Showing papers by "Boston College published in 1978"

Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism

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Social class and mental illness reconsidered: the role of economic stress and social support.

Abstract: Several bodies of research are reviewed for their contributions to defining the relationship of individual psychological disorder to social structure and process. The specific problem addressed is the relationship of social class to psychological impairment and its mediation. The generic problem is one of locating psychological processes and individual behavior within a societal framework. Recent work focusing on the effects of economic change and unemployment on psychological functioning is examined in relation to studies of the support characteristics of families and social networks pertinent to psychological well-being. An integration of this literature is presented based on the interdependency of stress and support variables and is, in turn, employed in a conceptualization of the relationship between social class and psychological disorder. It is argued that stress and support factors are systematically organized within classes at several levels of analysis and constitute critical conditions of class membership related to psychological functioning.

Recovery from rape and prior life stress

Abstract: This longitudinal study on rape victims looks at four life stress events and their association with recovery from rape. Data from 88% of the original sample of 92 adult victims 4 to 6 years after rape suggest that life stress before rape may act to hasten or to inhibit the recovery process. Stress is not uniform in its effect. Different types of stress have different effects. Earlier victimization and chronic life stressors such as economic hardship, lack of social support, and pre-existing biopsychosocial problems tend to delay recovery. In contrast, family grief stress may act as an energizing factor in that coping skills may have been developed through experiencing the grief process and are available to the victim for settlement of rape trauma. Recent life changes have a lack of association with recovery although they may be important in some individual cases.

Induction of antibodies against carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract: MANY carcinogens can elicit antibodies when linked to macromolecular carriers1–5. If antibodies against an entire class of carcinogens could be elicited by a non-carcinogenic analogue, and proved capable of neutralising the biological effects of the carcinogens, human immunisation might be of practical value. Mucosal (predominantly IgA) antibodies, capable of facilitating the excretion of an antigen before its absorption into the body, might be particularly useful in this6,7. Here we provide evidence that: an analogue of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogen dim-ethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), substituted with a fluorine moiety to abrogate carcinogenicity, can induce antibodies which bind a variety of PAH carcinogens; that these antibodies can protect tissue culture cells against one of the prominent in vitro biological effects of such carcinogens—toxicity; and that gastrointestinal mucosal immunisation against PAH carcinogens is feasible, and possibly represents a means of achieving in vivo protection by enhancing carcinogen excretion.

An Evaluation of Palladian Plans

Abstract: Criteria are suggested for the aesthetic evaluation of Palladian villa plans. These criteria are applied to two catalogues of all possible plans constructed on underlying grids of sizes 3 × 3 and 5...

Covert Conditioning: A Learning-Theory Perspective on Imagery

Abstract: In recent years there has been a trend in behavioral psychology toward the speculation and development of procedures that manipulate imagery to modify behavior. This is a dramatic departure from the tenets of conventional behaviorism, which held that mentalistic concepts had no place in the scientific study of psychology (Watson, 1919, p. viii). However, Wolpe legitimatized the investigation of covert processes within a behavioristic framework with systematic desensitization (1958). Since then a number of investigators who label themselves behavior therapists have developed techniques to modify behavior involving the manipulation of imagery events. These investigators have somewhat different conceptual models. Some label themselves as cognitive behavior modifiers (Meichenbaum, 1974; Lazarus, 1971; Mahoney, 1974; Goldfried and Davison, 1976). In this model, cognitions (such as talking to oneself, problem-solving, or imagery) are conceptualized as mediators of behaviors, and faulty cognitive patterns are assumed to be at least partly responsible for aberrant affect and behavior. In the cognitive model therapeutic improvement depends upon the alteration of such patterns.

Assessing school and program effectiveness: estimating teacher level effects

Abstract: Large scale studies of the relative effects of schools or school programs on student achievement, as measured by standardized tests, have produced consistently pessimistic findings (Averch, Carroll, Donaldson, Kiesling, Pincus, 1972; Cicirelli, Cooper, Granger, 1969; Coleman, Campbell, Hobson, McPartland, Mood, Weinfried, and York, 1966; Jencks, 1972). Critics of these studies have suggested that two methodological extensions of research on school effectiveness are needed to shed further light on the issue of the differential effectiveness of schools or school programs. One extension is the use of tighter experimental designs to overcome the cross-sectional, survey limitations of prior studies (Campbell, 1969; Stanley, 1972; Mosteller and Moynihan, 1972; Smith, 1972). A second extension recommends the use of a wider variety of dependent measures to tap a larger domain of potentially school-related outcomes (Jackson, 1973; Jencks, 1972). While both of these extensions are warranted, the important finding leading to the conclusion that resources or programs have little differential impact upon student achievement is that withinschool or program variation is large in comparison to between-school or program variation.

Significance of fossiliferous Middle Cambrian rocks of Rhode Island to the history of the Avalonian microcontinent

Abstract: Middle Cambrian trilobites of Acado-Baltic affinities have been found in southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, in phyllites previously mapped as part of the Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the Narragansett Basin. The trilobite-bearing phyllites form the basal unit of an approximately 1-km-thick sequence that has undergone four episodes of folding and cleavage formation. Three different trilobites are represented. Badulesia tenera (Hartt), which gives a diagnostic medial Middle Cambrian age, is also known from New Brunswick, eastern Newfoundland, southern Germany, northern Spain, and eastern Turkey. This species in northern Spain characterizes a subzone within the Middle Cambrian Badulesia zone correlating approximately with the lower part of the Paradoxides paradoxissimus zone of northern Europe. Nearby in Newport, Rhode Island, a sequence of maroon and green clastic sediments rests unconformably on Precambrian igneous rocks and sediments. If these should be proven to be Lower Cambrian, this succession in southern Narragansett Bay would be the most complete Cambrian succession yet recognized in southern New England and possibly a nearly complete record of sedimentation for this area for the entire Cambrian Period. These well-exposed rocks are part of a distinctive succession of upper Precambrian and lower Paleozoic rocks and are interpreted as a fragment of the Avalonian platform or microcontinent, closely related to rocks of the eastern margin of the northern Appalachians and the western margin of western Europe.

Cane Technique: Modifying the Touch Technique for Full Path Coverage.

Abstract: Measurements of height of cane hand, cane length, step size, and forearm length of 17 cane, using blind subjects were taken for the purpose of testing the hypothesis that the touch technique does n...

A quantitative confirmation of visual capture of curvature.

Abstract: Summary An investigation was performed to quantify the experience of contour curvature formed under sensory discrepancy inspection conditions. N = 80 male and female undergraduates were used. Experimental Ss finger-tracked a horizontal straight edge while viewing limb movements through a curve inducing lens. Control Ss inspected the edge unimodally, either through vision (distorted) or proprioception. Rather than relying on verbal reports all Ss were required to match their impressions of contour shape with an adjustable metal curve. Findings indicated that (a) the mean impression of contour shape derived from discrepant visual and proprioceptive information was curved and did not differ from that derived from distorted visual information, (b) proprioceptive inspection alone resulted in accurate judgements of physical straightness, (c) response modality effects did not emerge, and (d) a manipulation designed to direct Ss attention to the felt contour shape during sensory discrepancy inspection did not aff...

Assuring "Detached But Passionate Investigation and Decision": The Role of Guardians Ad Litem in Saikewicz-type Cases

Abstract: The author focuses this Article upon the aspect of the Saikewicz decision which determines that the kind of "proxy consent" question involved in that case requires for its decision "the process of detached but passionate investigation and decision that forms the ideal on which the judicial branch of government was created." This aspect of the decision has drawn much criticism from the medical community on the ground that it embroils what doctors believe to be a medical question in the adversarial processes of the court system. The author criticizes the decision from an entirely opposite perspective, arguing that the court's opinion fails in not laying down guidelines that would assure a truly adversary process in Saikewicz-type cases. He agrees with the Saikewicz court that our democratic institutional structure and societal commitment to individual liberty require that persons not competent to consent for themselves to acts of euthanasia be protected by a process of "detached but passionate investigation and decision." However, he points out that this ideal of the court system was not realized in Saikewicz itself and is not likely to be realized in other cases without reform of some of the procedures currently being employed by the courts in "proxy consent" cases. Drawing on previous articles that he has written in related areas, he then proposes a set of guidelines that he believes not only will remove existing procedural deficiencies, but also may reform some aspects of the existing system that have drawn criticism from the medical community.

A late Middle Pennsylvanian flora of the Narragansett basin, Massachusetts

Abstract: Forty species of Pennsylvanian plant megafossils have been recovered from a new plant-bearing horizon in the middle part of the Rhode Island Group of the Narragansett basin. Annularia sphenophylloides , Pecopteris arborescens , Asterophyllites equisetiformis , Pecopteris lamuriana , Mariopertis nervosa , Sphenopteris minutisecta , and Cordaites principalis , in order of abundance, constitute 77% of the flora. The fossil assemblage is of late Alleghenian to early Conemaughian age and indicates that the overlying beds are probably of Late Pennsylvanian age.