Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1984"
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of methods that have been employed for measuring the interlamellar spacing of pearlite, these methods are compared with reference to a continously cooled AISI 1040 carbon steel specimen.
97 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a heuristic solution procedure for set covering is presented that works well for large, relatively dense problems and a confidence interval is established about the unknown global optimum for random generated problems.
Abstract: A heuristic solution procedure for set covering is presented that works well for large, relatively dense problems. In addition, a confidence interval is established about the unknown global optimum. Results are presented for 30 large randomly generated problems.
80 citations
TL;DR: Erlenkotter as mentioned in this paper developed an efficient exact (guarantees optimality) algorithm to solve the uncapacitated facility location problem (UFLP) and used it to solve large instances of an important subset of the UFLP; the set covering problem (SCP).
42 citations
Patent•
27 Jan 1984TL;DR: In this paper, a transducer assembly and a system application where the transducers may be used in the inspection of iron, steel, aluminum, as well as plastic materials as a homogeneous object in the form of a sheet, slab or bloom are described.
Abstract: A transducer assembly and a system application wherein said transducer assembly may be used in the inspection of iron, steel, aluminum, as well as plastic materials as a homogeneous object in the form of a sheet, slab or bloom. Inspection is through use of ultrasonic acoustic energy propagated through ambient air. A coupling medium in the form of matching layers efficiently couple the transducer assembly to the ambient air.
31 citations
17 citations
Patent•
23 Apr 1984TL;DR: In this article, a boltless, friction-fit adjustable brace for bracing rails on a tie plate wherein a plurality of friction surfaces of a removable side brace engage corresponding surfaces on a rail is presented.
Abstract: A boltless, friction-fit adjustable brace for bracing rails on a tie plate wherein a plurality of friction surfaces of a removable side brace engage corresponding surfaces on a rail. The brace is provided with a serrated portion on its side for engagement with a serrated washer, which washer has a pair of ear lugs which span and contact a mounting plate on the tie plate. Finally, a resilient spring clip is applied thereto to engage the serrated washer, to prevent longitudinal, lateral and elevational movement of the side brace, when the rails are under load.
16 citations
Patent•
25 Oct 1984TL;DR: In this paper, a thermocouple, for measuring the temperature of flat strip moving horizontally through a furnace, extends vertically into the furnace and can move vertically within a fixed guide assembly.
Abstract: A thermocouple, for measuring the temperature of flat strip moving horizontally through a furnace, extends vertically into the furnace and can move vertically within a fixed guide assembly. The ceramic insulated thermocouple element, inside an outer thermocouple member, can move within the outer thermocouple member, in response to the urging of a spring, and has a contact pad composed of a metal with a melting point such that a layer of molten metal forms on the contact pad from frictional heat from the moving strip. In a second embodiment, for measuring vertically moving strip, with the thermocouple assembly horizontally positioned, the thermocouple assembly includes a second spring to urge the thermocouple assembly horizontally into the furnace against the moving strip.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model which describes equilibrium precipitation in austenite in the Fe-V-C-N system, and discuss the implications of this model with regard to previous studies of precipitation behavior in this system.
14 citations
01 Dec 1984-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the results are consistent with blockage of the surface by oxygen which exhibits ideal Langmuirian adsorption over the conditions of the experiments.
Abstract: Measurements of the rate of dissociation of CO2 on liquid nickel have been made by the14CO2-CO isotope exchange technique between 1490 and 1670 °C at CO2/CO ratios between 0.01 and 7. Apparent first order rate constants are given by the expression:ka = (1 + 2pCO2/pCO)−1exp(−12700/T - 0.65) mol cm−2 s−1 atm−1. It is shown that the results are consistent with blockage of the surface by oxygen which exhibits ideal Langmuirian adsorption over the conditions of the experiments. The adsorption coefficient of oxygen with respect to the infinitely dilute solution with 1 wt pct as the standard state is deduced to be given by the equation: logK′o = 11880/T - 4.6. It is deduced that the interfacial rate of oxidation of nickel by CO2 is given by the rate of dissociative chemisorption of CO2. Measurements of the rate of decarburization of liquid nickel are reexamined in the light of the present results.
12 citations
Patent•
13 Jun 1984TL;DR: In this article, a method of removing complexed zinc-cyanide from wastewater involving a multiple stage process including, in a first step, control of ferrous ions to a critical minimum concentration of 250 to 400 ppm, together with pH control in the first and also a second step together with recycling of a portion of sludge precipitated in the process.
Abstract: A method of removing complexed zinc-cyanide from wastewater involving a multiple stage process including, in a first step, control of ferrous ions to a critical minimum concentration of 250 to 400 ppm, together with pH control in the first and also a second step, together with recycling of a portion of sludge precipitated in the process.
11 citations
TL;DR: The audiometric test data of a population of 265 employees working in one facility were studied to determine group mean hearing threshold changes and no change in the mean threshold hearing level was found by the analysis.
Abstract: The audiometric test data of a population of 265 employees working in one facility were studied to determine group mean hearing threshold changes. The data were available covering periods of seven to 13 years. During this time period, the population was exposed to a workplace noise environment which resulted in time‐weighted average (OSHA) exposures of 86 to 103 dBA. Personal hearing protection (insert type protectors) was used by mill employees throughout the time period. Essentially no change in the mean threshold hearing level was found by the analysis. Certain other hearing conservation program effectiveness indicators proposed by others were also used to evaluate this population. The results of applying these indicators generally follow the trends shown by others for effective hearing conservation programs.
Patent•
24 Apr 1984TL;DR: In this article, a portable, hand-held, detachable, rotatable driving head for driving a continuous grinding belt by means of an air-driven, rotable spindle including a detachable safety shield is presented.
Abstract: A portable, hand-held, detachable, rotatable driving head for driving a continuous grinding belt by means of an air-driven, rotatable spindle including a detachable safety shield around the driving head.
TL;DR: In this article, the isothermal decomposition of austenite has been examined in a set of 0.1 C, 1.4 Mn steels containing small amounts of Ti, V, or Nb.
Abstract: The isothermal decomposition of austenite has been examined in a set of 0.1 C, 1.4 Mn steels containing small amounts of Ti, V, or Nb. The volume fraction of ferrite was measured as a function of transformation temperature and holding time, after hot rolling. Precipitation of carbonitrides, in both the austenite and the ferrite, was examined by electron microscopy of extraction replicas. The decomposition is slowest in the Nb-alloyed steel, in which the start of transformation is delayed and ferrite growth rates are much lower than in the other steels. In the V-alloyed steels, ferrite growth rates are lower than in the plain carbon or Ti alloyed steels. These results are discussed in terms of the effects of carbonitride precipitation in the austenite during high temperature deformation and in the ferrite during transformation. The roles of V and Nb in solution are also considered.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of temperature and carbide distribution on abnormal grain growth of 0.023% C lamination steel was evaluated, and it was found that the abnormal grain growing mechanism was not affected by temperature even though the 788°C decarburization treatment was done in the ferrite plus austenite region while at 704°C de-burburization took place in the iron plus cementite region.
Patent•
07 Sep 1984TL;DR: In this article, a fail-closed gas safety valve system for blast furnace stove operations employing two tight seal butterfly valves, one a gas shutoff valve and the other a gas regulating valve, which together operate to prevent the leakage of hazardous gas into the area in the event the supply of air to the stove is interrupted because of a power or a hydraulic failure.
Abstract: A fail-closed gas safety valve system for blast furnace stove operations employing two tight seal butterfly valves, one a gas shutoff valve and the other a gas regulating valve, which together operate to prevent the leakage of hazardous gas into a blast furnace stove area in the event the supply of air to the stove is interrupted because of a power or a hydraulic failure.
Patent•
30 Jul 1984TL;DR: In this paper, a method of producing a metal-filled organic coating on a substrate, which coating provides enhanced corrosion protection to said substrate, and to the product of such method.
Abstract: The present invention relates to the method of producing a metal-filled organic coating on a substrate, which coating provides enhanced corrosion protection to said substrate, and to the product of such method. More particularly, this invention is directed to the enhancement of the corrosion resistant properties of zinc-rich organic coatings by subjecting such coatings to an electric discharge such as in corona discharge treatment.
Patent•
01 Oct 1984TL;DR: An improved slag sensor taphole nozzle assembly for a metallurgical vessel having electromagnetic coils protectively located in grooves in the nozzle sidewall is described in this article.
Abstract: An improved slag sensor taphole nozzle assembly for a metallurgical vessel having electromagnetic coils protectively located in grooves in the nozzle sidewall, with the nozzle sidewall being (1) non-ferromagnetic and (2) having high electrical resistivity.
Patent•
23 Apr 1984TL;DR: In this paper, the flow of gases given off by a coke mass during the production of coke in coke oven has been controlled by measuring temperature, pressure, carbon equivalent thickness and rate of carbon formation at selected locations.
Abstract: The flow of gases given off by a coke mass during the production of coke in a coke oven having a coke side collector main and a pusher side collector main is controlled by measuring temperature, pressure, carbon equivalent thickness and rate of carbon formation at selected locations. Electrical signals indicative of the temperature, pressure and carbon measurements are fed to an instrument system and into a computer where the measurements are compared to target values, processed and the resultant information used to control the flow of gases by regulating the gooseneck damper, standpipe control valve and/or the control valves which control collector main pressures.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer-based ultrasonic test system was assembled to automatically acquire ultrasonic velocity and attenuation data on commercial steel samples, and the potential for developing an on-line technique to determine crystallographic texture looks promising, based on recent tests using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) to generate shearwave and Lamb-wave modes in sheet.
Abstract: A computer-based ultrasonic test system was assembled to automatically acquire ultrasonic velocity and attenuation data on commercial steel samples. Attenuation data on plain carbon plate steels showed significant statistical correlation to ferrite grain size and to yield strength, but more consistent coupling is needed if the technique is to be developed into an on-line test for steel plates. Surface-wave velocity and attenuation data on sheet steel samples undergoing tensile testing (acoustoelastic data) were found to be weakly correlated to yield strength. Variations in residual and bending stresses precluded consideration of acoustoelasticity as as on-line technique to determine properties of sheet. Our recent work has focused on nondestructively determining the anisotropy in velocity and attenuation in sheet steel samples, and on relating this data to mechanical properties. The potential for developing an on-line technique to determine crystallographic texture looks promising, based on recent tests using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) to generate shear-wave and Lamb-wave modes in sheet.
Patent•
02 Nov 1984TL;DR: In this paper, a low-silicon, grain oriented electrical steel exhibiting a Goss texture is described, in the form of a sheet or strip, which is achieved by a processing sequence which includes among its other steps or features, the provision of a short-time transcritical anneal prior to a final cold reduction of the sheet.
Abstract: The invention is directed to a low-silicon, grain oriented electrical steel exhibiting a Goss texture. Compositionally, such steel comprises, by wt. %: C--0.02/0.07 Mn--<0.50 Si--0.5/2.0 S--<0.05 Al--0.01/0.5 N--0.005/0.03 Fe--balance, The texture for such a steel, in the form of sheet or strip, is achieved by a processing sequence which includes among its other steps or features, the provision of a short time transcritical anneal prior to a final cold reduction of the sheet or strip.
Patent•
24 Apr 1984TL;DR: In this paper, a leveler bar for a coke oven is controlled in its travel toward and away from the coke side of the oven by semi-automatic means to move the bar during a "cycle" mode through half strokes and during the "finish" mode it performs four "full" strokes of which a full stroke can mean a 3/4 distance of full travel across the oven.
Abstract: A leveler bar for a coke oven is controlled in its travel toward and away from the coke side of the oven by semi-automatic means to move the leveler bar during a "cycle" mode through half strokes and during the "finish" mode it performs four "full" strokes of which a full stroke can mean a 3/4 distance of full travel across the oven. Electrical circuitry which modifies or adds to prior art circuitry to accomplish this leveler bar movement is included herein.
TL;DR: In this paper, the production of five categories de produits differant par leur mecanisme de durcissement and leur teneur en elements d'alliage: aciers renforces par solution solide, par precipitation, aciers biphases faiblement allies, biphase fortement allies and aciers soumis a un recuit de detente
Abstract: Production de 5 categories de produits differant par leur mecanisme de durcissement et leur teneur en elements d'alliage: aciers renforces par solution solide, par precipitation, aciers biphases faiblement allies, aciers biphases fortement allies, aciers soumis a un recuit de detente
Patent•
04 Jun 1984TL;DR: In this article, a method for the insertion of commercial grade separators into the mold of a continuous steel caster is described, and a device made from a standard steel channel is described.
Abstract: A device and method for the insertion of commercial grade separators into the mold of a continuous steel caster. The present invention discloses a device made from standard steel channel and a method for the use thereof to mechanically insert grade separators.
Patent•
05 Nov 1984TL;DR: In this article, a method of obtaining a plurality of liquid catch specimens having condensed volatiles from samples of gas withdrawn from the oven is described, and a light-transmitting value for such catch specimens for the coke devolatilizing period and for coke soaking period is determined.
Abstract: In the operation of a by-product coke oven, in order to provide a coking cycle that meets an aim push time and also includes a coke soaking period of pre-selected length, the method of obtaining a plurality of liquid catch specimens having condensed therein volatiles from samples of gas withdrawn from the oven; determining a light-transmitting value for such liquid catch specimens for the coke devolatilizing period and for the coke soaking period; determining the end of the devolatilizing period based upon the light-transmitting values so determined; and, if necessary, adjusting the heating rate of the coke oven on subsequent coking cycles. Apparatus for obtaining such liquid catch specimens, and for determining such light-transmitting values is disclosed.
Patent•
07 Feb 1984TL;DR: In this paper, a transition plate for a mine roof truss from a strip of metal is made by bending the leading portion of the strip into an "M" shaped saddle portion, the strip is sheared transversely and bent downwardly at its trailing end.
Abstract: Apparatus and method for making a transition plate for a mine roof truss from a strip of metal includes a die set having a first and second station. In the first station the strip of metal is bent downwardly at its sides, a notch is sheared in both sides of the strip and two holes are pierced through the strip. In the second station the transition plate is completed by bending the leading portion of the strip into an "M" shaped saddle portion, the strip is sheared transversely and bent downwardly at its trailing end.
01 Jun 1984-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a paillete d'epaisseur uniforme is used for immersion in an environment environnante, and analyses de surface expliquant ce phenomene.
Abstract: Etude revelant que dans le zingage par immersion, un minimum d'agent oxydant dans l'atmosphere environnante est necessaire pour l'obtention d'un revetement paillete d'epaisseur uniforme. Analyses de surface expliquant ce phenomene
Patent•
19 Sep 1984TL;DR: In this paper, an electroplated product having improved resistance to corrosive attack, and the method of making such a product, is described, where a zinc or zinc-alloy product containing a homogeneous dispersion of corrosion inhibitive pigment is presented.
Abstract: This invention is directed to an electroplated product having improved resistance to corrosive attack, and to the method of making such product. More particularly, the invention hereof relates to a zinc or zinc-alloy electroplated product containing a homogeneous dispersion of corrosion inhibitive pigment produced by subjecting a ferrous substrate to an electroplating bath containing a corrosion inhibitive pigment, such as barium chromate.
Patent•
27 Sep 1984TL;DR: In this paper, a method of measuring the temperature of slot type coke oven walls was proposed, by measuring selected portions of the irradiant hot coke mass as it was pushed from the coke stove.
Abstract: A method of measuring the temperature of slot type coke oven walls by measuring the temperature of selected portions of the irradiant hot coke mass as it is pushed from the coke oven.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of the four-heat trial verified the predictions made from the pipeline database and demonstrated that available relationships can be used to specify steel composition and plate processing to meet various linepipe requirements.
Abstract: During the past few years, Bethlehem has produced approximately 300,000 tons of high-strength, large-diameter linepipe at the X-65 andX-70 strength levels for three major pipelines, Pacific Gas Transmission, Northern Border, and Trailblazer. This production experience has been translated into an extensive database incorporating chemistry, key processing parameters, and plate and pipe mechanical properties. Statistical techniques have been applied to this database to develop interrelationships between chemistry, processing, and properties. In addition, empirical relationships which characterize the shift in strength and toughness during UOE pipe forming have been established and used to predict pipe properties. An example is described in which the database was used to optimize chemistry/processing for a four-heat trial to meet an X-70 strength requirement along with a toughness specification of 50 ft-lb minimum impact energy at a design temperature of 32 ‡F. This trial involved planned variations in composition and plate and pipe processing. Variable partition analysis was used to quantify the effect of the chemistry/processing variations on plate and pipe strength and toughness. The overall plate-to-pipe shift in these properties was also determined, and several pipes were evaluated after varying amounts of hydraulic expansion to define the specific effects of expansion on strength and toughness. Overall, the results of the four-heat trial verified the predictions made from the pipeline database and demonstrated that available relationships can be used to specify steel composition and plate processing to meet various linepipe requirements.