Boston College

About: Boston College is a education organization based out in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 9749 authors who have published 25406 publications receiving 1105145 citations. The organization is also known as: BC.

Memory and emotion

Abstract: Although the concept of memory has existed for thousands of years, its systematic study was launched in the 1880s by the seminal experiments of the German philosopher Hermann Ebbinghaus. Through careful assessments of his own memory, Ebbinghaus forged the way for the field of memory research by demonstrating that humans' ability to retain information over time could be studied scientifically. It is telling that Ebbinghaus' studies involved the intentional memorization of nonsense syllables: He believed that to understand memory processes, one should study retention of information void of meaning or personal importance. Although memory researchers seemed to embrace Ebbinghaus' views on this issue for nearly a century, over the past couple of decades there has been increased emphasis on examining memory for personally important experiences and for events that evoke emotional reactions. Throughout this chapter, we will use terms like " emotional stimuli " as a shorthand to denote information in the environment that elicits a change in the internal, affective state of the organism. The focus of this chapter is on how these internal changes affect memory. Behavioral examinations of explicit (conscious) memory for emotional experiences have revealed three broad influences of emotion on memory: on the number (quantity) of events remembered, the subjective vividness (quality) of the remembered events, and the amount of accurate detail remembered about prior experiences. This chapter will explore these three lines of investigation, highlighting both the general conclusions that have emerged from the research and the open questions that remain. We will conclude with a brief discussion of recent research suggesting an effect of emotion on implicit (unconscious) memory. In addition to presenting the behavioral data and cognitive theories of emotional memory, this chapter also will include discussion of relevant neuroimaging and Memory and Emotion 2 neuropsychological research that has been influential in examining the extent to which memory for emotional experiences is supported by processes distinct from those that support memory for nonemotional events. Individuals often remember more emotional events than nonemotional ones. Within the laboratory, recall rates are higher for positive and negative stimuli than for neutral stimuli noted within the autobiographical memory literature. For example, when individuals are asked to generate memories in response to cue words, the retrieved memories often will be rated as personally significant and emotional (e.g., Conway, 1990; Rubin & Kozin, 1984). There also are many instances in which positive and negative events are more likely …

Hair Cells and Supporting Cells Share a Common Progenitor in the Avian Inner Ear

Abstract: Sensory organs of the vertebrate inner ear contain two major cell types: hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs). To study the lineage relationships between these two populations, replication-defective retroviral vectors encoding marker genes were delivered to the otic vesicle of the chicken embryo. The resulting labeled clones were analyzed in the hearing organ of the chicken, called the basilar papilla (BP), after cellular differentiation. BPs were allowed to develop for 2 weeks after delivery of the retrovirus, were removed, and were processed histochemically as whole mounts to identify clones of cells. Clusters of labeled cells were evident in the sensory epithelium, the nonsensory epithelium, and in adjacent tissues. Labeled cell types included HCs, two morphologically distinct types of SCs, homogene cells, border cells, hyaline cells, ganglion cells, and connective tissue cells. Each clone was sectioned and cell-type identification was performed on sensory clones expressing retrovirally transduced beta-galactosidase. Cell composition was determined for 41 sensory clones, most of which contained both HCs and SCs. Clones containing one HC and one SC were observed, suggesting that a common progenitor exists that can remain bipotential up to its final mitotic division. The possibility that these two cell types may also arise from a mitotic precursor during HC regeneration in the mature basilar papilla is consistent with their developmental history.

Psychological Effects of Unemployment on Workers and Their Families

Abstract: This paper reviews findings from a panel study of Boston area unemployed men and their families. Psychological effects of unemployment on workers and their wives are summarized, particularly for the first half year of joblessness. Family responses to job loss are also examined, including the role of the marital relationship in buffering workers' stress. Finally, policy and service implications of this research are discussed. Consideration is given not only to the mental health needs of workers, but to frequently overlooked qualities of efficacy and resilience among the unemployed.

Water-Protein Interactions: Theory and Experiment

Abstract: CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF PROTEIN-WATER STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Protein Force Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Water Models ........ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . . . . ... 58 1 Energy-Minimization Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Molecular Dynamics Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Limitation s and Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR PROTEIN-WATER INTERACTIONS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Water from X-ray and Neutron-Diff raction Experiments .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . 589 Internal Waters in Protein Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Water at Hydrophobic Surfaces. . . . . . . . . ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Emer.qing Water-Hydrogen Bonding Patterns/rom Diff raction Analysis ... ... .. ........ . 593 NM R Studies of Water: Correspondence with X-ray Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 CONCLUSIONS ... .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .... 598

Project AIM: Autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children

Abstract: In this comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of group design studies of nonpharmacological early interventions designed for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we report summary effects across 7 early intervention types (behavioral, developmental, naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention [NDBI], TEACCH, sensory-based, animal-assisted, and technology-based), and 15 outcome categories indexing core and related ASD symptoms. A total of 1,615 effect sizes were gathered from 130 independent participant samples. A total of 6,240 participants, who ranged in age from 0-8 years, are represented across the studies. We synthesized effects within intervention and outcome type using a robust variance estimation approach to account for the nesting of effect sizes within studies. We also tracked study quality indicators, and report an additional set of summary effect sizes that restrict included studies to those meeting prespecified quality indicators. Finally, we conducted moderator analyses to evaluate whether summary effects across intervention types were larger for proximal as compared with distal effects, and for context-bound as compared to generalized effects. We found that when study quality indicators were not taken into account, significant positive effects were found for behavioral, developmental, and NDBI intervention types. When effect size estimation was limited to studies with randomized controlled trial (RCT) designs, evidence of positive summary effects existed only for developmental and NDBI intervention types. This was also the case when outcomes measured by parent report were excluded. Finally, when effect estimation was limited to RCT designs and to outcomes for which there was no risk of detection bias, no intervention types showed significant effects on any outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).