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Showing papers by "Boston College published in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a theory of government intervention which provides an explanation for "industrial strategy" policies such as R&D or export subsidies in imperfectly competitive international markets.
Abstract: This paper presents a theory of government intervention which provides an explanation for "industrial strategy" policies such as R & D or export subsidies in imperfectly competitive international markets. Domestic net welfare is improved by the capture of a greater share of the output of rent earning industries, although the subsidy-ridden noncooperative international equilibrium is jointly suboptimal. Behaviour of governments and firms is modelled as a three stage subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. The assumption that the government is the first player in this game allows it to influence equilibrium outcomes by altering the set of credible actions open to firms.

681 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of sulfur dioxide emission restrictions on the rate of productivity growth in the electric power industry over the 1973-79 business cycle was analyzed. And the results indicated that emission regulations result in significantly higher generating costs, primarily from the increased use of low-sulfur fuels.
Abstract: This paper measures and analyzes the effect of sulfur dioxide emission restrictions on the rate of productivity growth in the electric power industry over the 1973-79 business cycle. A firm-specific measure of regulatory intensity is developed which depends on the severity of the emission standard, the extent of enforcement, and the unconstrained emission rate relevant to each utility. The results indicate that emission regulations result in significantly higher generating costs, primarily from the increased use of low-sulfur fuels. The average rate of productivity growth was reduced by 0.59 percentage points per year for constrained utilities.

575 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1983-Cell
TL;DR: The accumulation in normal oogenesis of mRNAs for only three of the seven heatshock proteins indicates the existence of differential, possibly multiple controls of heat shock gene expression, and suggests that heat shock proteins hsp83, hsp28 and hsp26 function in the oocyte or early embryo.

330 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal response to foreign monopoly is usually a tariff, but a specific subsidy will be optimal if demand is very convex, as with constant elasticity demand.
Abstract: National governments have incentives to intervene in international markets, particularly in encouraging export cartels and in imposing tariffs on imports from imperfectly competitive foreign firms. Although the optimal response to foreign monopoly is usually a tariff, a specific subsidy will be optimal if demand is very convex, as with constant elasticity demand. If ad valorem tariffs or subsidies are considered, a subsidy is optimal if the elasticity of demand increases as consumption increases.The critical conditions in both ad valorern and specific cases hold generally for Cournot ologopoly. Noncooperative international policy equilibrium will be characterized by export cartels and rent-extracting tariffs.

279 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper developed Weick's notion of complicated understanding by linking it with concepts of complementarity, cognitive complexity, and adult development and described a rationale for, and design elements of, management education programs aimed at increasing complicated understanding in administrators, primarily by fostering differentiation and integration of perspectives on organizational problems.
Abstract: This paper develops Weick's (1979) notion of “complicated” understanding by linking it with concepts of complementarity, cognitive complexity, and adult development The paper describes a rationale for, and design elements of, management education programs aimed at increasing complicated understanding in administrators, primarily by fostering differentiation and integration of perspectives on organizational problems It suggests several outcomes of complicated understanding and indicates ways in which these outcomes, as well as programs aimed at producing them, can be assessed

277 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe how power and powerlessness operate in human systems and propose strategies based on this knowledge to offer both client and worker an opportunity for constructive mana-...
Abstract: Knowing how power and powerlessness operate in human systems is a key to effective intervention. Strategies based on this knowledge offer both client and worker an opportunity for constructive mana...

180 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The published results on protein synthesis during aging are contradictory and possible sources of error and variability include an insufficient number of different animal ages used, use of whole organs that are cytologically highly heterogeneous, and inadequate methodology for measurement of in vivo rates of protein synthesis.
Abstract: Summary 1. The published results on protein synthesis during aging are contradictory. Possible sources of error and variability include: an insufficient number of different animal ages used; use of whole organs that are cytologically highly heterogeneous; different animal strains; neglecting to measure the specific activity of the precursor pool for protein synthesis; and inadequate methodology for measurement of in vivo rates of protein synthesis. 2. In general, protein synthesis rates in mammals have been reported to decline 4–70% with age. In insects and other organisms, greater losses (60–90%) have been observed. 3. Limited evidence indicates that in some systems a decline in the rate of protein synthesis may be due to alterations (as yet of unknown nature) in the initiation components of the protein synthetic apparatus. Futhermore, some studies suggest that in some organisms aging affects the expression of specific parts of the genome. 4. The significance of results on protein metabolism obtained from some studies with nematodes is at present unknown, owing to problems associated with age-synchronization methods. Also, the in vitro fibroblast system for the study of human cellular aging has not been met with universal acceptance; it is generally believed that this system has not yet been established as a valid analogy to mammalian aging in vivo. 5. Failure to detect defective enzymes in many old organisms indicates at least that not all proteins are altered during aging. The complete thermal stability of purified enzymes from old organisms suggests that the observed thermolability of the same enzymes in crude cell extracts is not an intrinsic property of those enzymes. Post-translational modifications (partial denaturation) may constitute the primary mechanism for the production of altered cell polypeptides during aging. 6. The available evidence does not support the concept of an age-dependent decline in translational accuracy. The future purification to absolute homogeneity of an altered enzyme and its ‘young’ (unaltered) counterpart, and their sequencing, should resolve the question of translational errors. 7. Some degree of age-related ribosome loss appears to occur in fixed postmitotic cells. In general, the published polyribosomal profiles may represent artefacts due to insufficiently suppressed ribonuclease activity during extraction. 8. The published studies on protein degradation during aging are also contradictory. Some investigators have neglected the possibility of reutilization of labelled amino acid. It is possible that some of the observed age-related alterations in protein degradation rates are due to altered endocrine status of the animals used, rather than to defects in the protein degradative pathways. The studies utilizing cell culture systems are also contradictory, probably due to different experimental designs. 9. Limited evidence suggests that protein degradation may slow down with age in mammals and nematodes. An inefficient protein degradation system in old organisms could provide an explanation for the accumulation of altered macromolecules in some organisms. Virtually nothing is known about regulatory mechanisms of protein degradation during senescence. 10. There is a need to examine which proteins are synthesized and degraded at selectively different rates as a function of age and what their physiological role is. This approach would be more informative than the study of total protein turnover with age. 11. The physiological significance, and the causes of the observed declines in protein synthesis and degradation rates during aging and senescence, remain to be established.

178 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present ab initio calculations of 24 autoionizing states of H2 which have mostly the 2 Sigma u + and first excited 2 Pi u states as the core orbital near R = 1. 4a(0).
Abstract: Neutral doubly excited states of H2 lie in the Franck-Condon region at energies beyound 23 eV above the ground state of H2. These repulsive resonance states may autoionize yielding H2(+) + e(-), H + H(+) + e(-) or dissociate to neutral ground and excited H atoms or H(+) + H(-). These processes are important in determining the thermal balance of interstellar clouds and the chemistry of the Jovian atmosphere. The present investigation is concerned with ab initio calculations of 24 autoionizing states of H2 which have mostly the 2 Sigma u + and first excited 2 Pi u states of H2(+) as the core orbital near R = 1. 4a(0). Of the 24 states reported, 14 have not appeared previously in the literature. For four of the remaining ten states an energy at only a single internuclear distance has been previously reported.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Mary Brabeck1
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of an ethic of care is described and contrasted with Kohlberg's morality of justice, and the empirical support for Gilligan's claim that men and women differ in their moral orientations is examined.

143 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, interviews with government affairs representatives in a random sample of 175 Washington lobbying organizations support the popular impression that the volume of pressure group activity has skyrocketed over the past decade.
Abstract: Interviews with government affairs representatives in a random sample of 175 Washington lobbying organizations support the popular impression that the volume of pressure group activity has skyrocketed over the past decade. There are many more groups now active on the Washington scene. Moreover, nearly all of them have increased their use of many different kinds of lobbying techniques--not simply, as might be expected, those facilitated by the revolution in electronic technologies or those encouraged by closer representative/constituent relations, but also traditional forms of lobbying. Among the various factors responsible for this explosion in interest group activity are the internal changes in congressional organization since 1974.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the comprehension of five common forms of figurative language, differing both in degree of discrepancy from the truth and in communicative purpose, was examined in six-, eight-, and 11-year-olds.
Abstract: The comprehension of five common forms of figurative language, differing both in degree of discrepancy from the truth and in communicative purpose, was examined in six-, eight-, and 11-year-olds. Children heard a series of brief stories each ending with one of five types of figurative remark (sarcasm, metaphor, understatement, hyperbole, irony) or a literal remark. A straight-explication task assessed understanding of discrepancy and communicative purpose. A humour-explication task assessed whether understanding is facilitated by considering the utterance as funny. A memory task assessed recall errors as clues to comprehension. Six-year-olds usually recognized neither the discrepancy of the utterances nor the speaker's purpose. Eight-year-olds recognized the utterances' discrepancy from the truth. However, they offered few attributions of purpose, and those given were wrong as often as not. Eleven-year-olds recognized the discrepancy of the utterances and were also able to identify the communicative purpose. Results of humour-explication yielded a similar pattern, but interpretations were somewhat more advanced on this task, suggesting that a humour context facilitates comprehension of these figurative utterances. Irony was most difficult to recognize as discrepant, followed in order by hyperbole, understatement, metaphor and sarcasm. With regard to recognizing communicative purpose, irony was least well understood, followed in order by metaphor, understatement, hyperbole and sarcasm. Recall errors in the memory condition supported the explication findings. Results are discussed in terms of the two tasks involved in understanding figurative language: the logical task of recognizing the statement as discrepant from the facts; and the social-cognitive task of identifying the speaker's communicative purpose.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Avalon Platform of Newfoundland is the type locality of the Avalonian plate, that is characterized by late Precambrian volcanic and clastic rocks, marine at the bottom and terrestrial at the top as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A special issue of the Journal of Educational Evaluation (JEM) devoted to "Linking Testing and Instruction" as discussed by the authors is devoted to the problem of linking testing and instruction, which is an interesting topic.
Abstract: We would not be surprised if many readers were to question the need for a special issue of JEM devoted to "Linking Testing and Instruction." After all, skeptics might reasonably argue, it is a truism that the content of standardized achievement tests-the focus of this issue-must be linked to instruction if meaningful inferences about performance are to be made. Further, they might contend that a central tenet of the evaluation movement is the need to gather information about student achievement using tests directly linked to educational objectives and instruction. Obviously, our skeptics are correct. Why then this special issue? The reason is that standardized achievement testing is no longer concerned primarily with issues directly related to classroom practice and to the use of results by teachers. Increasingly, standardized achievement tests are being used for a host of policy-oriented purposes: assessing educational equity; providing evidence on school and program effectiveness; allocating compensatory funds to school districts; evaluating teacher effectiveness; accrediting school districts; classifying students for remediation; and certifying successful completion of high school or a given grade of elementary school. Linking testing to instruction generally is not a major problem for individual teachers, thanks partly to sensitive teacher judgment about the relevance of test items to the content of instruction in their classroom and partly to many textbook publishers who now provide integrated teaching/testing/curriculum packages. When standardized tests were used primarily by teachers, the problem of the sensitivity of the test to actual classroom instruction was not a major issue. Generally, the results were not terribly important and seldom were major decisions made on the basis of the results. However, when achievement test results are intended to inform extra-classroom policy decisions where there is the potential for serious harm either to individuals or programs, then the problems of linking testing and instruction become acute. It is the increased use of achievement test results in the policy sphere, much less than the use of test results by classroom teachers, which makes this special issue so pertinent. Our task is to provide an overview of the issues associated with the problem of linking testing and instruction. First we describe two general policy areas which have prompted concern about these links: studies of school and program effectiveness and minimum competency testing programs used for pupil certification. While other policy issues noted above are important, space does not permit a discussion of each. However, the points associated with the two areas we shall deal with are also pertinent to these other issues. Second, we shall describe techniques that have been used to investigate links between tests and instruction. Finally, we shall address a number of educational and policy issues that arise from efforts to link tests and instruction.

Journal ArticleDOI
M. Brinton Lykes1
TL;DR: This paper explored the effect of institutional discrimination on individuals by examining the distinctive and interactive effects of racial and sexual prejudice on the coping styles of a small sample of older black women and found that a less direct coping strategy may be more effective than a direct instrumental strategy in creatively confronting discrimination.
Abstract: The present study was designed to explore the multiple effects of institutional discrimination on individuals by examining the distinctive and interactive effects of racial and sexual prejudice and/or institutional discrimination on the coping styles of a small sample of older black women. The existence of the Black Women Oral History Project provided a unique opportunity to examine the perceptions and experiences of discrimination among a set of American black women 70 years of age and older who have made a significant contribution to the improvement of the lives of black people, especially in the 1940s and the 1950s. Examples from these accounts are presented and analyses discussed which suggest that direct instrumental coping may not be the strategy of choice in coping with experiences of discrimination. Rather, selected situational variables (the racial composition of the workplace and the type of discrimination identified) and personal factors (perceptions of the control of the outcome and of the source of the problem) interact and differentially predict either direct instrumental coping or flexibility in coping styles. The findings suggest further that in some contexts a less direct coping strategy may be more effective than a direct instrumental strategy in creatively confronting discrimination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Parity-based algorithms are described for coloring the interior of a polygon drawn on a raster display, which trade storage for speed and correctness property of the vector-oriented version of Edge Fill is proved.
Abstract: Parity-based algorithms are described for coloring the interior of a polygon drawn on a raster display. The polygon is input as a chain of incremental moves. These algorithms are automatic in the sense that they require no manually specified interior point. First a distinction is made between two possible coordinate systems for a raster display, the region-oriented and vector-oriented coordinate systems. The Edge Fill algorithm of Ackland and Weste is given for the region-oriented coordinate system, and then is adapted for the vector-oriented coordinate system. Next the algorithm is enhanced in two ways, denoted Fence Fill and Pairwise Fill, which trade storage for speed. Finally, in the Appendix, a correctness property of the vector-oriented version of Edge Fill is proved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that the preoptic region and the substantia nigra interact in the control of maternal behavior and differences in maternal behavior between the ipsilateral and contralateral groups could not be explained on the basis of nonspecific effects.
Abstract: This study provides evidence that the preoptic region and the substantia nigra interact in the control of maternal behavior. In the first experiment, large electrolytic lesions of the substantia nigra were found to severely disrupt maternal behavior and cause stereotyped motor activity in postpartum lactating rats. In order to test the hypothesis that the preoptic region and the substantia nigra interact in the control of maternal behavior, a second experiment employed an asymmetrical lesion design. Postpartum lactating rats that received a unilateral knife cut severing the lateral connections of the medial preoptic area and a contralateral lesion of the substantia nigra showed larger deficits in maternal behavior than either sham females or females that received a unilateral preoptic knife cut paired with an ipsilateral substantia nigra lesion. Measurements of body weights, body temperatures, and stereotyped behavior indicated that the differences in maternal behavior between the ipsilateral and contralateral groups could not be explained on the basis of nonspecific effects.

Journal ArticleDOI
Mary Brabeck1
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between two constructs that attempt to describe that aim: critical thinking as defined by the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and a stage model of adolescent and adult intellectual development described as reflective judgment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the book "Do It My Way or You're Fired" by David W. Ewing can be found in this article, with the title "Do it my way or you're fired".
Abstract: This article presents a review of the book "Do It My Way or You're Fired," by David W. Ewing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of data from the first year of the P78-2 (SCATHA) satellite operations showed that severe spacecraft frame charging both in sunlight (-340 V) and in eclipse (> -8 kV) occurred on 24 April 1979.
Abstract: A survey of data from the first year of the P78-2 (SCATHA) satellite operations showed that severe spacecraft frame charging (fy) both in sunlight (-340 V) and in eclipse (> -8 kV) occurred on 24 April 1979. Analysis of the data indicates that if the sunlight charging environment had been present during eclipse, the vehicle would have charged in excess of 15 kV, which is above any known charging level observed to date for the SCATHA satellite. Therefore, the environment at the peak of the sunlight charging at -0650 UT 24 April 1979 was chosen for this "worst case" study. The environment at this time is characterized by an injection of high-energy (30-335 keV) electron fluxes whose combined current correlates with 0y with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The fluxes were highly anisotropic, maximizing perpendicular to the magnetic field. The low-energy (<4 keV) electron population had a density <1 cm~ 3 and the low-energy ions were near background. The measured electron distribution functions, when fitted to double Maxwellians by a least-squares technique, show that throughout the sunlight charging period the high and low temperatures remained nearly the same, while the density of the high-energy component followed the charging levels. The injection occurred simultaneously with the rapid return of the magnetospheric magnetic field to a more dipolelike configuration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two mutant versions of E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase have been purified and analyzed kinetically, and experiments employing the allosteric effectors indicate that the transmission of the regulatory effect is dependent upon the structure of the catalytic subunit, and that CTP inhibition can be partially decoupled from ATP activation.

Journal Article
Bonnie Lass1
TL;DR: In this paper, a table-hopping Santa asks my son Jed, age 2.5, what he wants for Christmas and his reply, "A book and a puzzle," surprises Santa, who asks, "Can you read?" To answer, Jed identifies the color words from his new box of crayons.
Abstract: Scene I We are having dinner in a department store one evening in mid December. A table-hopping Santa asks my son Jed, age 2.5, what he wants for Christmas. His reply, "A book and a puzzle," surprises Santa, who asks, "Can you read?" To answer, Jed identifies the color words from his new box of crayons. Later, a woman at the next table asks, "Can he really read?" I say, "Not really. He can read some words and letters though."

Journal ArticleDOI
McFarland1, Parker
TL;DR: A mathematical model for the behavior of hardware descriptions is developed, used to prove that some of the optimizing transformations used in the design system preserve behavioral equivalence, and an example proof of a transformation is given.
Abstract: As part of our research on the Carnegie-Mellon University Design Automation System, we have been investigating methods for proving that the system produces correct designs from correct specifications. We have developed a mathematical model for the behavior of hardware descriptions, which we have used to prove that some of the optimizing transformations used in the design system preserve behavioral equivalence. The model, which is based on regular expressions modified by predicates to show data dependence, goes beyond the usual computational models used in program verification, in that it takes into account the proper sequencing of those "events" which represent interactions with the environment. This paper presents the model, shows how it can be used to represent the behavior of descriptions in an ISP-like hardware description language, and gives an example proof of a transformation.

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Aug 1983-Science
TL;DR: Daytime administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan to sheep elevated serum melatonin more than sevenfold within 2 hours suggests that administration of5-hydroxymethatonin could be used as the basis of a clinical test of pineal function and that melatonin might mediate some clinical effects of 5.Hydroxyt Kryptophan.
Abstract: Daytime administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan to sheep elevated serum melatonin more than sevenfold within 2 hours. This suggests that administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan could be used as the basis of a clinical test of pineal function and that melatonin might mediate some clinical effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan.

Posted Content
Alan J. Marcus1
TL;DR: In this paper, the value of PBGC pension insurance under two scenarios of interest is derived, one allowing for voluntary plan termination, which appears to be legal under current statutes, and the second scenario, termination is prohibited unless the firm is bankrupt.
Abstract: This paper derives the value of PBGC pension insurance under two scenarios of interest. The first allows for voluntary plan termination, which appears to be legal under current statutes. In the second scenario, termination is prohibited unless the firm is bankrupt. Optimal pension funding strategy under each scenario is examined. Finally,empirical estimates of PBGC liabilities are calculated. These show that a small number of funds account for a large fraction of total prospective PBGC liabilities, that those total liabilities greatly exceed current PBGC reserves for plan terminations, and that PBGC liabilities could be substantially reduced by the prohibition of voluntary termination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Repeated testing of posthypnotic amnesia indicates that some Ss, initially responsive to the suggestion, show appreciable recovery of memory before the pre-arranged signal is given to cancel the amnesia.
Abstract: Repeated testing of posthypnotic amnesia indicates that some Ss, initially responsive to the suggestion, show appreciable recovery of memory before the pre-arranged signal is given to cancel the amnesia. Comparison of Ss who received 2 successive memory tests during amnesia with others who received only a single test preceded by a distracting activity indicated that the recovery effect was attributable to the passage of time rather than to prior testing. There were wide individual differences in the extent of recovery, with some Ss maintaining a fairly dense amnesia on the second test. Those Ss who maintained amnesia were more hypnotizable, and showed a denser initial amnesia, than those who breached it. An analysis of subjective reports lent credence to the notion of partial response among some hypnotizable Ss who fail to meet a standard criterion of complete amnesia, and pseudoamnesia among some insusceptible Ss who appear to pass it. Some Ss reported voluntarily engaging in cognitive activity ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the emergence of shop-floor worker participation projects in many of the largest corporations in the United States has major theoretical interest because it points to a shift in the structure of American management from Taylorist forms of organization toward "post-Taylorist" systems based on relative worker autonomy and limited democratic organization on the shop floor.
Abstract: This paper proposes that the emergence of shop-floor worker participation projects in many of the largest corporations in the United States has major theoretical interest because it points to a shift in the structure of American management from Taylorist forms of organization toward “post-Taylorist” systems based on “relative worker autonomy” and limited democratic organization on the shop floor. The postulated shift toward “relative worker autonomy” is explored, first, in terms of the contradictions and failures of Taylorism-specifically its failure to integrate workers or bind them effectively, either psychologically or ideologically, to their jobs and firms. While the costs of worker dis-integration have led management to initiate post-Taylorist labor control systems, an analysis of participative experiments suggests that these new systems produce new contradictions engendering worker expectations and entitlements for democracy in the workplace. The analysis suggests the need for a reformulation of current theories of the capitalist labor process that can explain both the emergence of “integrative” labor systems based on participation and democratic legitimations and also the new forms of contestation they produce.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a general, highly selective route to skipped (1,4) diynes, including the hitherto unknown 3-substituted derivatives, is provided by the reactions of (propargyl acetate)(Co 2 (CO) 6 complexes with trialkynyl alanes and subsequent demetallation.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion of ab initio calculations of potential energy curves for the AB* and AB+ states in (1) is presented along with additional results for H2 and He2.
Abstract: The direct dissociative recombination (DR) of a diatomic molecular ion, AB+, with an electron is described by AB++e where AB* → AB* A + B is a repulsive state of the neutral molecule which dissociates directly to A and B. The dissociation prevents the emission of an electron by AB* and accounts for the high rate of electron recombination with molecular ions compared to atomic ions. This paper presents a discussion of ab initio calculations of potential energy curves for the AB* and AB+ states in (1). Results for recent large scale calculations for O2 are presented along with additional results for H2 and He2.These calculations provide answers to the following questions: What are the identities of the molecular states responsible for DR? What are the translational energies and states of the resulting atoms? How do the atomic state quantum yields vary with ion vibrational excitation and electron temperature?

Journal ArticleDOI
J. Feynman1
TL;DR: In the last four years substantial progress has been made in the study of variations of the solar wind on time scales of decades to hundreds of years as discussed by the authors, and there is still controversy concerning the periodic nature of the 80-100 year variation of the Maunder and Sporer types.
Abstract: During the last four years substantial progress has been made in the study of variations of the solar wind on time scales of decades to hundreds of years Solar cycle changes in 3 dimensions have been described and the cyclic evolution of solar sources studied Work on longer term changes has made a good start Data sets and methods of scientific analysis are being developed Estimates have been made of pre-space-age solar wind properties The existance of the eleven year cycle for the last 1,500 years was studied The non-random nature of variations over many solar cycles was confirmed but there is still controversy concerning the periodic nature of the 80–100 year variation There is evidence that variations of the Maunder and Sporer types may be periodic

Journal ArticleDOI
Richard S. Bolan1
TL;DR: In this article, the structure of normative influences on planner responsible to? what is it that such responsibility obliges him or her to do? and under what circumstances should such obligations be activated? Answers to these questions create a three-dimensional matrix of obligation where all three dimen sions comprise a holistic gestalt.
Abstract: The structure of normative influences on planner responsible to?, what is it that such responsibility obliges him or her to do?, and under what circumstances should obligation or responsibility. who is the planner responsible to? what is it that such responsibility obliges him or her to do? and under what circumstances should such obligations be activated? Answers to these questions create a three-dimensional matrix of obligation where all three dimen sions comprise a holistic gestalt—some— times consistent and sometimes in con flict. Within this framework is the notion of multiple moral communities, the pulls between good ends and right actions, and the ambiguities and complexities of the situational contexts of ethical choice.