Institution
Boston University
Education•Boston, Massachusetts, United States•
About: Boston University is a education organization based out in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 48688 authors who have published 119622 publications receiving 6276020 citations. The organization is also known as: BU & Boston U.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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TL;DR: The sex-specific Framingham CHD prediction functions perform well among whites and blacks in different settings and can be applied to other ethnic groups after recalibration for differing prevalences of risk factors and underlying rates of CHD events.
Abstract: Context The Framingham Heart Study produced sex-specific coronary heart disease (CHD) prediction functions for assessing risk of developing incident CHD in a white middle-class population. Concern exists regarding whether these functions can be generalized to other populations. Objective To test the validity and transportability of the Framingham CHD prediction functions per a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop organized for this purpose. Design, Setting, and Subjects Sex-specific CHD functions were derived from Framingham data for prediction of coronary death and myocardial infarction. These functions were applied to 6 prospectively studied, ethnically diverse cohorts (n = 23 424), including whites, blacks, Native Americans, Japanese American men, and Hispanic men: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1987-1988), Physicians' Health Study (1982), Honolulu Heart Program (1980-1982), Puerto Rico Heart Health Program (1965-1968), Strong Heart Study (1989-1991), and Cardiovascular Health Study (1989-1990). Main Outcome Measures The performance, or ability to accurately predict CHD risk, of the Framingham functions compared with the performance of risk functions developed specifically from the individual cohorts' data. Comparisons included evaluation of the equality of relative risks for standard CHD risk factors, discrimination, and calibration. Results For white men and women and for black men and women the Framingham functions performed reasonably well for prediction of CHD events within 5 years of follow-up. Among Japanese American and Hispanic men and Native American women, the Framingham functions systematically overestimated the risk of 5-year CHD events. After recalibration, taking into account different prevalences of risk factors and underlying rates of developing CHD, the Framingham functions worked well in these populations. Conclusions The sex-specific Framingham CHD prediction functions perform well among whites and blacks in different settings and can be applied to other ethnic groups after recalibration for differing prevalences of risk factors and underlying rates of CHD events.
2,173 citations
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation1, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio2, Emory University3, Mayo Clinic4, Harvard University5, Boston University6, Michigan State University7, National Institutes of Health8, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center9, Health Effects Institute10, Loyola University Chicago11, University of Washington12, University of California, San Diego13, University of Pennsylvania14, Veterans Health Administration15, Beth Israel Medical Center16, Johns Hopkins University17, Imperial College London18, Carnegie Mellon University19, Howard University20, University of California, San Francisco21, Columbia University22, New York University23, Karolinska Institutet24, George Mason University25, Nova Southeastern University26, University of Miami27, Northwestern University28, Thomas Jefferson University29, China Medical Board30, Pacific Institute31, Duke University32, Brigham and Women's Hospital33, California Environmental Protection Agency34, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services35, Brigham Young University36, University of Missouri37, University of California, Los Angeles38, Vanderbilt University39, University of Maryland, College Park40, University of Alabama at Birmingham41, Brandeis University42, University of Tokyo43, The Queen's Medical Center44, Drexel University45, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center46, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health47, Brown University48, University of Melbourne49
TL;DR: To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology was used.
Abstract: Importance Understanding the major health problems in the United States and how they are changing over time is critical for informing national health policy. Objectives To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Design We used the systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology of 291 diseases and injuries, 1160 sequelae of these diseases and injuries, and 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study to describe the health status of the United States and to compare US health outcomes with those of 34 OECD countries. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were computed by multiplying the number of deaths at each age by a reference life expectancy at that age. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalence (based on systematic reviews) by the disability weight (based on population-based surveys) for each sequela; disability in this study refers to any short- or long-term loss of health. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. Deaths and DALYs related to risk factors were based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of exposure data and relative risks for risk-outcome pairs. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was used to summarize overall population health, accounting for both length of life and levels of ill health experienced at different ages. Results US life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010; during the same period, HALE increased from 65.8 years to 68.1 years. The diseases and injuries with the largest number of YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and road injury. Age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls. The diseases with the largest number of YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders. As the US population has aged, YLDs have comprised a larger share of DALYs than have YLLs. The leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high body mass index, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Among 34 OECD countries between 1990 and 2010, the US rank for the age-standardized death rate changed from 18th to 27th, for the age-standardized YLL rate from 23rd to 28th, for the age-standardized YLD rate from 5th to 6th, for life expectancy at birth from 20th to 27th, and for HALE from 14th to 26th. Conclusions and Relevance From 1990 to 2010, the United States made substantial progress in improving health. Life expectancy at birth and HALE increased, all-cause death rates at all ages decreased, and age-specific rates of years lived with disability remained stable. However, morbidity and chronic disability now account for nearly half of the US health burden, and improvements in population health in the United States have not kept pace with advances in population health in other wealthy nations.
2,159 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a new methodology to monitor global vegetation phenology from time series of satellite data is presented, which uses series of piecewise logistic functions, which are fit to remotely sensed vegetation index (VI) data, to represent intra-annual vegetation dynamics.
2,143 citations
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TL;DR: The planum temporale (the area behind Hesch's gyrus) is larger on the left in 65 percent of brains; on the right it is larger in only 11 percent.
Abstract: We have found marked anatomical asymmetries between tile upper surfaces of the human right and left temporal lobes. The planum temporale (the area behind Hesch's gyrus) is larger on the left in 65 percent of brains; on the right it is larger in only 11 percent. The left planum is on the average one-third longer than the planum. This area makes up part of the temporal speech cortex, whose importance is well established on the basis of both anatomical findings in aphasic patients ans cortical stimulation at operation.
2,137 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that when graphene is epitaxially grown on SiC substrate, a gap of approximately 0.26 eV is produced and it is proposed that the origin of this gap is the breaking of sublattice symmetry owing to the graphene-substrate interaction.
Abstract: Graphene has shown great application potential as the hostmaterial for next-generation electronic devices. However, despite itsintriguing properties, one of the biggest hurdles for graphene to beuseful as an electronic material is the lack of an energy gap in itselectronic spectra. This, for example, prevents the use of graphene inmaking transistors. Although several proposals have been made to open agap in graphene's electronic spectra, they all require complexengineering of the graphene layer. Here, we show that when graphene isepitaxially grown on SiC substrate, a gap of ~;0.26 eV is produced. Thisgap decreases as the sample thickness increases and eventually approacheszero when the number of layers exceeds four. We propose that the originof this gap is the breaking of sublattice symmetry owing to thegraphene-substrate interaction. We believe that our results highlight apromising direction for band gap engineering of graphene.
2,132 citations
Authors
Showing all 49233 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Walter C. Willett | 334 | 2399 | 413322 |
Robert Langer | 281 | 2324 | 326306 |
Meir J. Stampfer | 277 | 1414 | 283776 |
Ronald C. Kessler | 274 | 1332 | 328983 |
JoAnn E. Manson | 270 | 1819 | 258509 |
Albert Hofman | 267 | 2530 | 321405 |
George M. Whitesides | 240 | 1739 | 269833 |
Paul M. Ridker | 233 | 1242 | 245097 |
Eugene Braunwald | 230 | 1711 | 264576 |
Ralph B. D'Agostino | 226 | 1287 | 229636 |
David J. Hunter | 213 | 1836 | 207050 |
Daniel Levy | 212 | 933 | 194778 |
Christopher J L Murray | 209 | 754 | 310329 |
Tamara B. Harris | 201 | 1143 | 163979 |
André G. Uitterlinden | 199 | 1229 | 156747 |