Bethlehem Steel

About: Bethlehem Steel is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Coating & Corrosion. The organization has 1529 authors who have published 1559 publications receiving 19098 citations. The organization is also known as: Bethlehem Steel Corporation.

Structure of Protective Rust Layers Formed on Weathering Steels by Long-term Exposure in the Industrial Atmospheres of Japan and North America

Abstract: A protective and adherent rust layer develops on weathering steels during outdoor exposure. This layer acts as a barrier which slows further corrosion, thus enabling weathering steel to be used in structural applications without painting. To aid in understanding the mechanism of protective rust formation, studies have been made on the composition and microstructure of these layers. The present study was jointly conducted on Japanese weathering steel exposed in the industrial environment of Amagasaki, and US weathering steel exposed in the industrial environment of Bethlehem. The rust layers were studied by use of optical microscopy, electron microscopy with X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results of this collaboration show that, in general, the rust layers formed during long-term exposure are composed of one or more alternating layers of goethite and lepidocrocite, with scattered patches of maghemite and/or magnetite.

The fatigue strength of welded joints

Abstract: THE FAILURE of a metal part in service by “fatigue” may be expected if: 1. The stress is not constant, but repeatedly varies in a “cycle” between a lower (minimum) and a greater (maximum) stress; the most severe cycle being that in which minimum and maximum are equal and opposite (full reversal). 2. The greater stress, maximum, is of a sufficient intensity. 3. The cycle is repeated a sufficient number of times, meaning hundreds or thousands or millions according to the severity of items 1 and 2. (For a more complete introduction to the subject see reference 1, which also contains an extended bibliography.)

Treatment of industrial wastewaters

Abstract: An industrial wastewater treatment method is described whereby heavy metals dissolved in the wastewater are precipitated as a slurry which, when allowed to settle, will form a sludge containing at least 10 weight percent solids In the method, an aqueous suspension or solution of a neutralizing agent is introduced into a first reactor A suspension containing particles of carrier agent is also introduced into the first reactor A portion, if not all, of the neutralizing agent is adsorbed on the surface of the particles of the carrier, which are maintained in suspension in the first reactor The carrier, with its adsorbed neutralizing agent, is passed to a second reactor and simultaneously the contaminated industrial wastewater is added to the second reactor The pH of the wastewater is adjusted to a range between 84 and 106 by the neutralizing agent Within such pH range, a substantial portion, if not all, of the heavy metals are precipitated in the form of a slurry The mixture in the second reactor is passed to a solids separation device The solids in the slurry settle to the bottom of the device to form a sludge which is removed therefrom Purified water is removed as an overflow from the separation device Optionally, a flocculant may be added to aid in settling the solids Insoluble calcium salts may also be precipitated in the second reactor Such insoluble salts are adsorbed on the surface of the carrier and/or the heavy metal slurry particles and become part of the sludge formed in the separation device

The effects of grain size on the core loss and permeability of motor lamination steel

Abstract: The effect of grain size on core loss and permeability was studied in three heats of silicon-free motor lamination steel. Grain sizes in the final test specimens ranged from 7 to 1360 µm. The core loss and permeability were measured at 10 and 15 kG ac, and 15 kG dc. Regression equations were constructed which took account of the effects of major changes in grain size as well as of minor variations in thickness, resistivity, texture, and inclusions on core loss and permeability. At the commercially important induction of 15 kG, the ac core loss decreased and the permeability increased as the grain size increased from 7 to 90-160 µm. As the grain size increased further, the core loss increased gradually and the permeability decreased sharply. Similar results were obtained at 10 kG ac and 15 kG dc.