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Showing papers by "Boise State University published in 2016"


Journal ArticleDOI
Daniel J. Klionsky1, Kotb Abdelmohsen2, Akihisa Abe3, Joynal Abedin4  +2519 moreInstitutions (695)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macro-autophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

5,187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that zygomycetes comprise two major clades that form a paraphyletic grade, and the phyla Mucoromycota and ZoopagomyCota are circumscribed.
Abstract: Zygomycete fungi were classified as a single phylum, Zygomycota, based on sexual reproduction by zygospores, frequent asexual reproduction by sporangia, absence of multicellular sporocarps, and production of coenocytic hyphae, all with some exceptions. Molecular phylogenies based on one or a few genes did not support the monophyly of the phylum, however, and the phylum was subsequently abandoned. Here we present phylogenetic analyses of a genome-scale data set for 46 taxa, including 25 zygomycetes and 192 proteins, and we demonstrate that zygomycetes comprise two major clades that form a paraphyletic grade. A formal phylogenetic classification is proposed herein and includes two phyla, six subphyla, four classes and 16 orders. On the basis of these results, the phyla Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota are circumscribed. Zoopagomycota comprises Entomophtoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina and Zoopagomycotina; it constitutes the earliest diverging lineage of zygomycetes and contains species that are primarily parasites and pathogens of small animals (e.g. amoeba, insects, etc.) and other fungi, i.e. mycoparasites. Mucoromycota comprises Glomeromycotina, Mortierellomycotina, and Mucoromycotina and is sister to Dikarya. It is the more derived clade of zygomycetes and mainly consists of mycorrhizal fungi, root endophytes, and decomposers of plant material. Evolution of trophic modes, morphology, and analysis of genome-scale data are discussed.

872 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This target article sketches the evidence from five domains that bear on the explanatory adequacy of cultural group selection and competing hypotheses to explain human cooperation and presents evidence, including quantitative evidence, that the answer to all of the questions is “yes” and argues that it is not clear that any extant alternative tocultural group selection can be a complete explanation.
Abstract: Human cooperation is highly unusual. We live in large groups composed mostly of non-relatives. Evolutionists have proposed a number of explanations for this pattern, including cultural group selection and extensions of more general processes such as reciprocity, kin selection, and multi-level selection acting on genes. Evolutionary processes are consilient; they affect several different empirical domains, such as patterns of behavior and the proximal drivers of that behavior. In this target article, we sketch the evidence from five domains that bear on the explanatory adequacy of cultural group selection and competing hypotheses to explain human cooperation. Does cultural transmission constitute an inheritance system that can evolve in a Darwinian fashion? Are the norms that underpin institutions among the cultural traits so transmitted? Do we observe sufficient variation at the level of groups of considerable size for group selection to be a plausible process? Do human groups compete, and do success and failure in competition depend upon cultural variation? Do we observe adaptations for cooperation in humans that most plausibly arose by cultural group selection? If the answer to one of these questions is "no," then we must look to other hypotheses. We present evidence, including quantitative evidence, that the answer to all of the questions is "yes" and argue that we must take the cultural group selection hypothesis seriously. If culturally transmitted systems of rules (institutions) that limit individual deviance organize cooperation in human societies, then it is not clear that any extant alternative to cultural group selection can be a complete explanation.

422 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2016
TL;DR: This paper proposes two novel measures of node behavior: the goodness of a node intuitively captures how much this node is liked/trusted by other nodes, while the fairness of a nodes captures how fair the node is in rating other nodes' likeability or trust level.
Abstract: Weighted signed networks (WSNs) are networks in which edges are labeled with positive and negative weights. WSNs can capture like/dislike, trust/distrust, and other social relationships between people. In this paper, we consider the problem of predicting the weights of edges in such networks. We propose two novel measures of node behavior: the goodness of a node intuitively captures how much this node is liked/trusted by other nodes, while the fairness of a node captures how fair the node is in rating other nodes' likeability or trust level. We provide axioms that these two notions need to satisfy and show that past work does not meet these requirements for WSNs. We provide a mutually recursive definition of these two concepts and prove that they converge to a unique solution in linear time. We use the two measures to predict the edge weight in WSNs. Furthermore, we show that when compared against several individual algorithms from both the signed and unsigned social network literature, our fairness and goodness metrics almost always have the best predictive power. We then use these as features in different multiple regression models and show that we can predict edge weights on 2 Bitcoin WSNs, an Epinions WSN, 2 WSNs derived from Wikipedia, and a WSN derived from Twitter with more accurate results than past work. Moreover, fairness and goodness metrics form the most significant feature for prediction in most (but not all) cases.

372 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Increased concentrations of PM2.5 and traffic-related air pollution within metropolitan areas, in ranges commonly encountered worldwide, are associated with progression in coronary calcification, consistent with acceleration of atherosclerosis, which supports the case for global efforts of pollution reduction in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

349 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work provides a comprehensive conceptualization of coexistence in which mutual adaptations by both large carnivores and humans have a central role and helps to integrate large carnivore species into multi-use landscapes outside protected areas.
Abstract: There is a pressing need to integrate large carnivore species into multi-use landscapes outside protected areas. However, an unclear understanding of coexistence hinders the realization of this goal. Here, we provide a comprehensive conceptualization of coexistence in which mutual adaptations by both large carnivores and humans have a central role.

335 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nucleic acid memory has a retention time far exceeding electronic memory, and as an alternative storage media, DNA surpasses the information density and energy of operation offered by flash memory.
Abstract: Nucleic acid memory has a retention time far exceeding electronic memory. As an alternative storage media, DNA surpasses the information density and energy of operation offered by flash memory.

210 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the field of social media technologies and present a survey of the most popular research topics in social media. But they do not discuss how to use them.
Abstract: Social media technologies have attracted substantial attention among many types of users including researchers who have published studies for several years. This article presents an overview of tre...

206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the processes and physics that control precipitation phase as relevant to hydrologists, focusing on the importance of processes occurring aloft, and conclude that current PPMs are too simple to capture important processes and are not well validated for most locations.
Abstract: . The phase of precipitation when it reaches the ground is a first-order driver of hydrologic processes in a watershed. The presence of snow, rain, or mixed-phase precipitation affects the initial and boundary conditions that drive hydrological models. Despite their foundational importance to terrestrial hydrology, typical phase partitioning methods (PPMs) specify the phase based on near-surface air temperature only. Our review conveys the diversity of tools available for PPMs in hydrological modeling and the advancements needed to improve predictions in complex terrain with large spatiotemporal variations in precipitation phase. Initially, we review the processes and physics that control precipitation phase as relevant to hydrologists, focusing on the importance of processes occurring aloft. There is a wide range of options for field observations of precipitation phase, but there is a lack of a robust observation networks in complex terrain. New remote sensing observations have the potential to increase PPM fidelity, but generally require assumptions typical of other PPMs and field validation before they are operational. We review common PPMs and find that accuracy is generally increased at finer measurement intervals and by including humidity information. One important tool for PPM development is atmospheric modeling, which includes microphysical schemes that have not been effectively linked to hydrological models or validated against near-surface precipitation-phase observations. The review concludes by describing key research gaps and recommendations to improve PPMs, including better incorporation of atmospheric information, improved validation datasets, and regional-scale gridded data products. Two key points emerge from this synthesis for the hydrologic community: (1) current PPMs are too simple to capture important processes and are not well validated for most locations, (2) lack of sophisticated PPMs increases the uncertainty in estimation of hydrological sensitivity to changes in precipitation phase at local to regional scales. The advancement of PPMs is a critical research frontier in hydrology that requires scientific cooperation between hydrological and atmospheric modelers and field scientists.

175 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Mekong Delta has been studied and it was shown that arsenic release is limited to near-surface sediments of permanently saturated wetlands. But the results were limited to a small fraction of the water bodies.
Abstract: Microbial reduction of arsenic-bearing iron oxides releases arsenic into groundwater in Asia. Laboratory and field studies in the Mekong Delta reveal that arsenic release is limited to near-surface sediments of permanently saturated wetlands.

151 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a natural titanite standard material that may be used to calibrate chemical and isotopic analysis of titanite of varying age and origin. And they show that the titanite, named MKED1, is largely free of inclusions and is homogenous at the level of analytical precision for major element, U-Pb isotope and Sm-Nd isotope composition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A real-time detection scheme against false data injection attack in smart grid networks that is able to tackle the unknown parameters with low complexity and process multiple measurements at once, leading to a shorter decision time and a better detection accuracy.
Abstract: A smart grid is delay sensitive and requires the techniques that can identify and react on the abnormal changes (i.e., system fault, attacker, shortcut, etc.) in a timely manner. In this paper, we propose a real-time detection scheme against false data injection attack in smart grid networks. Unlike the classical detection test, the proposed algorithm is able to tackle the unknown parameters with low complexity and process multiple measurements at once, leading to a shorter decision time and a better detection accuracy. The objective is to detect the adversary as quickly as possible while satisfying certain detection error constraints. A Markov-chain-based analytical model is constructed to systematically analyze the proposed scheme. With the analytical model, we are able to configure the system parameters for guaranteed performance in terms of false alarm rate, average detection delay, and missed detection ratio under a detection delay constraint. The simulations are conducted with MATPOWER 4.0 package for different IEEE test systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High-performance flexible films and devices are demonstrated by screen printing bismuth telluride based nanocrystal inks synthesized using a microwave-stimulated wet-chemical method and demonstrate a peak ZT of 0.43, which is among the highest reported ZT values in flexible thermoelectric materials.
Abstract: Screen printing allows for direct conversion of thermoelectric nanocrystals into flexible energy harvesters and coolers. However, obtaining flexible thermoelectric materials with high figure of merit ZT through printing is an exacting challenge due to the difficulties to synthesize high-performance thermoelectric inks and the poor density and electrical conductivity of the printed films. Here, we demonstrate high-performance flexible films and devices by screen printing bismuth telluride based nanocrystal inks synthesized using a microwave-stimulated wet-chemical method. Thermoelectric films of several tens of microns thickness were screen printed onto a flexible polyimide substrate followed by cold compaction and sintering. The n-type films demonstrate a peak ZT of 0.43 along with superior flexibility, which is among the highest reported ZT values in flexible thermoelectric materials. A flexible thermoelectric device fabricated using the printed films produces a high power density of 4.1 mW/cm2 with 60 °C temperature difference between the hot side and cold side. The highly scalable and low cost process to fabricate flexible thermoelectric materials and devices demonstrated here opens up many opportunities to transform thermoelectric energy harvesting and cooling applications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results highlight the vulnerability and variability of groundwater resources in the Jianghan Plain and other inland basins within Asia to changing geochemical conditions, both natural and anthropogenic, and reinforce that continued monitoring of wells in high-risk regions is essential.
Abstract: Consumption of groundwater containing >10 μg L–1 arsenic (As) adversely impacts more than 100 million people worldwide. Multiyear trends in aquifer As concentrations have been documented, but strong seasonal variations are not commonly observed. Here we report dramatic seasonal changes in As concentrations and aquifer chemistry within the Jianghan Plain of the Yangtze River, China. At some wells, concentrations fluctuate by more than an order of magnitude within a single year (100–1200 μg L–1). Groundwater extraction and sustained water levels of surface channels during the dry season induces a strong downward hydraulic gradient, seasonally supplying oxidizing (oxygen, nitrate) water to the otherwise anoxic aquifer. Oxygen and/or nitrate addition promotes a transient drop in As concentrations for 1–3 months. When recharge ceases, reducing, low-arsenic conditions are reestablished by reactive, endogenous organic carbon. Temporal variability in As concentrations is especially problematic because it increase...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated trust management significantly promoted fundraising performance via central (entrepreneur’s creditworthiness) and peripheral (Entrepreneur-sponsor interactions) routes.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of trust management on the fundraising performance in reward-based crowdfunding. Design/methodology/approach – A research model was constructed based on elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and literatures with five hypotheses developed. Data were collected from www.demohour.com - the first and one of the largest reward-based crowdfunding platforms in China. In total, 829 reward-based crowdfunding projects were analyzed to test hypotheses. To test the hypotheses, partial least squares was used to analyze data of entrepreneur/sponsor profiles, entrepreneur/sponsor behaviors, and crowdfunding projects. Findings – Results indicated trust management significantly promoted fundraising performance via central (entrepreneur’s creditworthiness) and peripheral (entrepreneur-sponsor interactions) routes. The peripheral route (entrepreneur-sponsor interaction) showed significantly higher effects than the central route (entrepreneur’s creditworthiness). The...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An exploration of top 20 ‘liked’ infographics on a popular infographic sharing website is reported on to better understand what makes an effective infographic in order to better prepare graduate students as consumers and designers of infographics.
Abstract: People learn and remember more efficiently and effectively through the use of text and visuals than through text alone. Infographics are one way of presenting complex and dense informational content in a way that supports cognitive processing, learning, and future recognition and recollection. But the power of infographics is that they are a way of delivering the maximum amount of content in the least amount of space while still being precise and clear; because they are visual presentations as opposed to oral or text presentations, they can quickly tell a story, show relationships, and reveal structure. The following paper reports on an exploration of top 20 ‘liked’ infographics on a popular infographic sharing website to better understand what makes an effective infographic in order to better prepare graduate students as consumers and designers of infographics. The paper concludes with recommendations and strategies on how educators might leverage the power of infographics in their classrooms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Neoproterozoic Tsagaan-Olom Group is exposed in the Zavkhan Terrane of southwestern Mongolia and hosts unique geochemical, paleoclimate, and paleontological records that have become central to our understanding of this pivotal interval of Earth history as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Neoproterozoic Tsagaan-Olom Group is exposed in the Zavkhan Terrane of southwestern Mongolia and hosts unique geochemical, paleoclimate, and paleontological records that have become central to our understanding of this pivotal interval of Earth history. New sedimentological, stratigraphic, geochronological, and geochemical data provide context for and further develop these records. Detrital zircon provenance indicates that Neoproterozoic strata of the Zavkhan Terrane were derived from basement with age peaks between 1950 to 2100 and 2400 to 2600 Ma. At ∼800 Ma, the Zavkhan Terrane transformed from an active arc and back-arc complex to a rifted ribbon continent with passive margins on both sides. Deposition was accommodated by extension, which is recorded with syn-sedimentary normal faulting and alluvial fan deposition in the Zavkhan and Khasagt formations. Passive margin sedimentation in the overlying Tsagaan-Olom Group begins with the glacigenic Maikhan-Uul Formation, which consists of two massive diamictite units separated by clast-poor graded beds of the middle member. Detrital zircon at the base of the middle member of the Maikhan-Uul Formation were dated with U-Pb chemical abrasion isotope-dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry and constrained its age to

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a high-temperature thermoelectric generator (TEG) that converts engine exhaust waste heat into electricity is simulated based on a light-duty passenger vehicle with a 4-cylinder gasoline engine.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In general, biocrusts tend to enhance plant growth through improved availability of nutrients, but root architecture plays a role in determining the effect of crusts on nutrient uptake, while heavy litterfall can bury, damage, or destroy the crusts.
Abstract: Biocrusts and vascular plants interact on many levels. The nature and consequences of these interactions vary with biocrust and plant characteristics and environmental conditions and throughout the plants’ life cycle. Biocrust structure and surface texture—shaped by its species composition and the environment—interacting with seed shape and size, determine whether the crust facilitates or deters seed capture and thus seedling establishment. In general, biocrusts tend to enhance plant growth through improved availability of nutrients, but root architecture plays a role in determining the effect of crusts on nutrient uptake. Furthermore, exchange of nutrients between biocrusts and vascular plants can occur through different pathways, including fungal linkages. Vascular plant communities also affect biocrust development, composition, and function through canopy shading, litterfall, and root activity and their effects on microclimate. The vascular plant canopy tends to favor certain biocrust species groups over others and usually enhances biocrust formation; however, a dense canopy can deprive crusts of adequate light for photosynthesis. Likewise, light litterfall may protect or favor biocrusts by improving the microclimatic conditions, while heavy litterfall can bury, damage, or destroy the crusts.

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Aug 2016-PeerJ
TL;DR: Funding sources that have contributed to the developments outlined in this paper include: NSF grants D MS-1216732, DMS-1419108, and EAR-1331412, DOE Office of Advanced Scientific Computing grant DE-FG02-88ER25053, KAUST OCRF grant 2156 CRG3, and the University of Washington Department of Applied Mathematics.
Abstract: Funding sources that have contributed to the developments outlined in this paper include: NSF grants DMS-1216732, DMS-1419108, and EAR-1331412, DOE Office of Advanced Scientific Computing grant DE-FG02-88ER25053, KAUST OCRF grant 2156 CRG3, and the University of Washington Department of Applied Mathematics. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thompson et al. as discussed by the authors examined student and teacher interactions in classroom episodes (warm-ups, small-group conversations, whole-group conversation, etc.) and contribute to a growing body of research that specifies equity in classroom practice.
Abstract: Author(s): Thompson, Jesica; Hagenah, Sara; Kang, Hosun; Stroupe, David; Braaten, Melissa; Colley, Carolyn; Windschitl, Mark | Abstract: Background/Context There are few examples from classrooms or the literature that provide a clear vision of teaching that simultaneously promotes rigorous disciplinary activity and is responsive to all students. Maintaining rigorous and equitable classroom discourse is a worthy goal, yet there is no clear consensus of how this actually works in a classroom. Focus of Study What does highly rigorous and responsive talk sound like and how is this dialogue embedded in the social practices and activities of classrooms? Our aim was to examine student and teacher interactions in classroom episodes (warm-ups, small-group conversations, whole-group conversation, etc.) and contribute to a growing body of research that specifies equity in classroom practice. Research Design This mixed-method study examines differences in discourse within and across classroom episodes (warm-ups, small-group conversations, whole-group conversation, etc.) that elevated, or failed to elevate, students’ explanatory rigor in equitable ways. Data include 222 secondary science lessons (1,174 episodes) from 37 novice teachers. Lessons were videotaped and analyzed for the depth of students’ explanatory talk and the quality of responsive dialogue. Findings The findings support three statistical claims. First, high levels of rigor cannot be attained in classrooms where teachers are unresponsive to students’ ideas or puzzlements. Second, the architecture of a lesson matters. Teachers and students engaging in highly rigorous and responsive lessons turned potentially trivial episodes (such as warm-ups) of science activity into robust learning experiences, connected to other episodes in the same lesson. Third, episodes featuring one or more forms of responsive talk elevated rigor. There were three forms of responsive talk observed in classrooms: building on students’ science ideas, attending to students’ participation in the learning community, and folding in students’ lived experiences. Small but strategic moves within these forms were consequential for supporting rigor. Conclusions/Recommendations This paper challenges the notion that rigor and responsiveness are attributes of curricula or individual teachers. Rigorous curriculum is necessary but not sufficient for ambitious and equitable science learning experiences; the interactions within the classroom are essential for sustaining the highest quality of scientific practice and sense-making. The data supported the development of a framework that articulates incremental differences in supporting students’ explanatory rigor and three dimensions of responsiveness. We describe implications for using this framework in the design of teacher programs and professional development models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impacts of sustainable forest management (SFM) policies in tropical forest ecosystems and found that the presence of SFM in a concession does not immediately lead to less deforestation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reviews prominent accounts of cross-disciplinary integration from two literatures that are rarely brought together, and develops a framework that integrates their insights-integration as a generic combination process the details of which are determined by the specific contexts in which particular integrations occur.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of textural correlation, inversion of diffusion profiles, chemical correlation, and combined chronologic and thermometric microanalysis can be found in this article, where a new consideration of errors indicates that modeling of chronologic diffusion gradients provides relatively precise constraints on cooling rates, whereas models of chemical diffusion gradient can lead to large cooling rate uncertainties.
Abstract: ![Figure][1] Metamorphic chronology or petrochronology has steadily evolved over several decades through ever improving analytical techniques and more complete understanding of the geochemical and petrologic evolution of metamorphosing rocks. Here, the principal methods by which we link metamorphic temperatures ( T ) and ages ( t ) are reviewed, focusing primarily on accessory minerals. Methods discussed include textural correlation, inversion of diffusion profiles, chemical correlation, and combined chronologic and thermometric microanalysis. Each method demonstrates remarkable power in elucidating petrologic and tectonic processes, as examples from several orogens illustrate, but limitations must also be acknowledged and help define future research directions. Correlation methods are conceptually simple, but can be relatively non-specific regarding pressure-temperature conditions of formation. A new consideration of errors indicates that modeling of chronologic diffusion gradients provides relatively precise constraints on cooling rates, whereas models of chemical diffusion gradients can lead to large (factor of 2 or more) cooling rate uncertainties. Although arguably the best method currently in use, simultaneous T-t measurements are currently limited to zircon, titanite, and rutile. Directions for future improvement include investigation of diffusion profiles for numerous trace element-mineral systems using now-routine depth profiling. New trace element models will help improve chemical correlation methods. The determination of inclusion entrapment P-T conditions based on Raman spectroscopic measurement of inclusion pressures (“thermoba-Raman-try”) may well revolutionize textural correlation methods. [1]: pending:yes

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper surveys and categorizes the timing and carrier synchronization techniques proposed for the different communication systems focusing on the system model assumptions for synchronization, the synchronization challenges, and the state-of-the-art synchronization solutions and their limitations.
Abstract: Timing and carrier synchronization is a fundamental requirement for any wireless communication system to work properly. Timing synchronization is the process by which a receiver node determines the correct instants of time at which to sample the incoming signal. Carrier synchronization is the process by which a receiver adapts the frequency and phase of its local carrier oscillator with those of the received signal. In this paper, we survey the literature over the last 5 years (2010–2014) and present a comprehensive literature review and classification of the recent research progress in achieving timing and carrier synchronization in single-input single-output (SISO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), cooperative relaying, and multiuser/multicell interference networks. Considering both single-carrier and multi-carrier communication systems, we survey and categorize the timing and carrier synchronization techniques proposed for the different communication systems focusing on the system model assumptions for synchronization, the synchronization challenges, and the state-of-the-art synchronization solutions and their limitations. Finally, we envision some future research directions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lower Moscovian (Duckmantian) to lower Asselian ash beds in the continental basins of the central and western Czech Republic have yielded 15 new high-precision U-Pb single crystal zircon CA-ID-TIMS ages as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a set-theoretic approach is proposed to leverage employee motivation for organizational performance, which is based on multiple regression analysis, structural equation modeling and structural equation theory.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An orientation to, and rationale for, consideration of multilevel mediating mechanisms in implementation trials, and a systematically reviews randomized controlled trials that examined mediators of implementation strategies in mental health are provided.
Abstract: A step toward the development of optimally effective, efficient, and feasible implementation strategies that increase evidence-based treatment integration in mental health services involves identification of the multilevel mechanisms through which these strategies influence implementation outcomes. This article (a) provides an orientation to, and rationale for, consideration of multilevel mediating mechanisms in implementation trials, and (b) systematically reviews randomized controlled trials that examined mediators of implementation strategies in mental health. Nine trials were located. Mediation-related methodological deficiencies were prevalent and no trials supported a hypothesized mediator. The most common reason was failure to engage the mediation target. Discussion focuses on directions to accelerate implementation strategy development in mental health.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented extensive multiwavelength (radio to X-ray) observations of the Type Ib/c SN2013ge from −13 to +457 days relative to maximum light, including a series of optical spectra and Swift UV-optical photometry beginning 2 − 4 days post explosion.
Abstract: We present extensive multiwavelength (radio to X-ray) observations of the Type Ib/c SN2013ge from −13 to +457 days relative to maximum light, including a series of optical spectra and Swift UV-optical photometry beginning 2 − 4 days post explosion. This makes SN2013ge one of the best observed normal Type Ib/c SN at early times, when the light curve is particularly sensitive to the progenitor configuration and mixing of radioactive elements. These early observations reveal two distinct light curve components in the UV bands. The first component rises over 4 − 5 days and is visible for the first week post-explosion. Spectra of the first component have a blue continuum and show a plethora of high velocity (~ 14,000 km s^(−1)) but narrow (~ 3500 km s^(−1)) spectroscopic features, indicating that the line forming region is restricted. The explosion parameters estimated for the bulk explosion (M_(ej) ~ 2 − 3 M_⊙; EK ~ 1 − 2 × 10^(51) ergs) are standard for Type Ib/c SN, while detailed analysis of optical and NIR spectra identify weak He features at early times (in an object which would have otherwise been classified as Type Ic), and nebular spectra show evidence for mixing and asymmetry in the bulk ejecta. In addition, SN2013ge exploded in a low metallicity environment (~ 0.5 Z_⊙) and we have obtained some of the deepest radio and X-ray limits for a Type Ib/c SN to date that constrain the progenitor mass-loss rate to be M < 4 × 10^(−6) M_⊙ yr^(−1). We are left with two distinct progenitor scenarios for SN2013ge depending on our interpretation of the early emission. If the first component is cooling envelope emission, then the progenitor of SN2013ge possessed a low-mass extended (≳ 30 R_⊙) envelope. Alternatively, if the first component is due to outwardly mixed 56Ni then our observations are consistent with the asymmetric ejection of a small amount of mass (~ 0.05 M_⊙) ahead of the bulk explosion. Current models for the collision of a SN shock with a binary companion cannot reproduce both the timescale and luminosity of the early emission in SN2013ge. Finally, we find that the spectra of the first component of SN2013ge are similar to those of the rapidly-declining SN2002bj.