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Showing papers by "Boise State University published in 2006"


Journal ArticleDOI
23 Jun 2006-Science
TL;DR: Experimental results from 15 diverse populations show that all populations demonstrate some willingness to administer costly punishment as unequal behavior increases, and the magnitude of this punishment varies substantially across populations, and costly punishment positively covaries with altruistic behavior across populations.
Abstract: Recent behavioral experiments aimed at understanding the evolutionary foundations of human cooperation have suggested that a willingness to engage in costly punishment, even in one-shot situations, may be part of human psychology and a key element in understanding our sociality. However, because most experiments have been confined to students in industrialized societies, generalizations of these insights to the species have necessarily been tentative. Here, experimental results from 15 diverse populations show that (i) all populations demonstrate some willingness to administer costly punishment as unequal behavior increases, (ii) the magnitude of this punishment varies substantially across populations, and (iii) costly punishment positively covaries with altruistic behavior across populations. These findings are consistent with models of the gene-culture coevolution of human altruism and further sharpen what any theory of human cooperation needs to explain.

1,334 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the impact of specific norms supporting women's entrepreneurship on the relative rates of women to men engaged in entrepreneurship in different countries and found that countries with higher overall levels of entrepreneurial activity also tended to have higher relative proportions of female participation.
Abstract: Building on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor research, this study examines the impact of specific norms supporting women's entrepreneurship on the relative rates of women to men engaged in entrepreneurship in different countries. These specific norms are themselves related to both a country's general support for entrepreneurship and its level of gender equality. Countries with higher overall levels of entrepreneurial activity also tended to evidence higher relative proportions of female participation. These findings are still seen when controlling for the substantial effect of countries’ economic development in shaping patterns of entrepreneurial activity.

435 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the U-Pb systematics of zircon and xenotime on the single-to sub-grain scale by high-precision ID-TIMS geochronology on 11 rock samples ranging from 0.1 to 3.3 Ga.

418 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Being optically transparent with the above optimal properties, Cr-doped In2O3 emerges as a viable candidate for the development of spin electronics.
Abstract: The search for an ideal magnetic semiconductor with tunable ferromagnetic behaviour over a wide range of doping or by electrical gating is being actively pursued as a major step towards realizing spin electronics. A magnetic semiconductor having a high Curie temperature, capable of independently controlled carrier density and magnetic doping, is crucial for developing spin-based multifunctional devices. Cr-doped In2O3 is such a unique system, where the electrical and magnetic behaviour—from ferromagnetic metal-like to ferromagnetic semiconducting to paramagnetic insulator—can be controllably tuned by the defect concentration. An explicit dependence of magnetic interaction leading to ferromagnetism on the carrier density is shown. A carrier-density-dependent high Curie temperature of 850–930 K has been measured, in addition to the observation of clear magnetic domain structures in these films. Being optically transparent with the above optimal properties, Cr-doped In2O3 emerges as a viable candidate for the development of spin electronics.

372 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the literature surrounding the current state of K-12 distance education can be found in this article, which provides an overview of the field of distance education with a focus on the research conducted in K- 12 distance education environments.
Abstract: This review provides a comprehensive examination of the literature surrounding the current state of K-12 distance education. The growth in K–12 distance education follows in the footsteps of expanded learning opportunities at all levels of public education and training in corporate environments. Implementation has been accomplished with a limited research base, often drawing from studies in adult distance education and policies adapted from traditional learning environments. This review of literature provides an overview of the field of distance education with a focus on the research conducted in K–12 distance education environments.

308 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that a twenty-minute plyometric-based exercise program that focuses on the mechanics of landing from a jump and deceleration when running performed twice a week throughout the season will not reduce the rate of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high-school female athletes.
Abstract: Background: Studies have suggested that exercise programs can reduce the incidence of noncontact injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament in female athletes. We conducted a two-year prospective study to assess the effects of a knee ligament injury prevention exercise program on the incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high-school female athletes. Methods: A prospective cohort design was used to study high-school female athletes (playing soccer, basketball, and volleyball) from fifteen schools (112 teams) for two consecutive seasons. The schools were divided into treatment and control groups. The treatment group participated in a plyometric-based exercise program twice a week throughout the season. Practice and game exposures and compliance with the exercise program were recorded on a weekly basis. Suspected noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries were confirmed on the basis of the history as well as at the time of surgery and/or with magnetic resonance imaging. Results: A total of 1439 athletes (862 in the control group and 577 in the treatment group) were monitored. There were six confirmed noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: three in the treatment group, and three in the control group. The incidence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries per 1000 exposures was 0.167 in the treatment group and 0.078 in the control group, yielding an odds ratio of 2.05, which was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that a twenty-minute plyometric-based exercise program that focuses on the mechanics of landing from a jump and deceleration when running performed twice a week throughout the season will not reduce the rate of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high-school female athletes. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

249 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Role congruity theory (e.g., Eagly & Diekman, 2005) posits that a group will be positively evaluated when its characteristics are perceived to align with the requirements of the group's typical soc...
Abstract: Role congruity theory (e.g., Eagly & Diekman, 2005) posits that a group will be positively evaluated when its characteristics are perceived to align with the requirements of the group's typical soc...

205 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Budge et al. as mentioned in this paper discussed the problem of rural leaders, privilege, and possibility in rural education, and proposed a framework for rural leaders to solve it. But their work was limited to three categories: Problem, Privilege, and Possibility.
Abstract: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kathleen Budge, Boise State University, Leadership Development Program, Boise, ID 83706. (kathleenbudge@boisestate.edu) Citation: Budge, K. (2006, December 18). Rural leaders, rural places: Problem, privilege, and possibility. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 21(13). Retrieved [date] from http://jrre.psu.edu/articles/2113.pdf Rural Leaders, Rural Places: Problem, Privilege, and Possibility

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that term limits have virtually no effect on the types of people elected to office, but they do have measurable impact on certain behaviors and priorities reported by legislators in the survey, and on the balance of power among various institutional actors in the arena of state politics.
Abstract: Term limits on legislators were adopted in 21 states during the early 1990s. Beginning in 1996, the limits legally barred incumbents from reelection in 11 states, and they will do so in four more by 2010. In 2002, we conducted the only survey of legislators in all 50 states aimed at assessing the impact of term limits on state legislative representation. We found that term limits have virtually no effect on the types of people elected to office�whether measured by a range of demographic characteristics or by ideological predisposition�but they do have measurable impact on certain behaviors and priorities reported by legislators in the survey, and on the balance of power among various institutional actors in the arena of state politics. We characterize the biggest impact on behavior and priorities as a �Burkean shift,� whereby term-limited legislators become less beholden to the constituents in their geographical districts and more attentive to other concerns. The reform also increases the power of the executive branch (governors and the bureaucracy) over legislative outcomes and weakens the influence of majority party leaders and committee chairs, albeit for different reasons.

156 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Polyphasic studies that used phospholipid fatty acid analysis in conjunction with community level physiological profiling or PCR-based molecular methods were analyzed in order to evaluate the power of each strategy to detect treatment effects on soil microbial community structure (MCS).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model-linking absorptive capacity, knowledge acquisition, and performance was proposed to predict knowledge acquisition in 173 international joint ventures (IJVs) in Vietnam.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address normative, social and cognitive factors related to the interest in becoming an entrepreneur in China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, and emphasize the importance of developing both self-efficacy and close social supports in enhancing potential for entrepreneurial activity in these countries.
Abstract: This study addresses normative, social and cognitive factors related to the interest in becoming an entrepreneur in China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The study's findings are based on surveys of 782 business students in these countries. A rather consistent pattern of country differences was found on most of the measures, which may reflect differences in the historical, cultural, economic and political contexts of these nations. The results of this study emphasize the importance of developing both self-efficacy and close social supports in enhancing potential for entrepreneurial activity in these countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The author describes its effects on 5 major ones: glutamate, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), dopamine, dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems, and notes the interactions and interdependencies of these transmitters.
Abstract: Alcohol affects several neurotransmitter systems within the brain. In this article, the author describes its effects on 5 major ones: glutamate, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems. The author also notes the interactions and interdependencies of these transmitters, and provides details on both immediate effects and long-term adaptations. Last, the author explains several psychopharmacological treatments for alcoholism and the effects of these treatments on transmitters, and draws conclusions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data suggest that the activation of caspases and cleavage of cellular proteins such as GFAP may contribute to astrocyte injury and damage in the AD brain.
Abstract: Recent studies demonstrate roles for activation of caspases and cleavage of cellular proteins within neurons of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. To determine whether a similar role for caspases also occurs within glial cells in AD, we designed a site-directed caspase-cleavage antibody specific to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a cytoskeleton protein specifically expressed in astrocytes. In vitro characterization of this antibody using both a cell-free system and a cell model system of apoptosis demonstrated that the antibody (termed GFAP caspase-cleavage product antibody or GFAP-CCP Ab) immunolabeled the predicted caspase-cleavage fragment, but not full-length GFAP, by Western blot analysis. To determine whether caspases cleave GFAP in vivo, tissue sections from control and AD brains were examined by immunohistochemistry using the GFAP-CCP Ab. Two prominent features of staining were evident: immunolabeling of degenerating astrocytes in proximity to blood vessels and staining within plaque-rich regions of the AD brain. Furthermore, co-localization of the GFAP-CCP Ab and an antibody specific to active caspase-3 was demonstrated within damaged astrocytes of the AD brain. These data suggest that the activation of caspases and cleavage of cellular proteins such as GFAP may contribute to astrocyte injury and damage in the AD brain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the challenges faced by SMEs along their path of internationalization, in particular the internationalization process in transitional and developed economies, and the central research methodology for the project uses a qualitative approach involving the in-depth investigation of a "critical incident".
Abstract: Purpose – This research seeks to extend earlier work by Scharf et al. (2001) that examined the challenges faced by SMEs along their path of internationalization. In particular, the internationalization process in transitional and developed economies is examined.Design/methodology/approach – The central research methodology for the project uses a qualitative approach involving the in‐depth investigation of a “critical incident.” The incident explored is the firm's “worst nightmare” or “biggest challenge” in conducting international business. Respondents are asked to “tell the story” of the “critical incident”, its nature and consequences.Findings – SME exporters in the transitional economy encountered export problems related to product quality acceptance and logistics management. In comparison, SME exporters in the developed economy faced issues such as country differences, general business risk, and logistics.Research limitations/implications – The research methodology provides both limitations and benefi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article addresses 4 methodologic challenges in creating the analytic files: conversion of claims into unique visits, identification of incomplete claims data, categorization of providers and locations of service, and selecting the most useful measures of utilization and expenditures.
Abstract: Research use of insurance claims data presents unique challenges and requires a series of value judgments that are intended to improve the data quality. In this study, medical insurance claims from 2 large companies were combined to assess utilization of complementary and alternative medicine. Challenges included assessing and improving the quality of data, combining data from 2 different companies with dissimilar coding systems, and determining the most appropriate ways to describe utilization. This article addresses 4 methodologic challenges in creating the analytic files: (1) conversion of claims into unique visits, (2) identification of incomplete claims data, (3) categorization of providers and locations of service, and (4) selecting the most useful measures of utilization and expenditures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, geomorphologic thresholds are detected in a digital elevation model of the Pang Khum Experimental Watershed in northern Thailand and compared to the locations of field mapped channel heads.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a shape memory polymer (SMP), Calomer™, produced by The Polymer Technology Group, Inc., was investigated as a candidate for aneurysm coils, and the SMP was tested to determine its thermo-mechanical properties and the strength of the shape recovery force.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The real-time monitoring provided by the Clark GPS Animal Tracking System enables researchers to accurately examine animal distribution and activity responses to acute, short-term disturbances relative to longer-term behavioral patterns.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a broadband, frequency-dependent computation that utilizes an analytical solution to the three-interface reflectivity and is easy to implement for either transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations is presented.
Abstract: Offset-dependent reflectivity or amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) analysis of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data may improve the resolution of subsurface dielectric permittivity estimates. A horizontally stratified medium has a limiting layer thickness below which thin-bed AVO analysis is necessary. For a typical GPR signal, this limit is approximately 0.75 of the characteristic wavelength of the signal. Our approach to modeling the GPR thin-bed response is a broadband, frequency-dependent computation that utilizes an analytical solution to the three-interface reflectivity and is easy to implement for either transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations. The AVO curves for TE and TM modes differ significantly. In some cases, constraining the interpretation using both TE and TM data is critical. In two field examples taken from contaminated-site characterization data, we find quantitative thin-bed modeling agrees with the GPR field data and available characterization data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is revealed that a biological soil crust dominated by short mosses had a negative effect on seed water status and significantly reduced seed germination.
Abstract: Biological soil crusts dominated by drought-tolerant mosses are commonly found through arid and semiarid steppe communities of the northern Great Basin of North America. We conducted growth chamber experiments to investigate the effects of these crusts on the germination of four grasses: Festuca idahoensis, Festuca ovina, Elymus wawawaiensis and Bromus tectorum. For each of these species, we recorded germination time courses on bare soil and two types of biological soil crusts; one composed predominantly of the tall moss Tortula ruralis and the other dominated by the short moss Bryum argenteum. On the short-moss crust, the final germination percentage was about half of that on bare soil. Also, the mean germination time was 4 days longer on short-mosses than on bare soil. In contrast to the short-moss crust, the tall-moss crust did not reduce the final germination percentage but increased the mean germination time. Similar results were observed in the four grasses studied. To investigate the mechanism by which moss crusts affected germination, we analyzed the water status of seeds on bare soil and moss crusts. Six days after seeding, the water content of seeds on bare soil was approximately twice that of seeds on tall- or short-moss crust. Analysis of the time course of changes in seed weight and water potential in Bromus tectorum revealed that overtime seeds on tall mosses reached higher water content than those on short mosses. The increase in the water content of seeds on tall mosses occurred as the seeds gradually fell through the moss canopy. Taken together, our results indicate that biological soil crusts with distinct structural characteristics can have different effects on seed germination. Furthermore, this study revealed that a biological soil crust dominated by short mosses had a negative effect on seed water status and significantly reduced seed germination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a program that quickly determines the energy band diagrams based on a simple analytical model was created to explore the behavior of various oxide stacks with the ability to easily vary important parameters like oxide material, electron affinity, bandgap, dielectric constant, and thickness.
Abstract: Energy band diagrams for MOS devices are essential for understanding device performance and reliability. Introduction of high-k gate stacks with a silicon dioxide (SiO2) interfacial layer requires an even greater understanding of the energy band behavior. A program that quickly determines the band diagrams based on a simple analytical model was created. It is used to explore the behavior of various oxide stacks with the ability to easily vary important parameters like oxide material, electron affinity, bandgap, dielectric constant, and thickness. The usefulness of this program to predict potential reliability issues is also demonstrated

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide theoretical and practical information about underlying characteristics of competencies and explain how the Department of Instructional & Performance Technology at Boise State University developed a set of competency and has been modifying its curriculum on the basis of these competencies.
Abstract: Competency-based instruction can be applied to a military setting, an academic program, or a corporate environment with a focus on producing performance-based learning outcomes. In this article, the authors provide theoretical and practical information about underlying characteristics of competencies and explain how the Department of Instructional & Performance Technology at Boise State University developed a set of competencies and has been modifying its curriculum on the basis of these competencies. The department's curriculum architecture flowchart illustrates the process of developing and applying competencies to curriculum design for producing performance-based learning outcomes. Detailed steps taken in developing a competency-based course are described.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors suggest that ambivalent reactions to the human body are partially rooted in the association of the physical body with inescapable death and that individuals high in neuroticism are particularly vulnerable to such difficulties.
Abstract: Based on terror management theory, the authors suggest that ambivalent reactions to the human body are partially rooted in the association of the physical body with inescapable death and that individuals high in neuroticism are particularly vulnerable to such difficulties. Three experiments demonstrated that priming thoughts about one's death leads individuals high in neuroticism to flee from physical sensations, including pleasurable ones. In response to mortality salience, highly neurotic individuals spent less time submerging their arm in ice-cold water and using an electric foot massager but did not avoid stimulation in nontactile modalities (i.e., listening to music). The discussion highlights the role of existentially motivated self-repression in inhibitions surrounding the body.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2006
TL;DR: These absent sequences define the maximum set of potentially lethal oligomers and provide a rational basis for choosing artificial DNA sequences for molecular barcodes, show promise for species identification and environmental characterization based on absence, and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and suicide markers.
Abstract: We describe a new publicly available algorithm for identifying absent sequences, and demonstrate its use by listing the smallest oligomers not found in the human genome (human "nullomers"), and those not found in any reported genome or GenBank sequence ("primes"). These absent sequences define the maximum set of potentially lethal oligomers. They also provide a rational basis for choosing artificial DNA sequences for molecular barcodes, show promise for species identification and environmental characterization based on absence, and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and suicide markers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A harness design that failed prematurely as well as designs that proved successful for long-term PTT attachment are described, which discuss possible reasons for differences in apparent survival rates and offer recommendations for future marking of falcons.
Abstract: From 1999–2002, we attached satellite-received platform transmitter terminals (PTTs) to 40 adult female prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) on their nesting grounds in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA) in southwest Idaho. We used 3 variations of a backpack harness design that had been used previously on raptors. Each radiomarked falcon also received a color leg band with a unique alphanumeric code. We monitored survival of birds using radiotelemetry and searched for marked birds on their nesting grounds during breeding seasons after marking. Because 6 falcons removed their harnesses during the first year, we were able to compare survival rates of birds that shed PTTs with those that retained them. We describe a harness design that failed prematurely as well as designs that proved successful for long-term PTT attachment. We resighted 21 marked individuals on nesting areas 1–5 years after they were radiomarked and documented 13 mortalities of satellite-tracked falcons. We used a Cormack-Jolly-Seber model to estimate apparent survival probability based on band resighting and telemetry data. Platform transmitter terminals had no short-term effects on falcons or their nesting success during the nesting season they were marked, but birds that shed their transmitters increased their probability of survival. Estimated annual survival for birds that shed their transmitters was 87% compared to 49% for birds wearing transmitters. We discuss possible reasons for differences in apparent survival rates and offer recommendations for future marking of falcons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The success of data warehouses depends on the interaction of technology and social context and new insights into the implementation process and interventions can lead to success.
Abstract: The success of data warehouses depends on the interaction of technology and social context. We present new insights into the implementation process and interventions that can lead to success.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the influence of personality variables (negative affectivity and positive affectivity) and three work-related stressors (interpersonal conflict, workload, and perceived ambiguity) on a multi-dimensional measure of sleep quality (going to bed, falling asleep, maintaining sleep, reinitiating sleep, and waking up).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of field, laboratory, and modeling tests are presented to explain the source of wellbore skin at wells at a research wellfield and which support estimation of skin thickness (ds) and skin hydraulic conductivity (Ks).