Showing papers by "Bethlehem Steel published in 1988"

The effect of boron on the chemistry of grain boundaries in stoichiometric Ni3Al

Abstract: X-ray spectra have been obtained, using a 1 nm diameter electron beam, from thin foils of stoichiometric Ni3Al with and without boron (0·35 at.%). The boron addition produces nickel enrichment at grain boundaries, which implies a disordering of this region. Disordering of the grain boundary and the consequent expected increase in grain boundary dislocation mobility are suggested to be the reason for the ductility improvement of Ni3Al due to boron.

Process for chemical stabilization of heavy metal bearing dusts and sludges, such as eaf dust.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for the chemical stabilization of heavy metal bearing dusts and sludges. A preferred use for such process is the treatment of dust from an electric arc furnace (EAF). In the production of steel by the electric arc furnace process, a by-product thereof is the generation of EAF dust. Such dust, by virtue of the presence of such elements as cadmium, hexavalent chromium and lead, is classified as hazardous waste by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The present invention is directed to a process for the chemical stabilization of the inorganic EAF dust to render the hazardous constituents thereof virtually immobile. Such process is based on the pozzolanic reaction of materials containing anhydrous alumino-silicates which, in the presence of lime, water and chemicals, adsorb and/or physically entrap the heavy metals present in EAF dust into a calcium-alumino-silicate matrix.

A comparison of the resistance spot weldability of bare, hot-dipped, galvannealed, and electrogalvanized DQSK sheet steels

Abstract: The spot weldability of various zinc-coated sheet steels was examined using several procedures and criteria

Container door barricade

Abstract: A container door barricade system for use on railroad container cars having one or more freight decks adapted to carry cargo containers of different lengths. The door barricade system comprises a plurality of both fixed and pivotal barricade assemblies longitudinally arranged along the length of the freight deck where the pivotal assemblies are operable from ground level at either side of the container car.

Mobile marine platform and method of installation

Abstract: A mobile marine drilling assembly has a horizontally disposed pontoon which floats on or is submerged below the surface of a marine environment. A first vertically disposed column is secured to the pontoon and extends upwardly therefrom. A work platform has an opening through which the column extends, and the platform overlies the pontoon and is vertically movable relative thereto along the column. A jack system is operably connected with the work platform and with the column for jacking the work platform along the column between a first position wherein the pontoon floats on the surface of the marine environment and a second position wherein the pontoon is disposed a substantial distance below the surface of the marine environment. An anchor is secured to the floor of the marine environment. A plurality of resilient tendons extend between and are secured to the pontoon and the anchor, and the tendons are under tension when the pontoon is in the second position so that wave and current induced horizontal movement of the pontoon and thereby of the column and the work platform is permitted, and vertical movement is resisted.

Container support pedestals

Abstract: A container support apparatus for supporting cargo containers being transported on railroad container cars the apparatus comprising a pair of pivotal support pedestals spaced opposite from each other along the side sills of the railroad container car and connected to transverse linkage to permit raising or lowering the pedestals from either side of the railroad car

Method and apparatus for monitoring the thickness profile of a strip

Abstract: A method of monitoring the thickness of a longitudinally moving strip to permit quick detection of continuous defects includes the steps of scanning the strip a predetermined number of times measuring the thickness at a plurality of sites across the strip width for thereby generating a plurality of data sets, or scans, with each data set indicative of the thickness profile of the strip. The scans are smoothed by combining the data sets and thereby generating a single representative profile. Additional profiles are generated and displayed in three dimensional format so that a plurality of profiles in sequential relation are continuously displayed to permit a continuous defect, when occurring, to be detected and displayed from at least one profile to an immediately subsequent profile.

Thermodynamic activity of Na2O in Na2O-CaO-SiO2, Na2O-MgO-SiO2, and Na2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 melts at 1400°C

Abstract: A gas phase equilibration technique was used to generate Na2O isoactivity data at high-silica compositions in the systems Na2O-CaO-SiO2, Na2O-MgO-SiO2, and Na2O-CaO-SiO2-(10 and 20 wt pct) A12O3 at 1400 °. Loga Na 2 O values referenced to pure liquid Na2O at 1400 ° as standard state ranged from about −8.0 to −7.0. Silica activities were calculated in the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system using the Gibbs-Duhem equation. Richardson’s model for ideal mixing of basic oxides in silica was applied to the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 system. The model shows best fit when cationic mixing is assumed to occur on divalent sites. The alkali retention in slags has been described using a defined “sodium capacity”. The temperature variation of alkali retention was estimated, and the resulting sodium capacity was used to evaluate alkali stability in blast furnace slags.

Lateral restraining device for cargo containers having more than one width

Abstract: A cargo container restraining device for preventing lateral movement of cargo containers being transported on freight vehicles the restraining device being adaptable to containers of different widths and comprising fixed and pivotal restraining assemblies where the pivotal restraining assemblies are interconnected by linkage to provide means for raising or lowering the pivotal restraining assemblies from either side of the freight vehicle.

Process for heating molten steel contained in a ladle

Abstract: The temperature of molten steel in a ladle (1) is raised to a predetermined level by introducing a plurality of oxygen containing gas streams beneath the surface of molten steel, through an immersible lance (4), and introducing a predetermined quantity of an oxidizable fuel, such as aluminum or silicon in the form of a wire (6), into the molten steel

Process for treating dust and fume produced by the basic oxygen steelmaking process

Abstract: A process for conditioning basic oxygen steelmaking process dust and fume containing heavy metals for disposal. A sufficient quantity of solidified basic oxygen steelmaking process slag particles are added to the dust and fume to produce a mixture having an alkalinity substantially greater than that of the dust and fume alone. The dust and slag mixture tests as non-hazardous when tested using the toxicity test procedures for heavy metals promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Analytical electron microscopy of internally oxidized low Si-Al steel

Abstract: Analytical electron microscopy was used to study the precipitates in internally oxidized low Si-Al steels, of the type used for electric motor laminations. After oxidizing heat treatments of one and five hours at 788 °C, the internally precipitated particles were about 0.1 to 0.2 μm in diameter. At the internal-oxidation reaction front, thin plates of Al2O3 precipitated. Subsequently, a shell of SiO2 precipitated on the Al2O3 core. Depth of internal oxidation was predicted from the knowledge of precipitate composition, treatment time and temperature, and published information.

Apparatus and method for adaptive control of a rolling mill

Abstract: The method of controlling a velocity dependent factor of strip material being processed in a mill includes the steps of simultaneously determining the apparent velocity of material prior to, between and subsequent to spaced apart work rolls. Input slip is determined by comparing the apparent input velocity with the apparent work roll velocity, and output slip is determined by comparing the apparent output velocity with the apparent work roll velocity. A velocity dependent factor is calculated in response to a comparison of input slip and output slip. The calculated factor is compared with a previously calculated factor and a derived factor is calculated when the calculated factor exceeds the previously calculated factor by more than the selected amount and an adaptive factor used to calculate the derived factor is calculated when the calculated factor does not exceed the previously calculated factor by the selected amount. A selected number of the calculated and/or derived factors are averaged and the divergence between the averaged factor and a target factor is used to adjust the spacing between the work rolls.

Structure and properties of some directly-quenched martensitic steels

Abstract: Experiments simulating production hot rolling and controlled rolling operations were conducted on Mn, MnNi, and NiCrMoB steels to compare the structures and mechanical properties of martensitic structures generated from deformed austenites with those generated by a conventional reheat-quenching operation. The results indicate that increases in strength of roughly 5 to 15% (30 to 120 MPa), which are accompanied by corresponding reductions in ductility, can be achieved by direct quenching and tempering as compared to conventional reheat quenching. In addition, microalloying the NiCrMoB steel with only 0.04 wt pctniobium resulted in a further increase in strength of up to 170 MPa. Although the effects of processing parameters on properties are complex and require further study, the effect of niobium on strength was analyzed quantitatively in terms of precipitation strengthening. The results of impact testing indicate that controlled rolling to achieve adequate refinement of the austenite grain structure is important for optimizing the notch toughness of direct-quenched steels.

Technical Note: On the Effects of Magnesium on the Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Galvanized Sheet Steel

Abstract: The corrosion resistance of sheet steel with galvanized coatings containing 0.04 wt% magnesium was compared to that of conventional galvanized sheet without magnesium additions. No signifi...

Consumable injection lance

Abstract: A consumable lance for injecting oxygen and other gases such as argon below the surface of a molten metal bath the lance comprising an upper manifold portion, a lower nozzle end portion, and a plurality of gas conveying conduits attached to a structural support assembly and encased within a protective refractory covering.

Durability of adhesively bonded coated steels

Abstract: Adhesive joint durability was compared for the following sheet steels: bare, hot-dip galvanized, electrogalvanized, zinc-nickel electroalloyed, zinc-iron electroalloyed, Zincrometal, Zincroplex/electrogalvanized, Zincroplex/zinc-nickel electroalloyed, and chromium oxide electrogalvanized. Experiments monitored lap-shear joint strength with exposure to a corrosive environment

Multipurpose railroad freight car

Abstract: A multipurpose railroad freight car suitable for carrying either bulk freight or granular freight. The floor of the freight car comprises a pair of opposed, reversible conveyors. Also disclosed is a transverse wiper bar to guide the granular freight along the floor of the freight car to a central discharge chute.