Showing papers by "Boise State University published in 1994"
TL;DR: The authors found that the presence of joint democracy in dangerous, war-prone dyads has a strong positive effect on the probability of referring interstate disputes to binding third-party settlement, even when controlling for alliance bonds and geographic proximity.
Abstract: The proposition that democracies rarely fight one another has been well-substantiated by empirical research. A prominent explanation for this finding is that shared norms fostered by a democratic political culture promote peaceful conflict resolution. Joint democratic dyads allegedly have a greater propensity than other types of dyads to entrust third parties with judicial competence to settle their disputes. The results from a study of 206 dyadic disputes involving third-party intermediaries support this claim. The presence of joint democracy in dangerous, war-prone dyads has a strong positive effect on the probability of referring interstate disputes to binding third-party settlement, even when controlling for alliance bonds and geographic proximity. In addition, the more a joint democratic dyad is marked by coherent regimes or a rough parity in the distribution of military capabilities, the greater the propensity to refer disputes to binding third-party settlement.
179 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between the stock ownership of a chief executive and the overall stock yield of the company and found that until the CEO becomes entrenched, increased stock ownership reduces agency costs and decreases the stock yield.
Abstract: In this study we examine dividends and chief executive officer (CEO) stock ownership as interrelated mechanisms that may be used to reduce agency costs. We find a significant nonmonotonic relation between dividend yield and CEO stock ownership. Our evidence shows that until the CEO becomes entrenched, increased executive stock ownership reduces agency costs and decreases dividend yield. Beyond that point, increased stock ownership increases dividend yield. Whether additional stock ownership can reduce agency costs depends upon the CEO's degree of control in the firm.
165 citations
TL;DR: In this article, play-by-play records of 490 NCAA Division I men's basketball games were analyzed to assess the percentage of points scored from free-throws at various stages of the games.
Abstract: Basketball coaches often refer to their teams' success or failure as a product of their players' performances at the free-throw line. In the present study, play-by-play records of 490 NCAA Division I men's basketball games were analyzed to assess the percentage of points scored from free-throws at various stages of the games. About 20% of all points were scored from free-throws. Free-throws comprised a significantly higher percentage of total points scored during the last 5 minutes than the first 35 minutes of the game for both winning and losing teams. Also, in the last 5 minutes of 246 games decided by 9 points or less and 244 decided by 10 points or more, winners scored a significantly higher percentage of points from free-throws than did losers. Suggestions for structuring practice conditions are discussed.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of five podular direct-supervision jails was conducted to test whether facilities with characteristics related to an "employee investment model" for management of corrections, as opposed to a "control model,” experience the positive personnel outcomes claimed by DiIulio for prisons operated in the "control" manner.
Abstract: In this study of five podular direct-supervision jails we test whether facilities with characteristics related to an “employee investment model” for management of corrections, as opposed to a “control model,” experience the positive personnel outcomes claimed by DiIulio for prisons operated in the “control” manner. We analyze outcome measures such as job enrichment, job satisfaction, workplace stress (supplemented with data on role conflict, organizational commitment, training, and turnover) and find only limited support for the supposed benefits of the DiIulio management model in the contemporary jail. In fact, we discover some evidence that investment in personnel is beneficial to the jail organization.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that the application of social marketing principles to the public policy process can facilitate the efforts of governmental policy-makers and non-governmental stakeholders to articulate their policy desires and to encourage the adoption and acceptance of particular environmental policies.
Abstract: This article suggests that the application of social marketing principles to the public policy process can facilitate the efforts of governmental policy-makers and non-governmental stakeholders to articulate their policy desires and to encourage the adoption and acceptance of particular environmental policies. A conceptual framework is presented, emphasizing both the influence of stakeholders on environmental policy development and the education of stakeholders as to the potential effects of the policy. The purpose of such a conceptualization is to show how social marketing principles can be applied to the public policy process in order to enhance the likelihood of successful policy development and implementation.
74 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that dominance relationships among male House Finches during the non-breeding season may not be related to testosterone, but they are reflected by levels of corticosterone in some circumstances, and colorful plumage appears to be a poor predictor of high social status among male Houses Finch during thenon-breeding period.
Abstract: In male House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), the extent and color of plumage varies depending on access to carotenoid pigments. "Colorful" males exhibit extensive red pigmentation, while less colorful (i.e., "drab") males exhibit carotenoid pigmentation over a smaller percentage of their plumage, pigmentation of a color besides red (e.g., yellow, gold, orange, or pink), or both. One explanation for maintenance of plumage variation is that it reliably reflects social status, allowing males to correctly assess their status in relation to others and avoid or minimize costly fights. Social relationships may also be related to endogenous factors, such as circulating levels of the hormones testosterone and corticosterone. High levels of testosterone may promote or facilitate increased aggression, and stress associated with receiving aggression from individuals of higher status may increase adrenal activity and secretion of corticosterone. We examined the relationship between plumage variability, steroid hormones, and social status in captive male House Finches during the non-breeding period in: (1) groups of males in which individuals varied by age, size, and plumage, and (2) pairs (dyads) of males matched for several measurable parameters except plumage. Testosterone and social status were not related in males competing in either groups or dyads, and levels of testosterone were routinely low. Corticosterone and status were not related in groups but, in dyads where subordinate individuals had little chance of escaping aggression from more dominant birds, subordinates exhibited significantly greater levels of corticosterone. Although drab males tended to achieve higher status than colorful males in both experiments, which is consistent with previous studies on free-living individuals, we could not reject the null hypothesis that plumage and status were unrelated. We conclude that dominance relationships among male House Finches during the non-breeding season may not be related to testosterone, but they are reflected by levels of corticosterone in some circumstances. Additionally, colorful plumage appears to be a poor predictor of high social status among male House Finches during the non-breeding season.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and well data from the western Snake River plain basin were used to identify a buried lacustrine delta system within Neogene Idaho Group sediments near Caldwell, Idaho.
Abstract: High-resolution seismic reflection profiles and well data from the western Snake River plain basin are used to identify a buried lacustrine delta system within Neogene Idaho Group sediments near Caldwell, Idaho. The delta system is detected, 305 m (1000 ft) deep, near the center of the basin by progradational clinoform reflections having dips of 2-5°, a slope typical of prodelta surfaces of modern lacustrine delta systems. The prodelta slope relief, corrected for compaction, indicates the delta system prograded northwestward into a lake basin 255 m (837 ft) deep. Resistivity logs in the prodelta mud and clay facies are characterized by gradual upward increase in resistivity and grain size over a thickness of about 100 m (300 ft). Lithology of the prodelta is mostly c lcareous claystone, with several layers of fine sand, some of which fine upward, indicating a density-flow mechanism of transport and deposition. Delta-plain and front sediments are mostly very fine-grained, well-sorted sand separated by thin mud layers. These sediments produce several to five cycles of horizontal, high-amplitude reflections with a toplap relationship to prodelta clinoforms. The sands have an abrupt lower contact with prodelta muds and have high resistivity on logs. In this study, permeable lacustrine sands within a predominantly mud and clay section are located by using high-resolution seismic reflection data. Identification of a delta system in the Idaho Group provides insight into the history of Pliocene "Lake Idaho." The present depth of the delta/prodelta facies contact of 305 m (1000 ft) is 445 to 575 m (1460-1900 ft) below the lake deposits on the margins. Estimated subsidence from compaction is 220 m (656 ft), and the remaining 225 to 325 m (740-1066 ft) is attributed to tectonic downwarping and faulting. The original lake area had been reduced to one third of the original 13,000 km2 (5000 mi2) by the time the delta front prograded to the Caldwell area. The original lake area may have been sufficient to evaporate most of the inflow, and the lake may have only occasionally spilled into other basins. Diminished area for evaporation later in the history of the lake, combined with reduced evaporation accompanying onset of the ice ages, may have caused the lake to rise and overtop a basin sill about 2 Ma, and subsequently deepen Hells Canyon.
51 citations
TL;DR: In Experiment 1 mock jurors watched a videotape simulation of a sexual abuse trial that included a 10-year-old child witness testifying in one of three different modalities: (1) the child testified in court while directly confronting the defendant (Open court condition), (2) a protective shield placed between the child and the defendant, and (3) a child testified outside the courtroom and the child's testimony was presented to the jury and the defendants on a video monitor (video condition) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In Experiment 1 mock jurors watched a videotape simulation of a sexual abuse trial that included a 10-year-old child witness testifying in one of three different modalities: (1) The child testified in court while directly confronting the defendant (open court condition). (2) The child testified in court with a protective shield placed between the child and the defendant (shield condition). (3) The child testified outside the courtroom and the child's testimony was presented to the jury and the defendant on a video monitor (video condition). The mock jurors judged the guilt of the defendant after watching the entire trial. The modality of the child's testimony had no impact on conviction rates. In Experiment 2 subjects watched the same trial that was used in Experiment 1. The trial was stopped immediately after the child testified (the child was the first witness to take the stand), and subjects judged the guilt of the defendant. The modality of the child's testimony had a significant impact on conviction rates. Subjects in the open court condition were more likely to convict the defendant than subjects in the shield and videotape conditions. These findings are relevant to Supreme Court decisions regarding the use of protective devices with child witnesses.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define Employee Health Management Programs (EHMPs) and discuss their history, examine motivations for organizations establishing EHMPs, review EHRMP outcome research, and discuss linkages between EMP and the human resource management (HRM) function.
Abstract: Recent research suggests that well-designed employee health management programs (EHMPs) can enhance employee health as well as a number of important organizational outcomes. The purpose of this article is to further our understanding of EHMPs and their effects on organizations. To do so the authors define EHMPs and discuss their history, examine motivations for organizations establishing EHMPs, review EHMP outcome research, discuss linkages between EHMP and the human resource management (HRM) function, analyze the mechanisms by which EHMPs influence important HRM outcomes, and address EHMP implementation challenges. Recommendations for future research are presented.
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present survey results describing the effect that adopting Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing methods had on the job attitudes of production line workers at a Hewlett-Packard plant.
Abstract: Presents survey results describing the effect that adopting Just‐in‐Time (JIT) manufacturing methods had on the job attitudes of production line workers at a Hewlett‐Packard plant. JIT manufacturing is one of the latest Japanese management techniques to be adopted and implemented by Western companies. The operational benefits of adopting JIT have been widely documented; however, uneasiness has occasionally been expressed concerning the human impact of changing from a traditional manufacturing structure to a JIT philosophy. Unfortunately, little empirical evidence is available concerning the effect on workers of changing to a JIT manufacturing scheme. Workers on an electronic assembly line completed written questionnaires in the late 1980s when JIT was begun, and again two years later after the production line had stabilized. Even though drastic changes occurred in the work environment, generally positive changes in attitudes occurred during the implementation period. In addition, no significant drop‐off i...
37 citations
TL;DR: Using survey and organizational profile data from five podular direct supervision jails, the extent of stress occuring is estimated, and evidence indicating that the adoption of progressive personnel practices produces positive outcomes with respect to the incidence of turnover and workplace stress is presented.
TL;DR: The absence of catastrophic head/neck-related injuries lends support to the premise that at the Pro/Elite level off-road bicycle racing appears to be a relatively safe sport.
TL;DR: In this article, trend-surface analysis of biogeographic data and probabilistic estimates of diversity and similarity provide a new approach to understand the origin of North American suspect terranes.
Abstract: Trend-surface analysis of biogeographic data and probabilistic estimates of diversity and similarity provide a new approach to understanding the origin of North American suspect terranes. Results from Permian corals indicate that (1) the eastern boundary of the Tethyan coral province was about 2000 km west of the North American craton; (2) Eastern Klamath and Stikinia were close to one another and were up to 6700 km west of North America during the Early Permian; (3) Wrangellia was situated to the southeast of Stikinia, as much as 5000 km west of the craton; (4) the Late Permian location of the Eastern Klamath terrane was 3000-5800 km west of the craton and between 11° and 21°N; and (5) the Eastern Klamath terrane moved westward during the Permian, possibly as a result of back-arc spreading.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the extent to which legal variables (i.e., information related to the specific rule violation charged, previous criminal activities of the accused, etc.) and extralegal variables (e.g., personal biographical information, institutional security level, etc.).
Abstract: Those persons confined in any correctional facility are bound by codified rules of behavior and are subject to some form of loss of privileges or liberty if found guilty of violating these rules. The present research focuses on the extent to which legal variables (i.e., information related to the specific rule violation charged, previous criminal activities of the accused, etc.) and extralegal variables (i.e., personalbiographical information, institutional security level, etc.) are associated with outcomes of institutional disciplinary procedures. Seriousness of the charge and the security level of the accused were associated with formal processing of complaints. Minority group members are less likely to receive formal processing. Finally, the severity of one's sanction is almost exclusively understood in terms of who does the sanctioning. The implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify and compare skills seen as important in US and international managers, and find that current US skills courses are strongly influenced by studies done in the US.
Abstract: Current US skills courses are strongly influenced by studies done in the US. Are they relevant for international managers? This study identifies and com pares skills seen as important in US and int...
TL;DR: A combined analysis of independent analyses of molecular and morphological data from Pentadenia and Stygnanthe finds that the level of incongruence between the two data sets was low and the tree resulting from the combined data has aspects of both the morphological and molecular trees despite the larger number of molecular characters.
Abstract: The cladistic analysis and comparison of molecular and morphological data has been the source of much recent debate. In this study, independent analyses of molecular and morphological data fromColumnea L. sects.Pentadenia andStygnanthe (Gesneriaceae) are compared. Comparative methods include consensus, visually comparing trees from independent analyses and combined data analysis. Consensus methods provided little resolution. Comparison of trees obtained from the independent analyses revealed some differences although the trees are highly similar. However, a combined analysis found that the level of incongruence between the two data sets was low. The tree resulting from the combined data has aspects of both the morphological and molecular trees despite the larger number of molecular characters. In addition, the combined data tree has greater resolution than either of the two data sets singly, indicating that the two types of data are congruent, and complementary to each other.
TL;DR: In this paper, an interpretive-analytic for the study of how discourse functions in sociopolitical movements is presented, employing ideas derived from Kenneth Burke and Michel Foucault, and the results of research on how discourses function in movements, elaborating a power/strategy interpretation of what movement actors do with words.
Abstract: This article outlines an interpretive-analytic for the study of how discourse functions in sociopolitical movements. Employing ideas derived from Kenneth Burke and Michel Foucault, and the results of research on how discourses function in movements, it elaborates a power/strategy interpretation of what movement actors do with words. Politics, both Burke and Foucault insist, is war pursued by other means. In other words, movements are militant campaigns; activists are generals and soldiers; the context in which movements unfold is a theater of force relations; actions are battles and words are tactical weapons. Movement actors must mobilize a discursive arsenal to organize, educate, and activate to engage opponents in the public theater.
TL;DR: In this paper, social workers are well aware of the potential negative consequences for children who are socially excluded, and they are concerned about the negative consequences of social exclusion for children and youth.
Abstract: Peer relations play a major role in the social development of children and youth. Social workers are well aware of the potential negative consequences for children who are socially excluded, and th...
TL;DR: In this article, a model of a predator-prey system with refuges was studied and it was shown that all solutions are ultimately bounded and eventually enter a triangular region in the first quadrant, and two Hopf bifurcations occur and, using singularity theory, the two branches of periodic solutions join.
TL;DR: This paper found that homosexual child molesters were 6.79 times more likely to be imprisoned than were heterosexual childmolesters, adjusting for the combined effects of crime seriousness, prior record, and acceptance/denial of full responsibility for their actions.
Abstract: This article compares case characteristics and sentencing differentials of homosexual and heterosexual child molesters. It is asserted that sex offenders are the most despised of all criminals and that among sex offenders none are more despised than homosexual child molesters. The current AIDS scare is viewed as an additional factor exacerbating the general opprobrium attached to homosexual child molesting. Using logit regression, it was found that homosexual molesters were 6.79 times more likely to be imprisoned than were heterosexual molesters qfter adjusting for the combined effects of crime seriousness, prior record, and acceptance/denial of full responsibility for their actions. The latter variable was the only other nonlegal variable to significantly impact sentencing.
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between campaign contributions from savings and loan and finance industry PACs and membership on the House Banking Committee and found that members of the House banking committee do receive significantly higher contributions from the S&L and finance PACs than do other members of Congress.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between campaign contributions from savings and loan and finance industry PACs and membership on the House Banking Committee. The distinguishing features of this paper are that we focus on campaign contributions at an industry level, and we use regression analysis to determine whether membership on the House Banking Committee, the committee with oversight responsibility for the savings and loan industry, influences the level of contributions received by an individual legislator. We find that members of the House Banking Committee do receive significantly greater contributions from the savings and loan and finance PACs than do other members of Congress and that being chairman of the House Banking Committee also pays a dividend.
TL;DR: The Vandfaldsdalen macrodike is a remarkably zoned fossil magma chamber, with a granophyric cap overlying cumulate gabboros.
Abstract: The Vandfaldsdalen macrodike, which lies in the Skaergaard region of East Greenland, is a remarkably zoned fossil magma chamber, with a granophyric cap overlying cumulate gabboros. The intrusion is distinctly bimodal, with a large compositional discontinuity at the contact between the gabbro and granophyre. Although the exposed part of the macrodike is in contact with Tertiary basalts and sediments, the granophyre originated by assimilation of xenoliths derived from the underlying Archean basement. Sr and Nd isotopic ratios throughout the cumulate sequence are remarkably similar, indicating insignificant contamination of the gabbro by the granophyre. Modelling of the compositional effects of cooling and crystallization indicate that the cumulate pile resulted from fractional crystallization, with the complicating effects of trapped liquid and post-cumulus fractionation. The uppermost rocks in the mafic part, of the chamber (SiO2=62%; FeO*=12.4%) resulted from about 85% fractional crystallization. A transgressive sill of strongly fractionated magma (SiO2=67%; FeO*=8.8%) formed from extracted intercumulus liquid that was the result of 90% fractional crystallization of the original magma. Mass-balance indicates that typical granophyre is made up of about 75% dissolved xenoliths, by weight, and 25% mantle-derived basaltic magma. The magmas were not measurably affected by material exchange across the interface between the gabbro and granophyre. This magma chamber evolved by both assimilation and fractional crystallization, but the residual liquids formed by fractional crystallization were unaffected by assimilation. Heat exchange between were unaffected by assimilation. Heat exchange between the two parts of the chamber was obviously important, but there was insignificant material exchange. The inability of fractional crystallization and assimilation to affect the same liquid is related to the dynamic behavior of this particular magma chamber, particularly the buoyancy of granophyre relative to evolving tholeiitic magma.
TL;DR: A modified mise-a-la-masse method was used to track the evolution of a conductive tracer plume migrating through fluvial sands and gravels under a forced hydraulic gradient as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Ground-water monitoring to delineate contaminant plumes in complex hydrogeologic settings often is uncertain This uncertainty is manifested by the fact that ground-water contaminants often migrate along preferred pathways formed by lateral and vertical heterogeneity within definable stratigraphic units A somewhat obscure surface, electrical geophysical method first suggested in 1920 holds great promise as a tool to help delineate conductive contaminant plumes in suitable hydrogeologic environments This tool known as the mise-a'-la-masse method has been used with success by other investigators to map conductive orebodies
A modified mise-a'-la-masse method was used with great success in this investigation during a controlled field experiment The method was used to track the evolution of a conductive tracer plume migrating through fluvial sands and gravels under a forced hydraulic gradient Voltage differences between 171 stationary, surface electrodes and a reference electrode were monitored over time to map an evolving tracer plume For this particular experiment, the method proved to be sensitive to changes in the specific electrical conductance of the ground water of less than 10% above the baseline values Data derived by the modified mise-a'-la-masse method show close agreement to specific electrical conductance measurements of ground-water samples collected from wells during the tracer experiment However, uncertainty in the significance of the variable specific electrical conductance data, especially at early times during the experiment, is reduced greatly by comparison with the plume maps generated by the modified mise-a'-la-masse method
TL;DR: The southern Pre-Uralian Foredeep and the northeastern Pre-Caspian Basin of southern Russia and Kazakhstan are at the juncture of two major oil-producing regions, the Volga-ural Basin and the new fields of the Northern Caspian basin (e.g., Tengiz) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The southern Pre-Uralian Foredeep and the northeastern Pre-Caspian Basin of southern Russia and Kazakhstan are at the juncture of two major oil-producing regions, the Volga-Ural Basin and the new fields of the Northern Caspian Basin (eg, Tengiz) The southern Pre-Uralian Foredeep has produced little oil; nevertheless, the Permian-Carboniferous stratigraphy and the general fold-thrust structure of the Pre- Uralian Foredeep, and adjacent Pre-Caspian Basin, afford the possibility for classic and largely untested sub-salt and sub-thrust plays Prior to the onset of Uralian orogenic activity, Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous rifting disrupted the East European continent, forming a series of rift basins including the Kama-Kinel troughs and the Pre- Caspian Basin The Middle Carboniferous to Early-Middle Triassic Uralian Orogenic Belt consists of a complicated series of lower Paleozoic continental margin sequences, basement nappes, and accreted terranes, structurally interleaved via large-scale folding and th
TL;DR: The authors developed a questionnaire on strategies of library research which showed demonstrable psychometric qualities such as validity and reliability, to aid in assessing the effectiveness of bibliographic instruction of psychology students.
Abstract: 3 studies were conducted to develop a questionnaire on strategies of library research which showed demonstrable psychometric qualities such as validity and reliability, to aid in assessing the effectiveness of bibliographic instruction of psychology students. In Study 1, 31 undergraduate students were interviewed about their use of the library and the strategies they use when confronted with a paper-writing assignment. In Study 2, the qualitative responses from Study 1 were used to develop a pool of multiple-choice items for testing, to examine whether a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument could be created. 64 students were tested. Using the results from Study 2, Study 3 refined the original questionnaire; reliability measures and factor analysis based on responses of 246 students were used to confirm 4 factors composing the Library Research Strategies Questionnaire, namely, person-specific skills, library-specific skills, paper-specific skills, and reference-specific skills.
TL;DR: In this article, the null effects of misinformation on children's memory were investigated and no difference in recognition memory performance was observed between control and misled conditions, and item analyses were also indicative of the absence of a misinformation effect.
Abstract: Whether or not misleading postevent information influences children’s memory has been hotly debated. The present experiment focused on the null effects of misinformation and was designed so as to partially replicate Zaragoza’s (1991) finding that preschoolers were unaffected by suggested information. Consistent with Zaragoza’s findings, no difference in recognition memory performance was observed between control and misled conditions. Item analyses were also indicative of the absence of a misinformation effect. Results are discussed in terms of event salience, interviewer credibility, and their psycholegal implications.
TL;DR: A linear programming problem whose optimal objective value is a lower bound for the simplexity of the d -cube is developed, and the sequence of bounds from the approach is not as good as Smith's asymptotic lower bound.
TL;DR: Results indicated that higher expressiveness in the family was significantly related to positive attitudes toward marriage, and it was concluded that family dynamics need to be studied from multiple perspectives to identify factors that influence marital expectations.
Abstract: To examine our hypothesis that family experiences would be associated with attitudes toward marriage, we administered the Family Environment Scale (FES; Moos & Moos, 1986) and a Marriage Attitudes Questionnaire (MAQ; adapted from Long, 1987) to 40 unmarried college students. Correlational analyses indicated that for the conflict subscale of the FES, only two of the six marital expectation questions approached significance. However, family expressiveness (another subscale of the FES) was significantly correlated with three of the marital expectation questions and approached significance with a fourth question. These results indicated that higher expressiveness in the family was significantly related to positive attitudes toward marriage. We concluded that family dynamics need to be studied from multiple perspectives to identify factors that influence marital expectations.
TL;DR: In this article, a program called "Operation Valkyrie" implemented by the Illinois State Police for the purpose of interdicting drugs is presented as a study that illustrates reciprocity between a police organization and its institutional milieu.
TL;DR: In this paper, sociological paradigms about dominance and intergroup dynamics are presented as viable theoretical supplements for work-force diversity in U.S. organizations, and the authors propose to share power with diverse or nontraditional employees.
Abstract: Research in business disciplines about work-force diversity has been inadequate in terms of precise conceptualization and theoretical grounding. Two psychological paradigms from training literature (cognitive and affective) are examined here, but, because of their inability to explain the sources and significance of organization-level change, sociological paradigms about dominance and intergroup dynamics are presented as viable theoretical supplements. Substantive sharing of power with diverse or nontraditional employees hitherto marginalized in U.S. organizations is proposed as one potentially effective response to managing work-force diversity. Systemwide structural changes in U.S. organizations of today are recommended for optimizing diversity.