scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "Boston College published in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
James A. Russell1
TL;DR: At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated, which influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior.
Abstract: At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.

4,585 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of estimating the break dates and the number of breaks in a linear model with multiple structural changes has been considered and an efficient algorithm based on the principle of dynamic programming has been proposed.
Abstract: In a recent paper, Bai and Perron (1998) considered theoretical issues related to the limiting distribution of estimators and test statistics in the linear model with multiple structural changes. In this companion paper, we consider practical issues for the empirical applications of the procedures. We first address the problem of estimation of the break dates and present an efficient algorithm to obtain global minimizers of the sum of squared residuals. This algorithm is based on the principle of dynamic programming and requires at most least-squares operations of order O(T2) for any number of breaks. Our method can be applied to both pure and partial structural change models. Second, we consider the problem of forming confidence intervals for the break dates under various hypotheses about the structure of the data and the errors across segments. Third, we address the issue of testing for structural changes under very general conditions on the data and the errors. Fourth, we address the issue of estimating the number of breaks. Finally, a few empirical applications are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the procedures. All methods discussed are implemented in a GAUSS program. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

4,026 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reviewed and analyzed the emerging network paradigm in organizational research and developed a set of dimensions along which network studies vary, including direction of causality, levels of analysis, explanatory goals, and explanatory mechanisms.

2,845 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss instrumental variables (IV) estimation in the broader con- text of the generalized method of moments (GMM), and describe an extended IV estimation routine that provides GMM estimates as well as additional diagnostic tests.
Abstract: We discuss instrumental variables (IV) estimation in the broader con- text of the generalized method of moments (GMM), and describe an extended IV estimation routine that provides GMM estimates as well as additional diagnostic tests. Stand{alone test procedures for heteroskedasticity, overidentication, and endogeneity in the IV context are also described.

2,444 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A contextual framework is developed by exploring how the socialization and social construction of masculinities transact with social psychological processes common to a variety of potential help-seeking contexts and suggests innovative ways to facilitate adaptive help seeking.
Abstract: Research on men's help seeking yields strategies for enhancing men's use of mental and physical health resources. Analysis of the assumptions underlying existing theory and research also provides a context for evaluating the psychology of men and masculinity as an evolving area of social scientific inquiry. The authors identify several theoretical and methodological obstacles that limit understanding of the variable ways that men do or do not seek help from mental and physical health care professionals. A contextual framework is developed by exploring how the socialization and social construction of masculinities transact with social psychological processes common to a variety of potential help-seeking contexts. This approach begins to integrate the psychology of men and masculinity with theory and methodology from other disciplines and suggests innovative ways to facilitate adaptive help seeking.

2,333 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A formal model of information seeking is proposed in which the probability of seeking information from another person is a function of knowing what that person knows; valuing what thatperson knows; being able to gain timely access to that person's thinking; and perceiving thatseeking information from that person would not be too costly.
Abstract: Research in organizational learning has demonstrated processes and occasionally performance implications of acquisition of declarative (know-what) and procedural (know-how) knowledge. However, considerably less attention has been paid to learned characteristics of relationships that affect the decision to seek information from other people. Based on a review of the social network, information processing, and organizational learning literatures, along with the results of a previous qualitative study, we propose a formal model of information seeking in which the probability of seeking information from another person is a function of (1) knowing what that person knows; (2) valuing what that person knows; (3) being able to gain timely access to that person's thinking; and (4) perceiving that seeking information from that person would not be too costly. We also hypothesize that the knowing, access, and cost variables mediate the relationship between physical proximity and information seeking. The model is tested using two separate research sites to provide replication. The results indicate strong support for the model and the mediation hypothesis (with the exception of the cost variable). Implications are drawn for the study of both transactive memory and organizational learning, as well as for management practice.

2,042 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that positive emotions in the aftermath of crises buffer resilient people against depression and fuel thriving, consistent with the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and positive emotions experienced in the wake of the attacks fully accounted for the relations between precrisis resilience and later development of depressive symptoms.
Abstract: Extrapolating from B. L. Fredrickson's (1998, 2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the authors hypothesized that positive emotions are active ingredients within trait resilience. U.S. college students (18 men and 28 women) were tested in early 2001 and again in the weeks following the September 11th terrorist attacks. Mediational analyses showed that positive emotions experienced in the wake of the attacks--gratitude, interest, love, and so forth--fully accounted for the relations between (a) precrisis resilience and later development of depressive symptoms and (b) precrisis resilience and postcrisis growth in psychological resources. Findings suggest that positive emotions in the aftermath of crises buffer resilient people against depression and fuel thriving, consistent with the broaden-and-build theory. Discussion touches on implications for coping.

1,681 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors assesses the relative effects of having a formal but uncertified corporate environmental management system (EMS) compared to having a certified, certified system and finds that firms in possession of a formal EMS perceive impacts well beyond pollution abatement and see a critical positive impact on many dimensions of operations performance.

1,268 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) as discussed by the authors is a self-reported measure of men's mental health and self-confidence, which measures the desire to be more muscular.
Abstract: This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Results from Studies 2-5 indicated that the CMNI had strong internal consistency estimates and good differential validity comparing men with women and groups of men on health-related questions; all of the CMNI subscales were significantly and positively related to other masculinity-related measures, with several subscales being related significantly and positively to psychological distress, social dominance, aggression, and the desire to be more muscular, and significantly and negatively to attitudes toward psychological help seeking and social desirability; and CMNI scores had high test-retest estimates for a 2-3 week period.

1,157 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review key observations that resulted in the discovery and development of molybdenum- and tungsten-based metathesis catalysts are outlined and the use of chiral molyBdenum complexes for enantioselective synthesis is focused on.
Abstract: Catalytic olefin metathesis has quickly emerged as one of the most often-used transformations in modern chemical synthesis. One class of catalysts that has led the way to this significant development are the high-oxidation-state alkylidene complexes of molybdenum. In this review key observations that resulted in the discovery and development of molybdenum- and tungsten-based metathesis catalysts are outlined. An account of the utility of molybdenum catalysts in the synthesis of biologically significant molecules is provided as well. Another focus of the review is the use of chiral molybdenum complexes for enantioselective synthesis. These highly efficient catalysts provide unique access to materials of exceptional enantiomeric purity and often without generating solvent waste.

1,047 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) as mentioned in this paper was designed to measure size-resolved mass distributions and total mass loadings of volatile and semivolatile chemical species in/on submicron particles.
Abstract: The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) has been designed to measure size-resolved mass distributions and total mass loadings of volatile and semivolatile chemical species in/on submicron particles. This paper describes the application of this instrument to ambient aerosol sampling. The AMS uses an aerodynamic lens to focus the particles into a narrow beam, a roughened cartridge heater to vaporize them under high vacuum, and a quadrupole mass spectrometer to analyze the vaporized molecules. Particle size is measured via particle time-of-flight. The AMS is operated in two modes: (1) a continuous mass spectrum mode without size information; and (2) a size distribution measurement mode for selected m/z settings of the quadrupole. Single particles can also be detected and sized if they have enough mass of a chemical component. The AMS was deployed at a ground sampling site near downtown Atlanta during August 1999, as part of the Environmental Protection Agency/Southern Oxidant Study Particulate Matter “Supersite” experiment, and at a suburban location in the Boston area during September 1999. The major observed components of the aerosol at both sites were sulfate and organics with a minor fraction of nitrate, consistent with prior studies and colocated instruments. Different aerosol chemical components often had different size distributions and time evolutions. More than half of the sulfate mass was contained in 2% of the ambient particles in one of the sampling periods. Trends in mass concentrations of sulfate and nitrate measured with the AMS in Atlanta compare well with those measured with ion chromatography-based instruments. A marked diurnal cycle was observed for aerosol nitrate in Atlanta. A simple model fit is used to illustrate the integration of data from several chemical components measured by the AMS together with data from other particle instruments into a coherent representation of the ambient aerosol.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Modern evolutionary theory is informing more models, emphasizing that expressions are directed at a receiver, that the interests of sender and receiver can conflict, that there are many determinants of sending an expression in addition to emotion, that expressions influence the receiver in a variety of ways, and that the receiver's response is more than simply decoding a message.
Abstract: A flurry of theoretical and empirical work concerning the production of and response to facial and vocal expressions has occurred in the past decade. That emotional expressions express emotions is a tautology but may not be a fact. Debates have centered on universality, the nature of emotion, and the link between emotions and expressions. Modern evolutionary theory is informing more models, emphasizing that expressions are directed at a receiver, that the interests of sender and receiver can conflict, that there are many determinants of sending an expression in addition to emotion, that expressions influence the receiver in a variety of ways, and that the receiver's response is more than simply decoding a message.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cochran-Smith as mentioned in this paper analyzes four teacher educator communities in different contexts and entry points across the career lifespan and makes the case that the education of teacher educators is substantially enriched when inquiry is a stance on the overall enterprise of teaching, schooling, and teacher education.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wurtzite ZnO nanobridges and aligned nanonails have been synthesized by thermal vapor transport and condensation method as discussed by the authors, which has potential in applications such as optoelectronics, etc.
Abstract: Wurtzite ZnO nanobridges and aligned nanonails have been synthesized by thermal vapor transport and condensation method. The nanobridges have two rows of c-axis ZnO nanorods epitaxailly grown on the edges of the {0001} plane of the ZnO nanobelt. Some variations of the nanobridges have also been observed. The ZnO nanonails, with crystalline cap and small diameter shafts, grow along the c-axis. The shape of the nanonail cap and shaft varies. The nanobridges have very low concentration of indium in the structure and the nanonails are pure ZnO. These materials have potential in applications such as optoelectronics, etc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between institutional investor involvement in and the operating performance of large firms and found a significant relationship between a firm's operating cash flow returns and both the percent of institutional stock ownership and the number of institutional shareholders.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between institutional investor involvement in and the operating performance of large firms. We confirm a significant relationship between a firm’s operating cash flow returns and both the percent of institutional stock ownership and the number of institutional stockholders. However, the positive relationship between the number of institution al investors holding stock and operating cash flow returns is found only for pressure-insensitive institutional investors (those with no business relationship with the firm). The number of pressure-sensitive institutional investors (those with an existing or potential business relationship with the firm) has no impact on performance. These results suggest that institutional investors that need to protect actual or promote potential business relationships with firms in which they invest are compromised as monitors of the firm, and lend credence to calls for greater independence of board members from firms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a new definition for case study research and discuss the need for a paradigm shift in research on organizational behavior, including modeling the antecedents of new product performance.
Abstract: This article provides a new definition for case study research. Achieving deep understanding of processes and other concept variables (e.g. actors’ perceptions of their own thinking processes, intentions and contextual influences) is identified as the principal objective of case study research. Using multiple methods to “triangulate” (i.e. confirm and deepen understanding by using multiple sources all focusing on the same process/event) within the same case is described. The article outlines the core criticisms made by case study researchers of large sample surveys. A need exists for a paradigm shift in research on organizational behavior (including modeling the antecedents of new product performance). The article outlines the telling weaknesses of case study research as seen by other researchers. The article examines Senge’s core propositions related to the “mental models” of decision participants. Details illustrate the use of specific research methods for case studies to achieve different research objectives and the combination of objectives. Finally, the article illustrates basic concept variables in a case study and 12 propositions are reviewed briefly. This report reviews classic and recent contributions in the literature on case study research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the magnitude and sources of difference between income for tax and financial reporting purposes using publicly available data from 1988 to 1998 and find evidence that the book-tax income spread has generally increased over time, but that a relatively small set of variables are able to explain this increase.
Abstract: We examine the magnitude and sources of difference between income for tax and financial reporting purposes using publicly available data from 1988 to 1998. We find evidence that the book-tax income spread has generally increased over time, but that a relatively small set of variables are able to explain this increase. We also find that these same variables explain a large percentage of the variation in the book-tax spread across firms. While neither supporting, nor disproving, the existence and growth in tax sheltering behavior, the results do suggest that financial statement-based measures of income have become less representative of firms' taxable income.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Men are a unique population to work with in psychotherapy, but what does research indicate about how masculinity relates to therapeutic issues? as mentioned in this paper summarizes research on masculinity's relationship to a range of presenting issues, and discusses the findings according to masculinity "scripts" that clinicians are likely to recognize when working with male clients.
Abstract: Men are a unique population to work with in psychotherapy, but what does research indicate about how masculinity relates to therapeutic issues? Summarizing research on masculinity's relationship to a range of presenting issues, this article organizes and discusses the findings according to masculinity "scripts" that clinicians are likely to recognize when working with male clients. The article then addresses how masculinity is also associated with less help seeking and with negative attitudes toward psychological help seeking. This irony, that traditional masculinity scripts contribute to men's presenting concerns and act as barriers to help seeking, is then addressed through recommendations for training and practice that incorporate a sociocultural context into working with men.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Children's performance on free labeling of prototypical facial expressions of basic emotions is modest and improves only gradually, and children's use of emotion labels increased with age in a systematic order.
Abstract: Children's performance on free labeling of prototypical facial expressions of basic emotions is modest and improves only gradually. In 3 data sets (N = 80, ages 4 or 5 years; N = 160, ages 2 to 5 years; N = 80, ages 3 to 4 years), errors remained even when method factors (poor stimuli, unavailability of an appropriate label, or the difficulty of a production task) were controlled. Children's use of emotion labels increased with age in a systematic order: Happy, angry, and sad emerged early and in that order, were more accessible, and were applied broadly (overgeneralized) but systematically. Scared, surprised, and disgusted emerged later and often in that order, were less accessible, and were applied narrowly.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze and compare the performance of identities in two different case studies of the same illness narrative in a thrice-told tale, and compare their performance with the identities of two different patients.
Abstract: Case studies have a valuable place in health research, including the increasingly popular illness narrative. In a thrice-told tale, I analyze and compare the performance of identities in two illnes...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship of perceived barriers and support with school engagement and vocational attitudes among 9th-grade urban high school students in two studies, and found that perceived barriers, general perceptions of support, and kinship support were associated with behavioral and attitudinal indexes of school engagement as well as with aspirations for career success, expectations for attaining career goals, and the importance of work in one's future.
Abstract: Drawing on developmental contextual theory, the authors examined the relationship of perceived barriers and support with school engagement and vocational attitudes among 9th-grade urban high school students in 2 studies. Study 1 (N = 174) showed that both perceived barriers and perceived support from family kin were associated with youths' commitment to school and aspirations for success in their future careers. Study 2 (N = 181) replicated and extended Study 1, demonstrating that perceived barriers, general perceptions of support, and kinship support were associated with behavioral and attitudinal indexes of school engagement, as well as with aspirations for career success, expectations for attaining career goals, and the importance of work in one's future. The findings contribute to efforts to identify individual and contextual factors relevantto the educational and vocational lives of urban minority youth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss different techniques, equipment, and design options available to the experience-sampling researcher and place special emphasis on computerized procedures and discuss the crucial social dynamic of the research team, which optimizes the success of experience sampling procedures.
Abstract: Experience-sampling is a powerful method for understanding a range of psychological phenomena as they occur in the daily lives of individuals. In this primer, we discuss the different techniques, equipment, and design options available to the experience-sampling researcher. We place special emphasis on computerized procedures and discuss the crucial social dynamic of the research team, which optimizes the success of experience-sampling procedures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors investigated managers' decisions to supplement their firms' management earnings forecasts with verifiable forward-looking statements and found that managers provide "soft talk" disclosures with similar frequency for good and bad news forecasts.
Abstract: We investigate managers' decisions to supplement their firms' management earnings forecasts. We classify these supplementary disclosures as either qualitative "soft talk" disclosures or verifiable forward-looking statements. We find that managers provide "soft talk" disclosures with similar frequency for good and bad news forecasts, but are more likely to supplement good news forecasts with verifiable forward-looking statements. We examine the market response to these forecasts and find that bad news earnings forecasts are always informative but that good news forecasts are informative only when supplemented by verifiable forward-looking statements, suggesting that these statements bolster the credibility of good news forecasts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a complete set of all valid SWS full-scan 2.4-45.4 μm spectra was processed and renormalized in as uniform a manner as possible.
Abstract: We present a complete set of all valid SWS full-scan 2.4-45.4 μm spectra processed and renormalized in as uniform a manner as possible. The processing produces a single spectrum for each observation from the 288 individual spectral segments, which are the most processed form available from the ISO archive. The spectra, and the programs used to create them, are available to the community on-line.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, customer profitability models have evolved into an important strategic tool for marketers in recent years, which implicitly assume that customers can be valued i.e., they can be perceived as being valuable.
Abstract: Customer profitability models have evolved into an important strategic tool for marketers in recent years. Traditional customer profitability models implicitly assume that customers can be valued i...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The development of an instrument to measure the nature and extent of battered women’s strategic responses to violence across specific domains of strategies is described, the Intimate Partner Violence Strategies Index, in the context of a longitudinal study of battered girls’ experience over time.
Abstract: Although research has documented the myriad ways that victims of IPV struggle to keep themselves safe, little research has gone the next step to investigate patterns in women’s use of strategies, the factors that influence choice of strategies, or which strategies are most effective. One obstacle to conducting such research is the absence of an instrument to measure the nature and extent of battered women’s strategic responses to violence across specific domains of strategies. This article describes the development of such an instrument, the Intimate Partner Violence Strategies Index, in the context of a longitudinal study of battered women’s experience over time.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors presented a conceptual typology of 27 different flavors of action research, underpinned by the dimensions of voice, practice, and time, and argued that action research studies that include a greater proportion of the 27 types of methods are likely to account for more of the empirical variance in situations than do traditional social science studies.
Abstract: This article presents a conceptual typology of 27 different flavors of action research, underpinned by the dimensions of voice, practice, and time. This typology highlights how narrow a segment of reality is examined in most social science studies, as well as how fundamentally different the first- and second-person participatory study of the present and the future is from the third-person detached study of the past. We show that action research has multiple aims, including personal integrity and social mutuality as well as explaining empirical variance in intended outcomes. Far from diluting the positivist concern with validity, however, we argue that action research studies that include a greater proportion of the 27 types of methods are likely to account for more of the empirical variance in situations than do traditional social science studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived quasi-linear velocity-space diffusion coefficients due to L-mode electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in a multispecies plasma and applied them to radiation belt electrons at L = 4, for EMIC waves in the hydrogen, helium and oxygen bands representative of different phases of a magnetic storm.
Abstract: [1] Quasi-linear velocity-space diffusion coefficients due to L-mode electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are considered in a multispecies plasma. It is shown, with slight approximations to exact cold plasma theory, that within EMIC pass bands the index of refraction is a monotonically increasing function of frequency. Analytical criteria are then derived which identify ranges of latitude, wavenormal angle, and resonance number consistent with resonance in a prescribed wave population. This leads to computational techniques which allow very efficient calculation of the diffusion coefficients, along the lines previously developed for whistler and ion cyclotron waves in an electron-proton plasma. The techniques are applied to radiation belt electrons at L = 4, for EMIC waves in the hydrogen, helium, and oxygen bands representative of different phases of a magnetic storm. Finally, diffusion coefficients for recovery-phase helium-band EMIC waves are combined with those for typical whistler hiss, resulting in electron precipitation lifetimes substantially less than those due to hiss alone.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jushan Bai1
TL;DR: In this article, a nonparametric test for parametric conditional distributions of dynamic models is proposed, coupled with Khmaladze's martingale transformation, which is asymptotically distribution-free and has nontrivial power against root-n local alternatives.
Abstract: This paper proposes a nonparametric test for parametric conditional distributions of dynamic models. The test is of the Kolmogorov type coupled with Khmaladze's martingale transformation. It is asymptotically distribution-free and has nontrivial power against root-n local alternatives. The method is applicable for various dynamic models, including autoregressive and moving average models, generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), integrated GARCH, and general nonlinear time series regressions. The method is also applicable for cross-sectional models. Finally, we apply the procedure to testing conditional normality and the conditional t-distribution in a GARCH model for the NYSE equal-weighted returns.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ronnie Sadka1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the components of liquidity risk that are important for asset-pricing anomalies and found that a substantial part of momentum and post-earnings-announcement drift (PEAD) returns can be viewed as compensation for the unexpected variations in the aggregate ratio of informed traders to noise traders.
Abstract: This paper investigates the components of liquidity risk that are important for asset-pricing anomalies. Firm-level liquidity is decomposed into variable and fixed price effects and estimated using intraday data for the period 1983-2001. Unexpected systematic (market-wide) variations of the variable component rather than the fixed component of liquidity are shown to be priced within the context of momentum and post-earnings-announcement drift (PEAD) portfolio returns. As the variable component is typically associated with private information (e.g., Kyle (1985)), the results suggest that a substantial part of momentum and PEAD returns can be viewed as compensation for the unexpected variations in the aggregate ratio of informed traders to noise traders.