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Showing papers by "Boise State University published in 2019"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts is described. But despite the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work.
Abstract: This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.

469 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Matteo Dainese1, Emily A. Martin1, Marcelo A. Aizen2, Matthias Albrecht, Ignasi Bartomeus3, Riccardo Bommarco4, Luísa G. Carvalheiro5, Luísa G. Carvalheiro6, Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer7, Vesna Gagic8, Lucas Alejandro Garibaldi9, Jaboury Ghazoul10, Heather Grab11, Mattias Jonsson4, Daniel S. Karp12, Christina M. Kennedy13, David Kleijn14, Claire Kremen15, Douglas A. Landis16, Deborah K. Letourneau17, Lorenzo Marini18, Katja Poveda11, Romina Rader19, Henrik G. Smith20, Teja Tscharntke21, Georg K.S. Andersson20, Isabelle Badenhausser22, Isabelle Badenhausser23, Svenja Baensch21, Antonio Diego M. Bezerra24, Felix J.J.A. Bianchi14, Virginie Boreux10, Virginie Boreux25, Vincent Bretagnolle22, Berta Caballero-López, Pablo Cavigliasso26, Aleksandar Ćetković27, Natacha P. Chacoff28, Alice Classen1, Sarah Cusser29, Felipe D. da Silva e Silva30, G. Arjen de Groot14, Jan H. Dudenhöffer31, Johan Ekroos20, Thijs P.M. Fijen14, Pierre Franck23, Breno Magalhães Freitas24, Michael P.D. Garratt32, Claudio Gratton33, Juliana Hipólito9, Juliana Hipólito34, Andrea Holzschuh1, Lauren Hunt35, Aaron L. Iverson11, Shalene Jha36, Tamar Keasar37, Tania N. Kim38, Miriam Kishinevsky37, Björn K. Klatt21, Björn K. Klatt20, Alexandra-Maria Klein25, Kristin M. Krewenka39, Smitha Krishnan40, Smitha Krishnan10, Ashley E. Larsen41, Claire Lavigne23, Heidi Liere42, Bea Maas43, Rachel E. Mallinger44, Eliana Martinez Pachon, Alejandra Martínez-Salinas45, Timothy D. Meehan46, Matthew G. E. Mitchell15, Gonzalo Alberto Roman Molina47, Maike Nesper10, Lovisa Nilsson20, Megan E. O'Rourke48, Marcell K. Peters1, Milan Plećaš27, Simon G. Potts33, Davi de L. Ramos, Jay A. Rosenheim12, Maj Rundlöf20, Adrien Rusch49, Agustín Sáez2, Jeroen Scheper14, Matthias Schleuning, Julia Schmack50, Amber R. Sciligo51, Colleen L. Seymour, Dara A. Stanley52, Rebecca Stewart20, Jane C. Stout53, Louis Sutter, Mayura B. Takada54, Hisatomo Taki, Giovanni Tamburini25, Matthias Tschumi, Blandina Felipe Viana55, Catrin Westphal21, Bryony K. Willcox19, Stephen D. Wratten56, Akira Yoshioka57, Carlos Zaragoza-Trello3, Wei Zhang58, Yi Zou59, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter1 
University of Würzburg1, National University of Comahue2, Spanish National Research Council3, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences4, Universidade Federal de Goiás5, University of Lisbon6, Stanford University7, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation8, National University of Río Negro9, ETH Zurich10, Cornell University11, University of California, Davis12, The Nature Conservancy13, Wageningen University and Research Centre14, University of British Columbia15, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center16, University of California, Santa Cruz17, University of Padua18, University of New England (Australia)19, Lund University20, University of Göttingen21, University of La Rochelle22, Institut national de la recherche agronomique23, Federal University of Ceará24, University of Freiburg25, Concordia University Wisconsin26, University of Belgrade27, National University of Tucumán28, Michigan State University29, University of Brasília30, University of Greenwich31, University of Reading32, University of Wisconsin-Madison33, National Institute of Amazonian Research34, Boise State University35, University of Texas at Austin36, University of Haifa37, Kansas State University38, University of Hamburg39, Bioversity International40, University of California, Santa Barbara41, Seattle University42, University of Vienna43, University of Florida44, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza45, National Audubon Society46, University of Buenos Aires47, Virginia Tech48, University of Bordeaux49, University of Auckland50, University of California, Berkeley51, University College Dublin52, Trinity College, Dublin53, University of Tokyo54, Federal University of Bahia55, Lincoln University (New Zealand)56, National Institute for Environmental Studies57, International Food Policy Research Institute58, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University59
TL;DR: Using a global database from 89 studies (with 1475 locations), the relative importance of species richness, abundance, and dominance for pollination; biological pest control; and final yields in the context of ongoing land-use change is partitioned.
Abstract: Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by a few dominant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 studies (with 1475 locations), we partition the relative importance of species richness, abundance, and dominance for pollination; biological pest control; and final yields in the context of ongoing land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services in addition to and independent of abundance and dominance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society.

434 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The enormous progress of dynamic DNA nanotechnology over the past years seems poised for practical application, with toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions used with ever increasing sophistication.
Abstract: Dynamic DNA nanotechnology, a subfield of DNA nanotechnology, is concerned with the study and application of nucleic acid strand-displacement reactions. Strand-displacement reactions generally proceed by three-way or four-way branch migration and initially were investigated for their relevance to genetic recombination. Through the use of toeholds, which are single-stranded segments of DNA to which an invader strand can bind to initiate branch migration, the rate with which strand displacement reactions proceed can be varied by more than 6 orders of magnitude. In addition, the use of toeholds enables the construction of enzyme-free DNA reaction networks exhibiting complex dynamical behavior. A demonstration of this was provided in the year 2000, in which strand displacement reactions were employed to drive a DNA-based nanomachine (Yurke, B.; et al. Nature 2000, 406, 605–608). Since then, toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions have been used with ever increasing sophistication and the field of dynam...

413 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The need to enhance methods for designing and tailoring implementation strategies, and conduct more effectiveness research on discrete, multi-faceted, and tailored implementation strategies is suggested, to advance implementation science.
Abstract: The field of implementation science was developed to better understand the factors that facilitate or impede implementation and generate evidence for implementation strategies. In this article, we briefly review progress in implementation science, and suggest five priorities for enhancing the impact of implementation strategies. Specifically, we suggest the need to: (1) enhance methods for designing and tailoring implementation strategies; (2) specify and test mechanisms of change; (3) conduct more effectiveness research on discrete, multi-faceted, and tailored implementation strategies; (4) increase economic evaluations of implementation strategies; and (5) improve the tracking and reporting of implementation strategies. We believe that pursuing these priorities will advance implementation science by helping us to understand when, where, why, and how implementation strategies improve implementation effectiveness and subsequent health outcomes.

298 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors bring together hydrologists, critical zone scientists, and ESM developers to explore how hillslope structures may modulate ESM grid-level water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes.
Abstract: Earth System Models (ESMs) are essential tools for understanding and predicting global change, but they cannot explicitly resolve hillslope‐scale terrain structures that fundamentally organize water, energy, and biogeochemical stores and fluxes at subgrid scales. Here we bring together hydrologists, Critical Zone scientists, and ESM developers, to explore how hillslope structures may modulate ESM grid‐level water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes. In contrast to the one‐dimensional (1‐D), 2‐ to 3‐m deep, and free‐draining soil hydrology in most ESM land models, we hypothesize that 3‐D, lateral ridge‐to‐valley flow through shallow and deep paths and insolation contrasts between sunny and shady slopes are the top two globally quantifiable organizers of water and energy (and vegetation) within an ESM grid cell. We hypothesize that these two processes are likely to impact ESM predictions where (and when) water and/or energy are limiting. We further hypothesize that, if implemented in ESM land models, these processes will increase simulated continental water storage and residence time, buffering terrestrial ecosystems against seasonal and interannual droughts. We explore efficient ways to capture these mechanisms in ESMs and identify critical knowledge gaps preventing us from scaling up hillslope to global processes. One such gap is our extremely limited knowledge of the subsurface, where water is stored (supporting vegetation) and released to stream baseflow (supporting aquatic ecosystems). We conclude with a set of organizing hypotheses and a call for global syntheses activities and model experiments to assess the impact of hillslope hydrology on global change predictions.

274 citations


Posted ContentDOI
Matteo Dainese1, Emily A. Martin1, Marcelo A. Aizen2, Matthias Albrecht, Ignasi Bartomeus3, Riccardo Bommarco4, Luísa G. Carvalheiro5, Luísa G. Carvalheiro6, Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer7, Vesna Gagic8, Lucas Alejandro Garibaldi9, Jaboury Ghazoul10, Heather Grab11, Mattias Jonsson4, Daniel S. Karp12, Christina M. Kennedy13, David Kleijn14, Claire Kremen15, Douglas A. Landis16, Deborah K. Letourneau17, Lorenzo Marini18, Katja Poveda11, Romina Rader19, Henrik G. Smith20, Teja Tscharntke21, Georg K.S. Andersson20, Isabelle Badenhausser22, Isabelle Badenhausser23, Svenja Baensch21, Antonio Diego M. Bezerra24, Felix J.J.A. Bianchi14, Virginie Boreux10, Vincent Bretagnolle22, Berta Caballero-López, Pablo Cavigliasso25, Aleksandar Ćetković26, Natacha P. Chacoff27, Alice Classen1, Sarah Cusser28, Felipe D. da Silva e Silva29, G. Arjen de Groot14, Jan H. Dudenhöffer30, Johan Ekroos20, Thijs P.M. Fijen14, Pierre Franck23, Breno Magalhães Freitas24, Michael P.D. Garratt31, Claudio Gratton32, Juliana Hipólito9, Andrea Holzschuh1, Lauren Hunt33, Aaron L. Iverson11, Shalene Jha34, Tamar Keasar35, Tania N. Kim36, Miriam Kishinevsky35, Björn K. Klatt21, Björn K. Klatt20, Alexandra-Maria Klein37, Kristin M. Krewenka38, Smitha Krishnan10, Ashley E. Larsen39, Claire Lavigne23, Heidi Liere40, Bea Maas41, Rachel E. Mallinger42, Eliana Martinez Pachon, Alejandra Martínez-Salinas43, Timothy D. Meehan44, Matthew G. E. Mitchell15, Gonzalo Alberto Roman Molina45, Maike Nesper10, Lovisa Nilsson20, Megan E. O'Rourke46, Marcell K. Peters1, Milan Plećaš26, Simon G. Potts31, Davi de L. Ramos29, Jay A. Rosenheim17, Maj Rundlöf20, Adrien Rusch47, Agustín Sáez2, Jeroen Scheper14, Matthias Schleuning, Julia Schmack48, Amber R. Sciligo17, Colleen L. Seymour, Dara A. Stanley49, Rebecca Stewart20, Jane C. Stout50, Louis Sutter, Mayura B. Takada51, Hisatomo Taki, Giovanni Tamburini4, Matthias Tschumi, Blandina Felipe Viana52, Catrin Westphal21, Bryony K. Willcox19, Stephen D. Wratten53, Akira Yoshioka54, Carlos Zaragoza-Trello3, Wei Zhang55, Yi Zou56, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter1 
University of Würzburg1, National University of Comahue2, Spanish National Research Council3, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences4, Universidade Federal de Goiás5, University of Lisbon6, Stanford University7, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation8, National University of Río Negro9, ETH Zurich10, Cornell University11, University of California, Davis12, The Nature Conservancy13, Wageningen University and Research Centre14, University of British Columbia15, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center16, University of California, Berkeley17, University of Padua18, University of New England (United States)19, Lund University20, University of Göttingen21, University of La Rochelle22, Institut national de la recherche agronomique23, Federal University of Ceará24, Concordia University Wisconsin25, University of Belgrade26, National University of Tucumán27, Michigan State University28, University of Brasília29, University of Greenwich30, University of Reading31, University of Wisconsin-Madison32, Boise State University33, University of Texas at Austin34, University of Haifa35, Kansas State University36, University of Freiburg37, University of Hamburg38, University of California, Santa Barbara39, Seattle University40, University of Vienna41, University of Florida42, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza43, National Audubon Society44, University of Buenos Aires45, Virginia Tech46, University of Bordeaux47, University of Auckland48, University College Dublin49, Trinity College, Dublin50, University of Tokyo51, Federal University of Bahia52, Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)53, National Institute for Environmental Studies54, International Food Policy Research Institute55, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University56
20 Feb 2019-bioRxiv
TL;DR: Using a global database from 89 crop systems, the relative importance of abundance and species richness for pollination, biological pest control and final yields in the context of on-going land-use change is partitioned.
Abstract: Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield-related ecosystem services can be maintained by few abundant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 crop systems, we partition the relative importance of abundance and species richness for pollination, biological pest control and final yields in the context of on-going land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services independent of abundance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society.

237 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor of Lepidoptera is considerably older than previously hypothesized, and it is shown that multiple lineages of moths independently evolved hearing organs well before the origin of bats, rejecting the hypothesis that lepidopteran hearing organs arose in response to these predators.
Abstract: Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the major superradiations of insects, comprising nearly 160,000 described extant species. As herbivores, pollinators, and prey, Lepidoptera play a fundamental role in almost every terrestrial ecosystem. Lepidoptera are also indicators of environmental change and serve as models for research on mimicry and genetics. They have been central to the development of coevolutionary hypotheses, such as butterflies with flowering plants and moths' evolutionary arms race with echolocating bats. However, these hypotheses have not been rigorously tested, because a robust lepidopteran phylogeny and timing of evolutionary novelties are lacking. To address these issues, we inferred a comprehensive phylogeny of Lepidoptera, using the largest dataset assembled for the order (2,098 orthologous protein-coding genes from transcriptomes of 186 species, representing nearly all superfamilies), and dated it with carefully evaluated synapomorphy-based fossils. The oldest members of the Lepidoptera crown group appeared in the Late Carboniferous (∼300 Ma) and fed on nonvascular land plants. Lepidoptera evolved the tube-like proboscis in the Middle Triassic (∼241 Ma), which allowed them to acquire nectar from flowering plants. This morphological innovation, along with other traits, likely promoted the extraordinary diversification of superfamily-level lepidopteran crown groups. The ancestor of butterflies was likely nocturnal, and our results indicate that butterflies became day-flying in the Late Cretaceous (∼98 Ma). Moth hearing organs arose multiple times before the evolutionary arms race between moths and bats, perhaps initially detecting a wide range of sound frequencies before being co-opted to specifically detect bat sonar. Our study provides an essential framework for future comparative studies on butterfly and moth evolution.

236 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sentinel-1 satellite radar measurements are used to assess the snow depth in mountainous areas at 1 km² resolution and it is shown that the Sentinel-1 retrievals capture the spatial variability between and within mountain ranges, as well as their inter-annual differences.
Abstract: Accurate snow depth observations are critical to assess water resources. More than a billion people rely on water from snow, most of which originates in the Northern Hemisphere mountain ranges. Yet, remote sensing observations of mountain snow depth are still lacking at the large scale. Here, we show the ability of Sentinel-1 to map snow depth in the Northern Hemisphere mountains at 1 km² resolution using an empirical change detection approach. An evaluation with measurements from ~4000 sites and reanalysis data demonstrates that the Sentinel-1 retrievals capture the spatial variability between and within mountain ranges, as well as their inter-annual differences. This is showcased with the contrasting snow depths between 2017 and 2018 in the US Sierra Nevada and European Alps. With Sentinel-1 continuity ensured until 2030 and likely beyond, these findings lay a foundation for quantifying the long-term vulnerability of mountain snow-water resources to climate change.

168 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A multi-proxy Permo-Triassic record from Australia is reported, resolving the timing of local terrestrial plant extinction and the relationship with environmental changes, andPalaeoclimate modelling suggests a moderate shift to warmer summer temperatures and amplified seasonality in temperature across the EPE, and warmer and wetter conditions for all seasons into the Early Triassic.
Abstract: Past studies of the end-Permian extinction (EPE), the largest biotic crisis of the Phanerozoic, have not resolved the timing of events in southern high-latitudes. Here we use palynology coupled with high-precision CA-ID-TIMS dating of euhedral zircons from continental sequences of the Sydney Basin, Australia, to show that the collapse of the austral Permian Glossopteris flora occurred prior to 252.3 Ma (~370 kyrs before the main marine extinction). Weathering proxies indicate that floristic changes occurred during a brief climate perturbation in a regional alluvial landscape that otherwise experienced insubstantial change in fluvial style, insignificant reorganization of the depositional surface, and no abrupt aridification. Palaeoclimate modelling suggests a moderate shift to warmer summer temperatures and amplified seasonality in temperature across the EPE, and warmer and wetter conditions for all seasons into the Early Triassic. The terrestrial EPE and a succeeding peak in Ni concentration in the Sydney Basin correlate, respectively, to the onset of the primary extrusive and intrusive phases of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province. The continental record of the end Permian mass extinction is limited, especially from high paleolatitudes. Here, Fielding et al. report a multi-proxy Permo-Triassic record from Australia, resolving the timing of local terrestrial plant extinction and the relationship with environmental changes.

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data support a model in which multiple RNA polymerases initiate transcription during one burst as long as the transcription factor is bound to DNA, and bursts terminate upon transcription factor dissociation.
Abstract: Transcription factors show rapid and reversible binding to chromatin in living cells, and transcription occurs in sporadic bursts, but how these phenomena are related is unknown. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo single-molecule imaging approaches, we directly correlated binding of the Gal4 transcription factor with the transcriptional bursting kinetics of the Gal4 target genes GAL3 and GAL10 in living yeast cells. We find that Gal4 dwell time sets the transcriptional burst size. Gal4 dwell time depends on the affinity of the binding site and is reduced by orders of magnitude by nucleosomes. Using a novel imaging platform called orbital tracking, we simultaneously tracked transcription factor binding and transcription at one locus, revealing the timing and correlation between Gal4 binding and transcription. Collectively, our data support a model in which multiple RNA polymerases initiate transcription during one burst as long as the transcription factor is bound to DNA, and bursts terminate upon transcription factor dissociation.

152 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the four main pathways leading to N2O production in soils and sediments, and found that incomplete denitrification is likely the globally dominant N 2O generating pathway and is favored by elevated nitrate concentrations, suboxic conditions, and sufficient organic carbon to promote reduction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) forearc contains a record of a widespread and short-lived subduction initiation event in the early Eocene as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new direction focused on developing and testing integrated causal theories is proposed, to advance implementation science through the development and testing of novel, multilevel, causal theories.
Abstract: Background Scientists have developed evidence-based interventions that improve the symptoms and functioning of youth with psychiatric disorders; however, these interventions are rarely used in community settings. Eliminating this research-to-practice gap is the purview of implementation science, the discipline devoted to the study of methods to promote the use of evidence-based practices in routine care. Methods We review studies that have tested factors associated with implementation in child psychology and psychiatry, explore applications of social science theories to implementation, and conclude with recommendations to advance implementation science through the development and testing of novel, multilevel, causal theories. Results During its brief history, implementation science in child psychology and psychiatry has documented the implementation gap in routine care, tested training approaches and found them to be insufficient for behavior change, explored the relationships between variables and implementation outcomes, and initiated randomized controlled trials to test implementation strategies. This research has identified targets related to implementation (e.g., clinician motivation, organizational culture) and demonstrated the feasibility of activating these targets through implementation strategies. However, the dominant methodological approach has been atheoretical and predictive, relying heavily on a set of variables from heuristic frameworks. Conclusions Optimizing the implementation of effective treatments in community care for youth with psychiatric disorders is a defining challenge of our time. This review proposes a new direction focused on developing and testing integrated causal theories. We recommend implementation scientists: (a) move from observational studies of implementation barriers and facilitators to trials that include causal theory; (b) identify a core set of implementation determinants; (c) conduct trials of implementation strategies with clear targets, mechanisms, and outcomes; (d) ensure that behaviors that are core to EBPs are clearly defined; and (e) agree upon standard measures. This agenda will help fulfill the promise of evidence-based practice for improving youth behavioral health.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Understanding how exercise-induced mechanical signals can be used to improve bone quality while decreasing fat mass and metabolic dysfunction should lead to new strategies to treat chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and obesity.
Abstract: Osteoporosis, a condition of skeletal decline that undermines quality of life, is treated with pharmacological interventions that are associated with poor adherence and adverse effects. Complicating efforts to improve clinical outcomes, the incidence of obesity is increasing, predisposing the population to a range of musculoskeletal complications and metabolic disorders. Pharmacological management of obesity has yet to deliver notable reductions in weight and debilitating complications are rarely avoided. By contrast, exercise shows promise as a non-invasive and non-pharmacological method of regulating both osteoporosis and obesity. The principal components of exercise - mechanical signals - promote bone and muscle anabolism while limiting formation and expansion of fat mass. Mechanical regulation of bone and marrow fat might be achieved by regulating functions of differentiated cells in the skeletal tissue while biasing lineage selection of their common progenitors - mesenchymal stem cells. An inverse relationship between adipocyte versus osteoblast fate selection from stem cells is implicated in clinical conditions such as childhood obesity and increased marrow adiposity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as contributing to skeletal frailty. Understanding how exercise-induced mechanical signals can be used to improve bone quality while decreasing fat mass and metabolic dysfunction should lead to new strategies to treat chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and obesity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: DNA from a diverse set of arthropods was used to assess PCR biases of commonly used and novel primer pairs for the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase C subunit 1 (COI) and revealed biases at both the PCR and sequencing levels, demonstrating the pitfalls associated with using HTS read numbers as proxies for abundance.
Abstract: DNA analysis of predator faeces using high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTS) enhances our understanding of predator-prey interactions. However, conclusions drawn from this technique are constrained by biases that occur in multiple steps of the HTS workflow. To better characterize insectivorous animal diets, we used DNA from a diverse set of arthropods to assess PCR biases of commonly used and novel primer pairs for the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase C subunit 1 (COI). We compared diversity recovered from HTS of bat guano samples using a commonly used primer pair "ZBJ" to results using the novel primer pair "ANML." To parameterize our bioinformatics pipeline, we created an arthropod mock community consisting of single-copy (cloned) COI sequences. To examine biases associated with both PCR and HTS, mock community members were combined in equimolar amounts both pre- and post-PCR. We validated our system using guano from bats fed known diets and using composite samples of morphologically identified insects collected in pitfall traps. In PCR tests, the ANML primer pair amplified 58 of 59 arthropod taxa (98%), whereas ZBJ amplified 24-40 of 59 taxa (41%-68%). Furthermore, in an HTS comparison of field-collected samples, the ANML primers detected nearly fourfold more arthropod taxa than the ZBJ primers. The additional arthropods detected include medically and economically relevant insect groups such as mosquitoes. Results revealed biases at both the PCR and sequencing levels, demonstrating the pitfalls associated with using HTS read numbers as proxies for abundance. The use of an arthropod mock community allowed for improved bioinformatics pipeline parameterization.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used meta-analysis to quantify responses across studies and found that agricultural intensification can significantly alter soil biodiversity, with negative impacts of synthetic N fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and faunal diversity, and positive effects on fungal- and microbial functional diversity.
Abstract: Environmental perturbations such as agricultural intensification may alter soil biodiversity in a manner that affects ecosystem functioning, but links are not well quantified. With this review we ask: (1) “How does agricultural intensification affect soil biodiversity?” and (2) “How do such changes in soil biodiversity affect ecosystem function?” We used meta-analysis to quantify responses across studies. Our results indicate that agricultural intensification can significantly alter soil biodiversity, with negative impacts of synthetic N fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and faunal diversity, and positive effects on fungal- and microbial functional diversity. Bacterial diversity increased with low synthetic N input rates ( 5 years, suggesting that agricultural management practices that promote soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation and retention enhance bacterial biodiversity. Tillage negatively impacted soil faunal and bacterial diversity, but did not affect AMF, fungal or functional diversity, and organic farming relative to conventional farming did not affect soil biodiversity. Biodiversity manipulation studies indicate that changes in soil biodiversity affect ecosystem process rates, although manipulated biodiversity levels tend to exaggerate biodiversity losses and possibly overestimate consequences for ecosystem functioning relative to measured biodiversity losses from environmental perturbations. There is a need for more studies that evaluate how losses in soil biodiversity following environmental perturbations directly affect ecosystem functioning. Advances in analytical techniques to identify soil organisms and an increase in soil biodiversity manipulation experiments should help solidify links between environmental changes, soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show a negative relationship between trust in online services and service quality and it is suggested that this finding may have important implications for theory and practice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors described research in this stream as aligning with one of three categories: perceptions of organizational politics, perceptions of power, and perceptions of authority in organizations.
Abstract: Organizational politics has been an oft-studied phenomenon for nearly four decades. Prior reviews have described research in this stream as aligning with one of three categories: perceptions of org...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that transcription factor (TF) nuclear mobility determines burst duration, whereas its bound fraction determines burst frequency, and a striking co-bursting pattern between TSs located at proximal and distal positions in the nucleus is uncovered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified the compounding effects of human activities and climate change on surface water availability in Iran over the twenty-first century by combining long-term ground-based data on water withdrawal with climate model projections.
Abstract: By combining long-term ground-based data on water withdrawal with climate model projections, this study quantifies the compounding effects of human activities and climate change on surface water availability in Iran over the twenty-first century. Our findings show that increasing water withdrawal in Iran, due to population growth and increased agricultural activities, has been the main source of historical water stress. Increased levels of water stress across Iran are expected to continue or even worsen over the next decades due to projected variability and change in precipitation combined with heightened water withdrawals due to increasing population and socio-economic activities. The greatest rate of decreased water storage is expected in the Urmia Basin, northwest of Iran, (varying from ~ − 8.3 mm/year in 2010–2039 to ~ − 61.6 mm/year in 2070–2099 compared with an observed rate of 4 mm/year in 1976–2005). Human activities, however, strongly dominate the effects of precipitation variability and change. Major shifts toward sustainable land and water management are needed to reduce the impacts of water scarcity in the future, particularly in Iran’s heavily stressed basins like Urmia Basin, which feeds the shrinking Lake Urmia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A unified social-ecological framework of ecosystem disservices and services (SEEDS) is developed that advances both frameworks by explicitly acknowledging the importance of competing wildlife perspectives embedded in the social and governance contexts.
Abstract: Sustaining wildlife populations, which provide both ecosystem services and disservices, represents a worldwide conservation challenge. The ecosystem services and Ostrom's social-ecological systems frameworks have been adopted across natural and social sciences to characterize benefits from nature. Despite their generalizability, individually they do not include explicit tools for addressing the sustainable management of many wildlife populations. For instance, Ostrom's framework does not specifically address competing perspectives on wildlife, whereas the ecosystem services framework provides a limited representation of the social and governance context wherein such competing perspectives are embedded. We developed a unified social-ecological framework of ecosystem disservices and services (SEEDS) that advances both frameworks by explicitly acknowledging the importance of competing wildlife perspectives embedded in the social and governance contexts. The SEEDS framework emulates the hierarchical structure of Ostrom's social-ecological systems, but adds subsystems reflecting heterogeneous stakeholder views and experiences of wildlife-based services and disservices. To facilitate operationalizing SEEDS and further broader analyses across human-wildlife systems, we devised a list of variables to describe SEEDS subsystems, such as types and level of services and disservices, cost and benefit sharing, and social participation of stakeholders. Steps to implement SEEDS involve engaging local communities and stakeholders to define the subsystems, analyze interactions and outcomes, and identify leverage points and actions to remedy unwanted outcomes. These steps connect SEEDS with other existing approaches in social-ecological research and can guide analyses across systems or within individual systems to provide new insights and management options for sustainable human-wildlife coexistence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed four principles for integrated CB- and Eco-DRR that address these challenges: (1) governance and institutional arrangements that fit local needs; (2) empowerment and capacity-building to strengthen community resilience; (3) discovery and sharing of constructive practices that combine local and scientific knowledge; and (4) approaches focused on well-being and equity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Empirical evidence is provided that instructional components are critical predictors of student learning in MOOCs, which have been conceptualized as important factors in prior studies.
Abstract: Responding to the lack of empirical studies on the effects of instructional design components on MOOCs, this study explores which instructional design components (e.g., course content, transactional interaction between student and content, structure/organization, assessment) influence learner control, sense of progress in the achievement of learning goals (sense of progress), and perceived effectiveness in a large-scale MOOC course called “Learning How to Learn” hosted in Coursera, a MOOC learning platform. Using an online survey distributed to learners who registered for the current Coursera English-language version of the course, we collected 1364 responses. Three separate hierarchical regression analyses revealed that all course design factors, transactional interaction between student and content ( β = . 111 , p 0.01; β = . 117 , p .01), structure ( β = . 432 , p 0.001; β = . 281 , p .001), and assessment ( β = . 108 , p 0.01; β = . 102 , p .05) were significant predictors of learner control and sense of progress. For perceived effectiveness, only transactional interaction ( β = . 073 , p 0.05) and structure ( β = . 416 , p 0.001) were significant while assessment was not statistically significant ( β = . 030 , p = . 373 ). These findings provided empirical evidence that instructional components are critical predictors of student learning in MOOCs, which have been conceptualized as important factors in prior studies. Future research should focus on identifying effective and efficient ways to facilitate assessments as part of the learning process while accommodating personalized learning needs. Interpretations of the findings, discussions, and limitations are also addressed in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A Q-learning-based distributed power allocation algorithm (Q-DPA) is introduced as a self-organizing mechanism that enables the ongoing transmit power adaptation as new small cells are added to the network.
Abstract: Self-organizing networks (SONs) can help to manage the severe interference in dense heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Given their need to automatically configure power and other settings, machine learning is a promising tool for data-driven decision making in SONs. In this paper, a HetNet is modeled as a dense two-tier network with conventional macrocells overlaid with denser small cells (e.g. femto or pico cells). First, a distributed framework based on the multi-agent Markov decision process is proposed that models the power optimization problem in the network. Second, we present a systematic approach for designing a reward function based on the optimization problem. Third, we introduce Q-learning-based distributed power allocation algorithm (Q-DPA) as a self-organizing mechanism that enables the ongoing transmit power adaptation as new small cells are added to the network. Furthermore, the sample complexity of the Q-DPA algorithm to achieve $\epsilon $ -optimality with high probability is provided. We demonstrate, at the density of several thousands femtocells per km2, the required quality of service of a macrocell user can be maintained via the proper selection of independent or cooperative learning and appropriate Markov state models.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2019-Geology
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and chemical abrasion-thermal ionization mass spectrometric (CA-TIMS) of detrital zircon in forearc strata of southern Alaska (USA) to assess the accuracy of several MDA approaches.
Abstract: Uranium-lead (U-Pb) geochronology studies commonly employ the law of detrital zircon: A sedimentary rock cannot be older than its youngest zircon. This premise permits maximum depositional ages (MDAs) to be applied in chronostratigraphy, but geochronologic dates are complicated by uncertainty. We conducted laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and chemical abrasion–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) of detrital zircon in forearc strata of southern Alaska (USA) to assess the accuracy of several MDA approaches. Six samples from Middle–Upper Jurassic units are generally replete with youthful zircon and underwent three rounds of analysis: (1) LA-ICP-MS of ∼115 grains, with one date per zircon; (2) LA-ICP-MS of the ∼15 youngest grains identified in round 1, acquiring two additional dates per zircon; and (3) CA-TIMS of the ∼5 youngest grains identified by LA-ICP-MS. The youngest single-grain LA-ICP-MS dates are all younger than—and rarely overlap at 2σ uncertainty with—the CA-TIMS MDAs. The youngest kernel density estimation modes are typically several million years older than the CA-TIMS MDAs. Weighted means of round 1 dates that define the youngest statistical populations yield the best coincidence with CA-TIMS MDAs. CA-TIMS dating of the youngest zircon identified by LA-ICP-MS is indispensable for critical MDA applications, eliminating laser-induced matrix effects, mitigating and evaluating Pb loss, and resolving complexities of interpreting lower-precision, normally distributed LA-ICP-MS dates. Finally, numerous CA-TIMS MDAs in this study are younger than Bathonian(?)–Callovian and Oxfordian faunal correlations suggest, highlighting the need for additional radioisotopic constraints—including CA-TIMS MDAs—for the Middle–Late Jurassic geologic time scale.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current knowledge on neutrophil-induced changes in endothelial barrier structures is summarized, with a detailed presentation of recently characterized molecular pathways involved in the production and effects of neutrophils extracellular traps and extrace cellular vesicles.
Abstract: The microvascular endothelium serves as the major barrier that controls the transport of blood constituents across the vessel wall. Barrier leakage occurs during infection or sterile inflammation, allowing plasma fluid and cells to extravasate and accumulate in surrounding tissues, an important pathology underlying a variety of infectious diseases and immune disorders. The leak process is triggered and regulated by bidirectional communications between circulating cells and vascular cells at the blood-vessel interface. While the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex process remain incompletely understood, emerging evidence supports the roles of neutrophil-endothelium interaction and neutrophil-derived products, including neutrophil extracellular traps and vesicles, in the pathogenesis of vascular barrier injury. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on neutrophil-induced changes in endothelial barrier structures, with a detailed presentation of recently characterized molecular pathways involved in the production and effects of neutrophil extracellular traps and extracellular vesicles. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic implications of altering neutrophil interactions with the endothelial barrier in treating inflammatory diseases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual model of the types and scales of stressors and ecosystem services in mountain social-ecological systems (MtSES) and explore their distinct configurations according to their primary economic orientation and land use is presented.
Abstract: Mountain social‐ecological systems (MtSES) are vital to humanity, providing ecosystem services to over half the planet's human population. Despite their importance, there has been no global assessment of threats to MtSES, even as they face unprecedented challenges to their sustainability. With survey data from 57 MtSES sites worldwide, we test a conceptual model of the types and scales of stressors and ecosystem services in MtSES and explore their distinct configurations according to their primary economic orientation and land use. We find that MtSES worldwide are experiencing both gradual and abrupt climatic, economic, and governance changes, with policies made by outsiders as the most ubiquitous challenge. Mountains that support primarily subsistence‐oriented livelihoods, especially agropastoral systems, deliver abundant services but are also most at risk. Moreover, transitions from subsistence‐ to market‐oriented economies are often accompanied by increased physical connectedness, reduced diversity of cross‐scale ecosystem services, lowered importance of local knowledge, and shifting vulnerabilities to threats. Addressing the complex challenges facing MtSES and catalyzing transformations to MtSES sustainability will require cross‐scale partnerships among researchers, stakeholders, and decision makers to jointly identify desired futures and adaptation pathways, assess trade‐offs in prioritizing ecosystem services, and share best practices for sustainability. These transdisciplinary approaches will allow local stakeholders, researchers, and practitioners to jointly address MtSES knowledge gaps while simultaneously focusing on critical issues of poverty and food security.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize data from 61 coordinated field-based surveys of logging impacts in seven countries across the tropics and estimate that tropical selective logging emitted 834 Tg CO2 in 2015, 6% of total tropical greenhouse gas emissions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured a) areas at environmental risk due to urban growth, b) differences in societal demand for ecosystem services between socio-demographic groups, c) perceptions of urban and agricultural impacts to ecosystem services, and d) public awareness of current ecosystem services trends, in the Boise, Idaho, metropolitan area, one of the fastest-growing areas in the United States.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: System implementation of evidence-based practices is associated with modest changes in clinician practice and these effects are moderated by organizational characteristics, identifying preliminary targets to improve implementation.
Abstract: Little work investigates the effect of behavioral health system efforts to increase use of evidence-based practices or how organizational characteristics moderate the effect of these efforts. The objective of this study was to investigate clinician practice change in a system encouraging implementation of evidence-based practices over 5 years and how organizational characteristics moderate this effect. We hypothesized that evidence-based techniques would increase over time, whereas use of non-evidence-based techniques would remain static. Using a repeated cross-sectional design, data were collected three times from 2013 to 2017 in Philadelphia’s public behavioral health system. Clinicians from 20 behavioral health outpatient clinics serving youth were surveyed three times over 5 years (n = 340; overall response rate = 60%). All organizations and clinicians were exposed to system-level support provided by the Evidence-based Practice Innovation Center from 2013 to 2017. Additionally, approximately half of the clinicians participated in city-funded evidence-based practice training initiatives. The main outcome included clinician self-reported use of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic techniques measured by the Therapy Procedures Checklist-Family Revised. Clinicians were 80% female and averaged 37.52 years of age (SD = 11.40); there were no significant differences in clinician characteristics across waves (all ps > .05). Controlling for organizational and clinician covariates, average use of CBT techniques increased by 6% from wave 1 (M = 3.18) to wave 3 (M = 3.37, p = .021, d = .29), compared to no change in psychodynamic techniques (p = .570). Each evidence-based practice training initiative in which clinicians participated predicted a 3% increase in CBT use (p = .019) but no change in psychodynamic technique use (p = .709). In organizations with more proficient cultures at baseline, clinicians exhibited greater increases in CBT use compared to organizations with less proficient cultures (8% increase vs. 2% decrease, p = .048). System implementation of evidence-based practices is associated with modest changes in clinician practice; these effects are moderated by organizational characteristics. Findings identify preliminary targets to improve implementation.