atoms, and n is an integer between 2 and 30, and is characterized by an HLB number in the range of about 4 and 18.

Load indicating washer and fastener assembly including such load indicating washer

Abstract: A non-heat treated load indicating washer (10) for visually indicating the magnitude of compressive force applied by a fastener (34, 36, 46) to opposed surfaces of the washer and a fastener assembly including such load indicating washer. The washer has a number of integral protuberances (14) struck from the washer and spaced from the inner (16) and outer (18) peripheries of the washer, each protuberance has a truncated concave basal surface (24) lying within the confines of the washer and a raised convex surface (32). The number and size of the protuberances (14) depend on the compressive force such that the protuberances will deform into the washer when the compressive force reaches a predetermined magnitude.

Method of electroplating a corrosion-resistant zinc-containing deposit

Abstract: This invention is directed to an electroplated product having improved resistance to corrosive attack, and to the method of making such product. More particularly, the invention hereof relates to a zinc or zinc-alloy electroplated product containing a homogeneous dispersion of corrosion inhibitive pigment produced by subjecting a ferrous substrate to an electroplating bath containing a corrosion inhibitive pigment, such as barium chromate.

Strain-cycle fatigue of sheet and plate steels i: test method development and data presentation

Abstract: A method was developed for performing strain-controlled fatigue tests on steel specimens with thickness less than 0.1 inch. Data generated using this method were found to be consistent with published results for steels of similar strength and thickness. Geometric variables, i.e., gage section width and area, gage length, etc., have little effect on valid fatigue results (excluding buckling, excessive bending, and out-of-gage length failures). However, increased gage length or specimen width increase the likelihood of invalid results.

Method of reconditioning welded joints

Abstract: This invention relates to a combined method of welding and annealing an aluminum-zinc alloy coated ferrous wire, and restoring the corrosion resistant properties to the annealed areas of said wire. The aluminum-zinc coating consists of an alloy overlay and an intermetallic alloy layer, between said alloy overlay and the ferrous wire. The preferred method includes the steps of (1) upset welding two alloy coated steel wires, (2) annealing the weld joint, at a temperature between about 1200° and about 1450° F. whereby during such annealing the weld joint is subjected to brushing to remove said alloy overlay and to prevent the formation of oxides on said intermetallic alloy layer, (3) removing the burr formed during such welding, and (4) cooling. During said cooling, or alternatively by reheating to a maximum temperature where the aluminum-zinc alloy coating on the wire begins to melt, i.e. about 900° F. (482° C.), a flux and lead-free, Zn-containing solder stick or wire is repeatedly moved along the weld joint to further disrupt and remove any oxide remaining thereon while depositing a new corrosion resistant coating comprised of said Zn-containing solder.

Radiation scanning and measuring device

Abstract: A scanning device for examining an object with shielding (43,44) for protection from radiation and protection of the mechanism from heat by a cooling jacket (62,63) formed by spaced plates (64,65,66,67) around the object (10). The shielding is formed by a pair of shutter-halves (43,44) forming a lead shutter with mechanism (45) to move the shutter-halves toward and away from each other and one of the shutter-halves mounted on a rotating drum (17) which also carries three gamma ray sources (25). Gamma ray detectors (41) are mounted in a circle concentric and outside the circle of the sources (25).

Coating method and product thereof

Abstract: This invention is directed to a coating method and to the product produced by such method. In the preferred practice of this invention, the method includes the steps of selecting a ferrous substrate, such as steel sheet preferably containing a first coating having certain corrosion resistant and adhesion-promoting characteristics, and applying thereto an outer coating of an organic resin containing a particulate metallic aluminum-zinc alloy which is between 5 and 95% by weight aluminum, balance zinc. Preferably, the particle size of said alloy is no more than about 10 microns. Such product is ideally suited for the subsequent application of a cathodic electrophoretic primer coat, such as widely used in the automotive industry.

Strain-Cycle Fatigue of Sheet and Plate Steels II: Some Practical Considerations in Applying Strain-Cycle Fatigue Concepts

Abstract: Variability in published strain-cycle fatigue data was essentially independent of grade and strain amplitude for life less than 2 x 10 to the power of 6 reversals. Correlations between tensile properties and strain-cycle fatigue parameters were either not statistically significant or so highly variable as to be of doubtful practical importance. However, for a life of 2 x 10 to the power of 6 reversals, total strain amplitude delta epsilon/2 bore a significant relation to tensile strength sigma sub u. Present findings emphasize the need for caution in estimating life when data are unavailable since such estimates encompassed a range in life 10 to 100 times greater than was actually observed.

Ferrous product having an alloy coating thereon of aluminium-zinc-magnesium-silicon, and method

Abstract: A coated ferrous article with improved properties, e.g., improved overall corrosion resistance and good appearance has a ferrous substrate and a ductile, adherent, corrosion resistant alloy coating metallurgically bonded to the substrate. The alloy coating has a thin intermetallic alloy layer intermediate the substrate and an alloy overlay. The alloy overlay consists essentially of, by weight, magnesium from 3% to 20%, silicon from 3% to 15%, balance aluminum and zinc, where the is between 1 and 1.5. The metallurgical structure of the overlay is a mixture of (1) cored aluminum-rich dendrites having dendrite arm spacings (DAS) of less than 10 µm, (2) zinc-rich interdendritic regions, and (3) intermetallic phases of zinc, aluminum, magnesium and silicon. The article may be produced by hot dip coating a ferrous substrate in a molten metal bath of the above composition.

Corrosion Behavior of Rapidly Solidified Fe-Ti-P Alloys with Cu, Cr, and B Additions

Abstract: Rapidly solidified ribbons of Fe67Ti13P(20−x)Bx (x= 0, 7, 20 a/o) and Fe(85−y)Ti15Py (y=5, 10 a/o) alloys were produced by melt spinning, and their structure and anodic polarization behavior were examined by x-ray diffraction and potentio-dynamic polarization measurements in deaerated 1 N H2SO4, respectively. The only alloy that developed an amorphous structure on rapid solidification, Fe67Ti13B20, exhibited poor corrosion resistance, whereas crystalline alloys with 10 a/o or more P exhibited a tendency to passivate during anodic polarization. Substituting Cr for Ti led to significant improvement in corrosion resistance and promoted development of glassy structures in Fe67(TiCr)13P13B7 compositions. No such improvements were observed when Cu was substituted for Ti. It is concluded that alloy composition is more important than degree of crystallinity in determining corrosion resistance.

Practitioners' views on simulation

Abstract: The panelists are all actively engaged in applying simulation to a variety of systems. Their areas of application include manufacturing, electronics, steel, and health systems. The panel discussion will address issues relating to the practice of simulation and make recommendations for future consideration. The panelists' position statements follow.

Strain-cycle fatigue of sheet and plate steels iii: tests of notched specimens

Abstract: The effect of steel grade on reversals to crack initiation in notched specimens 2N sub i essentially reflected differences in tensile strength. The higher strength grades (B80RK,RQC100) required a greater value of the notch parameter K sub f delta S for a given 2N Sub i than the lower strength grades (1020,A36,B40P0). Stress ratio R had a significant effect on 2N Sub i with 2N sub i increasing as R decreased from 0 to -1. The various predictive models studied (local strain, nominal stress, empirical) gave similar results in terms of the variability in estimates of 2N Sub i and the relation between the predicted and observed values.