Showing papers by "Boston College published in 1970"
TL;DR: In this paper, a new procedure for behavior modification is described, referred to as covert reinforcement, where the response and reinforcing stimulus are presented in imagination and the purpose of the procedure is to increase response probability.
166 citations
67 citations
TL;DR: Covert negative reinforcement (CNR) as discussed by the authors is designed to increase the probability of a response by instructing a subject to imagine an aversive event and to terminate it by imagining the response to be increased.
65 citations
TL;DR: The Humble and the Proud: The Comparative Study of Occupations as discussed by the authors is a seminal work in the field of comparative study of occupation. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 147-156.
Abstract: (1970). The Humble and the Proud: The Comparative Study of Occupations. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 147-156.
65 citations
46 citations
TL;DR: Data are presented to indicate that the results of covert sensitization cannot be attributed to S's expectancies and the available evidence indicates that the technique is effective in modifying smoking behavior.
Abstract: A detailed application of covert sensitization to smoking behavior is presented. Data are presented to indicate that the results of covert sensitization cannot be attributed to S's expectancies. The available evidence indicates that the technique is effective in modifying smoking behavior.
40 citations
33 citations
TL;DR: In recent years scholars who have studied the problem have reached what may fairly be called a consensus that the Lukan Travel Narrative is primarily a theological-Christological rather than a geographical entity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In recent years scholars who have studied the problem have reached what may fairly be called a consensus that the Lukan Travel Narrative is primarily a theological-Christological rather than a geographical entity.
31 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 as mentioned in this paper, which was used to regulate railroads and later trucking.
Abstract: The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The agency’s original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies. Congress expanded ICC authority to regulate other modes of commerce beginning in 1906. The agency was abolished in 1995, and its remaining functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board.
27 citations
TL;DR: This paper used an instrument originally designed to classify levels of teachers' questions on the basis of logical operations to measure the level of inquiry present in a classroom discussion and to determine if the inquiry questioning behavior of the teacher influenced student achievement.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if an instrument, originally designed to classify levels of teachers' questions on the basis of logical operations, could be utilized to measure the level of inquiry present in a classroom discussion and to determine if the inquiry questioning behavior of the teacher influenced student achievement. The results of the study show that the modified classification scheme could accurately and reliably measure the inquiry level of teachers' classroom questions. The data also indicated that teachers who ask a greater proportion of high inquiry questions cause a greater change in students as measured by an achievement examination.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the "physical presence" (i.e., the degree to which consumers feel as if virtual products and retail settings were real) dimension of interactive brand marketing in 3D virtual environments and its impact on brand-self connection and consumers' evaluation of a spokes-avatar's credibility.
Abstract: Second Life, in a form of advergaming (a portmanteau of “advertising” and “gaming”), can be an innovative venue for marketing communication and brand management in virtual commerce (v-commerce). Virtual shopping malls in threedimensional (3D) environments provide interactive and immersive settings that complement strong offerings of electronic commerce. The ability to offer vivid and engrossing social interactions with spokes-avatars within 3D environments is the key advantage of interactive marketing in Second Life. This study particularly focused on the “physical presence” (i.e., the degree to which consumers feel as if virtual products and retail settings were real) dimension of interactive brand marketing in 3D virtual environments and its impact on brand-self connection and consumers’ evaluation of a spokes-avatar’s credibility. Data analyses show that an increased level of physical presence positively influences consumers’ brand-self connection and evaluation of spokes-avatar credibility (expertise and trustworthiness) in 3D virtual environment-based brand marketing.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used covert sensitization and covert reinforcement to eliminate a multiplicity of obsessive-compulsive behaviors in a 27-year-old female, which were eliminated in eight 2hr sessions.
TL;DR: In this article, the stabilization technique has been used to examine several possible resonance states for He−, including 0.43, 19.3, 20.3 and 58.3 eV.
Abstract: The stabilization technique has been used to examine several possible resonance states for He−. Stabilized roots have been obtained at 0.43, 19.3, 20.3, 21.2, 57.3 and 58.3 eV. These results are discussed and compared to experimental values.
TL;DR: Overall these psychological variables function more as independent determinants than as intervening variables, but in some samples these two functions are equally important.
Abstract: This study is an assessment of the relevance of subjective efficacy and ideal family size as predictors of favorability toward birth control. The samples considered are male factory workers in five developing nations. The effects of ideal family size and subjective efficacy are generally strong relative to those of education and the other social variables that are considered. The focus of the study is an analysis of whether subjective efficacy and ideal family size function more as independent determinants or more as intervening variables. Overall these psychological variables function more as independent determinants than as intervening variables, but in some samples these two functions are equally important.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the history of Japan's industrialization and place the five articles in this special issue within the context of recent work in business and economic history, focusing on entrepreneurship, business organization, and managerial practices.
Abstract: Where are the Rockefellers, Carnegies, and Fords of recent Japanese history? Their absence may be explained by a lack of scholarly attention to the areas of entrepreneurship, business organization, and managerial practices. Professors Rosovsky and Yamamura review the historiography of Japan's industrialization and place the five articles in this special issue within the context of recent work in business and economic history.
TL;DR: The effects of age and socioeconomic status (SES) on the twelve ability tests of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) were examined with a population of 1146 healthy men between 25 and 83 years of age.
Abstract: The effects of age and socioeconomic status (SES) on the twelve ability tests of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) were examined with a population of 1146 healthy men between 25 and 83 years of age. The main effects of Age and SES were highly significant and of about equal size. The interaction effect was not significant, indicating that Age and SES do not interact in this ability domain. All twelve tests had highly significant declines with Age but the magnitudes of the declines differed greatly. Most affected by Age was the psychomotor test, Disassemble, while least affected were Arithmetic Reason and Vocabulary. Nine tests showed highly significant SES differences with Computation most differentiating followed by Mark Making, 3D—Space, Vocabulary and Arithmetic Reason. Unrelated to SES were the manual dexterity tests of Place, Turn, and Disassemble. Only 3D-Space was highly related to both Age and SES.
TL;DR: In this article, a field theory for gravitation is developed within the framework of the special theory of relativity, which is achieved by exploiting the similarity in mathematical structure of two relations which are found in both Newton's gravitational theory and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.
Abstract: A field theory for gravitation is developed within the framework of the special theory of relativity. This is achieved by exploiting the similarity in mathematical structure of two relations which are found in both Newton's gravitational theory and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. These relations are: (1) the law of force between the relevant physical entities (mass and electric charge), and (2) the equation of continuity (conservation of charge). The field equations describe the propagation of gravitational waves with the velocity of light in much the same way that Maxwell's field equations describe electromagnetic waves. Both fields have such similar mathematical structures that they are developed in parallel up to the point where their inherently different physical content cause their paths of evolution to diverge. At this stage, the field equations for both theories are determined. The physical significance of the field variables of both theories imposes a mathematical formalism which doesnot give rise to self-interactions. A calculation for the energy in the field of two particles representative of either the electromagnetic or gravitational field is shown to give the correct finite value. The reason that conventional calculations yield an infinite energy is readily seen to lie in the calculation of a physically meaningless quantity. The mathematical formalism required by the field theories is used to develop generalizations of the usual conservation laws. Two conservation laws are derived which are consequences of the consistent physical interpretation of the field variables. These laws do not appear in conventional theory. The approach followed here in developing the field theories leads to the appearance of forces dual to the well-known forces. Thus, for the electromagnetic field, we find a dual to the Lorentz force and, in the gravitational field, we find a dual to Newton's law of gravitation. These results are not due to the introduction of the fields, for they can be expressed in terms of the particle variables. They emerge from the consistent application of the physical interpretation of the particle and field variables. A basic physical principle, which underlies both theories, is best expressed by the statement: It is the interactions between the elements of a physical event and not the elements themselves which are the physical observables.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that the soluble factor contains essential SH groups and is postulated in terms of light energy being required to photoreduce chromatophore-bound disulfides, which may result in an unmasking or activation of membrane-bound transhydrogenase.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of changing military roles in both democratic and non-democratic societies is formulated, and possible directions for future changes, which could modify and attenuate the power and influence of military complexes are suggested.
Abstract: In order to identify key historical factors in the creation of the military-industrial complex, relevant theories of social change and their interrelationships are examined. Four major periods of historical change are related to variations in types of warfare and processes of political development. A theory of changing military roles in both democratic and nondemocratic societies is formulated. The militarization of modern society is seen as a result of evolutionary processes of change, rather than as a consequence of plots, cabals, coups, or a return to earlier periods of capture of the political process by military elites. Possible directions for future changes, which could modify and attenuate the power and influence of military complexes, are suggested.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the implication in the fact that the initial state of an atom plays a critical role in determining its average lifetime in an excited state, in a semiclassical theory of atomic structure proposed by Jaynes and Crisp.
Abstract: We examine the implication in the fact that, in a semiclassical theory of atomic structure proposed by Jaynes and Crisp, the initial state of an atom plays a critical role in determining its average lifetime in an excited state.
TL;DR: A conceptualization of structurated vs. destructurated group roles, derived in part from the thought of Georges Gurvitch, has been used as a model for understanding the role of the clinic nurse in the out-patient department of a large metropolitan pediatric hospital.
TL;DR: In this article, the inhibition of 300-fold purified fructose 1,6-diphosphatase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris by guanosine-5′-triphosphate was described.
TL;DR: Being younger and/or more asocially aggressive was significantly associated with high reputed power, which in turn was significantly correlated with high avoidance status, and positive and negative sociometric status appeared to be rather independent qualities for the present Ss.
Abstract: Using sociometric peer ratings, staff ratings, and hospital records, study was made of an entire hospital residential ward (N = 33) of adolescent girls. The sociometric structure of the collectivity involved essentially three types of individuals; girls high on positive sociometric status measures (association, popularity), girls high on negative sociometric status measures (avoidance, reputed power), and girls low on both positive and negative sociometric status measures. Thus, positive and negative sociometric status appeared to be rather independent qualities for the present Ss rather than having a strong negative association as might be expected. High positive sociometric status was strongly and significantly correlated in a positive direction with higher psychiatric health, heterosexual interest, and (consistently the strongest among present factors) social initiative. Being younger and/or more asocially aggressive was significantly associated with high reputed power, which in turn was significantly correlated with high avoidance status. The girls low in both positive and negative sociometric status tended to be low on all of the other variables noted.