Showing papers by "Boston College published in 1984"
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TL;DR: In a noncooperative equilibrium, the terms of trade move against the subsidizing country, but its welfare can increase because, under imperfect competition, price exceeds the marginal cost of exports as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Countries often perceive themselves as being in competition with each other for profitable international markets. In such a world export subsidies can appear as attractive policy tools, from a national point of view, because they improve the relative position of a domestic firm in noncooperative rivalries with foreign firms, enabling it to expand its market share and earn greater profits. In effect, subsidies change the initial conditions of the game that firms play. The terms of trade move against the subsidizing country, but its welfare can increase because, under imperfect competition, price exceeds the marginal cost of exports. International noncooperative equilibriumis characterized by such subsidies on the part of exporting nations, even though they are jointly suboptimal.
1,742 citations
TL;DR: Bartunek as mentioned in this paper reported a case study of a religious order whose shared interpretive schemes (the schemata that map its experience of the world), especially its understanding of its mission, were being substantially changed.
Abstract: Jean M. Bartunek This paper reports a case study of a religious order whose shared interpretive schemes (the schemata that map its experience of the world), especially its understanding of its mission, were being substantially changed. During thistime the order underwent a major revision in structure. On the basis of the case, the paper explores ways interpretive schemes undergo fundamental change and ways these changes are linked to restructuring. The paper proposes that major changes in interpretive schemes occur through dialectical processes in which old and new ways of understanding interact, resulting in a synthesis. The process of change in interpretive schemes is in a reciprocal relationship with changes in structure. This relationship is not direct, but rather is mediated by the actions of organizational members and their emotional reactions to change. Environmental forces are likely to initiate the change, but the way the environment is interpreted by organizational members affects the type of change that takes place. Similarly, the way the organization's leadership initiates or responds to alternate interpretive schemes limits the type of change in understanding that can occur.
1,015 citations
TL;DR: This paper showed that a high correlation between saving and investment rates across OECD countries can be consistent with a high degree of capital mobility, which casts doubt on the usefulness of testing hypotheses about capital mobility with data on saving and investiment rates.
280 citations
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TL;DR: A knowledge representation model of prototype theory is outlined, based on work in schema theory and AI knowledge representation, and it is argued that if this model is model concepts as knowledge representations of a certain kind, it is possible to answer prototype theory's critics, but to address more fundamental issues in the theory of concepts.
249 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that for Cournot oligopoly, the optimal response to foreign monopoly is usually a tariff, but a specific subsidy will be optimal if demand is very convex, as with constant elasticity demand.
238 citations
TL;DR: The authors used data from an enumeration of the nearly 7,000 interest organizations active in Washington politics to understand the kinds of interests that are likely to achieve representation in American national politics.
Abstract: This paper uses data from an enumeration of the nearly 7,000 interest organizations active in Washington politics to understand the kinds of interests that are likely to achieve representation in American national politics. Although much has been made of the arrival in Washington of many new citizens groups over the past two decades, business interests are overrepresented among organized interests there in terms of the number of interest organizations and the structure of interest representation. This overrepresentation takes place at the expense of the representation of the interests of broad publics and the poor. Further, in spite of the emergence over the past two decades of many organizations representing the interests of the previously underrepresented, the bias in the pressure system towards the interests of business and the well-off seems to have become more pronounced. Although there are complicated formal problems in attempting to harmonize the principle of political equality with the representat...
176 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that a neural system extending from the preoptic region to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain is important for the normal expression of maternal behavior in lactating rats.
Abstract: This study provides evidence that a neural system extending from the preoptic region to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain is important for the normal expression of maternal behavior in lactating rats. In the first experiment, bilateral electrolytic lesions of the VTA severely disrupted the maternal behavior of postpartum rats. In the second experiment, lactating rats that received a unilateral knife cut severing the lateral connections of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) paired with a contralateral lesion of the VTA showed more severe maternal behavior deficits than females that received one of the following treatments: (a) a unilateral knife cut severing the lateral connections of the MPOA paired with an ipsilateral VTA lesion; (b) a unilateral knife cut severing the lateral connections of the MPOA paired with a contralateral lesion of the medial hypothalamus posterior to the MPOA; (c) a unilateral knife cut severing the lateral connections of the lateral preoptic area paired with a contralateral VTA lesion. The oral components of maternal behavior (retrieving and nest building) were particularly affected as a result of bilateral damage to the system extending from the preoptic area to the VTA.
173 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a confederate-peer study of "whistle blowing" behavior was conducted using Defining Issues Test as a measure of moral reasoning, and participants were determined to be at conventional or principled levels of reasoning.
160 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that regression data should be mean-centered before being diagnosed for collinearity (ill conditioning), and that in order to assess conditioning meaningfully, the data must be in a form that possesses structural interpretability.
Abstract: It is often thought that regression data should be mean-centered before being diagnosed for collinearity (ill conditioning). This view is shown not generally to be correct. Such centering can mask elements of ill conditioning and produce meaningless and misleading collinearity diagnostics. In order to assess conditioning meaningfully, the data must be in a form that possesses structural interpretability.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a large-scale investigation of the meaning of community in metropolitan America is presented, based on 2,622 women and men from 42 municipalities in 10 SMSAs across the United States.
Abstract: Residential and community satisfaction have been studied for many decades in an effort to understand human commitments to local places. In more recent years, concepts that more nearly reflect commitment have been developed, among them place attachment. Yet, the extensive, prior work on empirical indicators of satisfaction give that concept a particularly useful entry into studies of experiences of place, even though these may only provide estimates of phenomena of deeper commitment. The present study is drawn from the data for a large-scale investigation of the meaning ofcommunity in metropolitan America. Based on 2,622 women and men from 42 municipalities in 10 SMSAs across the United States, the study includes a sample of all socioeconomic statuses and from minority as well as majority populations. On the basis of factor analyses of a wide array of evaluations and satisfactions with housing, neighborhood, and the wider community, a structure for community satisfaction has been delineated. On the basis of these community satisfaction factors, along with several other social role and personality variables, an estimate is provided of the personal significance of community satisfaction in people's lives, using life satisfaction as the dependent variable. While there are socioeconomic status and other variations, community satisfactions appear to be important influences on life satisfaction at all socioeconomic status levels.
108 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared and empirically tested two different views of corporate pension policy: the traditional view that pension funds are managed without regard to either corporate financial policy or the interests of the corporation and its shareholders, and the corporate financial perspective represented by the recent theoretical work of Black (1980), Sharpe (1916),Tepper (1981), and Treynor (1971), which stresses the potential effects of a firm's financial condition on its pension funding and asset allocation decisions.
Abstract: This paper contrasts and empirically tests two different views of corporate pension policy: the traditional view that pension funds are managed without regard to either corporate financial policy or the interests of the corporation and its shareholders, and the corporate financial perspective represented by the recent theoretical work of Black (1980), Sharpe (1916),Tepper (1981), and Treynor (1971), which stresses the potential effects of a firm's financial condition on its pension funding and asset allocation decisions. We find several pieces of evidence supporting the corporate financial perspective. First, we find that there is a significant inverse relationship between firms' profitability and the discount rates they choose tor eport their pension liabilities. In view of this we adjust all reported pension liabilities to a common discount rate assumption. We then find a significant positive relationship between firm profitability and the degree ofpension funding, as is consistent with the corporate financial perspective. We also find some evidence that firms facing higher risk and lower tax liabilities are less inclined to fully fund their pension plans. On the asset allocation question, we find that the distribution of plan assets invested in bonds is bi-modal, but that it does not tend to cluster around extreme portfolio configurations to the extent predicted by the corporate financial perspective. We also find that the percentage of plan assets invested in bonds in negatively related to both total size of plan and the proportion of unfunded liabilities.The latter relationship shows up particularly among the riskiest firms and is consistent with the corporate financial perspective on pension decisions.
TL;DR: The stipendiary magistracy was further reformed in police offices in the 1820s and 1830s, the same decades which saw the organization of the metropolitan police as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Of the three major innovations in law enforcement in nineteenth-century England, the penitentiaries, the new police and the stipendiary magistracy, the stipendiary magistracy came first. Three years before Patrick Colquhoun published his influential Treatise on the police of the metropolis, urging the foundation of a centralized preventative police force, the Middlesex Justices Act of 1792 established a system of paid magistrates for metropolitan London. The stipendiary magistracy sitting in police offices was further reformed in the 1820s and 1830s, the same decades which saw the organization of the metropolitan police. By 1838 the police courts had taken their final shape, remaining largely unaltered into the twentieth century. Side by side with the new police, stipendiary magistrates were the primary instruments of public order in Victorian London.
TL;DR: A developmental model for conceptualizing vulnerability to childhood depression must consider the multiple transactions among environmental forces, caregiver characteristics, and child characteristics as mentioned in this paper, which can be found in our previous work.
Abstract: A developmental model for conceptualizing vulnerability to childhood depression must consider the multiple transactions among environmental forces, caregiver characteristics, and child characteristics.
TL;DR: In this article, a maximum entropy spectral analysis of the number of aurora reported per decade in Europe and the Orient from 450 A.D. to 1450 A.D. shows a strong stable line at a 88.4±0.7 years.
Abstract: The existence of a 60–100 year periodic variation in solar and/or solar-terrestrial phenomena has been a matter of dispute for many years. A wide variety of data sets previously have been analyzed, and the results of the analyses have been interpreted as showing evidence either for or against such a variation. However, all data sets that are proxy for solar wind in the ecliptic at 1 AU show variations consistent with a period of about 88 years. Here we report that a maximum entropy spectral analysis of the number of aurora reported per decade in Europe and the Orient from 450 A.D. to 1450 A.D. shows a strong stable line at a 88.4±0.7 years. Since the data set contains 11 cycles, this analysis establishes the reality of the “long cycle” for 1000 years. The mean amplitude and phase are then estimated from a superposed epoch analysis. The mean amplitude was 2.2 auroral reports per decade and the last minimum phase in these data occurred between 1403 A.D. and 1413 A.D.
TL;DR: The kinetic events of the cellular responses in both normal and HL-60 cells in relation to the antineoplastic activities of unnatural ether-linked phospholipid analogs that are structurally related to L-PAF are characterized.
TL;DR: Small bilateral lesions were made in different anterior-posterior locations in the MPOA-AH of maternal-sensitized, testosterone-treated female rats, and the effects of these lesions on maternal and male sexual behaviors were assessed.
Abstract: Lesions of the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic continuum (MPOA-AH) are known to disrupt both maternal behavior and male sexual behavior in the rat. In order to test the hypothesis that the two behaviors involve different neural systems in the MPOA-AH, small bilateral lesions were made in different anterior-posterior locations in the MPOA-AH of maternal-sensitized, testosterone-treated female rats, and the effects of these lesions on maternal and male sexual behaviors were assessed. Lesions centering in the MPOA disrupted maternal behavior (pup retrieval, nest building, and nursing), with anterior MPOA lesions being more effective (on pup retrieval and nest building) than posterior MPOA lesions. Lesions centering in the AH had little or no effect on maternal behavior. By contrast, male sexual behavior (mounting) was strongly disrupted by lesions in either the MPOA or the AH, with lesions in the rostral AH being most effective.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss entrepreneurship in the Mondragon cooperatives and present a review of social economy: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 272-294.
Abstract: (1984). Entrepreneurship in the Mondragon Cooperatives. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 272-294.
TL;DR: The utility of this approach is demonstrated for analysis of brain tissues of 1 microgram or less using microbore HPLC with electrochemical detection for biogenic amines and DOPAC.
TL;DR: In this article, a model of professional deviant/adaptive career behaviors is presented to clarify the negative behavioral effects experienced by some salaried professionals and proposed as being caused by conflicting expectations with their management.
Abstract: A model of professional deviant/adaptive career behaviors is presented to clarify the negative behavioral effects experienced by some salaried professionals and proposed as being caused by conflicting expectations with their management. The nature of and precursors to these conflicting expectations are delineated. The cognitive state, attitudes, and specific behaviors, which are the resultants of the expectations, are discussed. Behavioral outcomes are presented in terms of four career elements: management, job, self, and the career. Research and managerial implications are cited.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general strategy for the control of regiochemistry in the Diels-Alder reactions of substituted naphthazarins is described, and application of this strategy to the synthesis of (±)-daunomycinone (2 ) employs two successive regiochemically controlled Diels Alder reactions and leads to a ten-step, regiospecific synthesis of(±)- 2 in 36% overall yield.
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of integrating an employer-provided pension plan with social security has been investigated in the context of modern contingent claims analysis, and the authors developed a formal model to explore the quantitative aspects of this change.
Abstract: The manifest purposes of integrating an employer-provided pension plan with social security are:(1) to ensure retirement income adequacy for all covered employees; and (2) to ensure retirement income equity, defined as equal total replacement rates for all employees regardless of salary level. The focus of this paper, however, is on an equally important (and perhaps latent) consequence of integration: the alteration of the risk-bearing relationships between employees, employers and the government vis-a-vis social security benefits. The main alteration is that the employer in effect insures his covered employees against adverse changes in their social security retirement benefit. Using the option-pricing methodology of modern contingent claims analysis,we develop a formal model to explore the quantitative aspects of this change.While the focus of the analysis is on full integration, we do explicitly deal with various degrees of partial integration as is currently practiced. We also analyze the effects of a switch from a non-integrated to an equivalent-cost integrated plan when private benefits are fixed in nominal terms and when they are indexed. In this connection we examine how integrated plans are affected when the sponsor makes ad hoc post-retirement benefit increases. We also consider the incentive effects on worker mobility of the adoption of integrated plans. The analysis is also used to highlight what we believe to be important unintended consequences of integrating pension plans with social security.
TL;DR: It is argued that the autonomy of elderly parents has increased, but their power and influence over adult children has decreased, and this trend is likely to continue in coming decades.
Abstract: We begin our discussion by outlining the usefulness of "resource theory" as a theoretical framework for the study of family power. This framework is then used to analyze changes in the balance of power between elderly parents and their middle-age children. With respect to intergenerational power relationships, we argue that the autonomy of elderly parents has increased, but their power and influence over adult children has decreased. This trend is likely to continue in coming decades. Resource theory is then utilized to analyze changes in marital power relationships as couples age. Most studies of power relationships between elderly spouses have an important limitation--they tend to reflect yesterday's definitions of male and female roles. Recent changes in these roles may significantly alter the social meanings of aging for both men and women in coming years.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the time-averaged vertical energy fluxes and heating rates of the equinox diurnal and semidiurnal tides calculated by Forbes (1982a,h) from 0 to 400 km.
TL;DR: Alkylations of the anion 7a derived from a camphor-based oxazoline proceed in good yield as mentioned in this paper, and the corresponding α-hydroxy acids in high ee.
TL;DR: In this paper, the NMR spectra of the (alkynyl)Co2(CO)6 group have been obtained in SO2 and they exhibit resonances which are only mildly deshielded relative to the precursor alcohol complexes and dramatically shielded compared to those of free propargyl cations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a measure of the advantage to debt is the extra rate of return, net of a market premium for bankruptcy risk, earned by a levered firm relative to an otherwise-identical unlevered firm.
Abstract: Equilibrium in the market for real assets requires that the price of those assets be bid up to reflect the tax shields they can offer to levered firms.Thus there must be an equality between the market values of real assets and the values of optimally levered firms. The standard measure of the advantage to leverage compares the values of levered and unlevered assets, and can be misleading and difficult to interpret. We show that a meaningful measure of the advantage to debt is the extra rate of return, net of a market premium for bankruptcy risk, earned by a levered firm relative to an otherwise-identical unlevered firm. We construct an option valuation model to calculate such a measure and present extensive simulation results. We use this model to compute optimal debt maturities, show how this approach can be used for capital budgeting, and discuss its implications for the comparison of bankruptcy costs versus tax shields.
TL;DR: In this paper, the systeme derive de thiazolo [2,3-f] naphtyridine [1,6io-4carboxylate-3] and carboxylates [3,6] a partir d'amide t-butylamide de l'acide pyridinedicarboxylique-2,6 par l'intermediaire du R-amide-6 de l'.acide R-3 pyridine-6.
TL;DR: The basic rules of evidence and procedure that provide the basis for the introduction of expert testimony into court are reviewed and some of the findings of social psychology regarding expert testimony are reviewed.
Abstract: This article reviews the basic rules of evidence and procedure that provide the basis for the introduction of expert testimony into court. Second, it reviews some of the findings of social psychology regarding expert testimony, primarily the ways in which the structure of society affects what information will reach the court and what is the readiness of the factfinder to deal with that information. Finally, it reports original data on jurors' assessments of a variety of witnesses (viz. physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, chemists, document examiners, polygraph examiners, police, eyewitnesses, firearms experts, and accountants and appraisers). Jurors' differential assessments of the different experts and differences among juror subgroups are reported and some explanations for a few of those differences are tested. Language: en
TL;DR: A differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) schedule was successful in reducing repetitive speech in an autistic adolescent over a period of 18 months, and the rate of repetitions was gradually reduced.