Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1969"

Buffon's Noodle Problem

Abstract: (1969). Buffon's Noodle Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 8, pp. 916-918.

Variational problems with lags

Abstract: In this paper, we study some questions concerning the minima of the functional $$J\left( y \right) = \int_{x_1 }^{x_2 } {f\left( {x,y\left( x \right),y\left( {x - r} \right),\dot y\left( x \right),\dot y\left( {x - r} \right)} \right)dx} $$ In Section 2, we obtain an analogue to the Jacobi condition to add to the list of previously obtained necessary conditions. A transversality condition is developed in Section 3. In Section 4, we obtain an existence theorem. The techniques used are modifications of those used in the classical problems. In Section 5, we show that the theory of fields for the classical problem fails to work for our problem.

Self-Actualization and Level of Counselor Interpersonal Functioning:

Abstract: Numerous research investigations have revealed a’ significant positive relationship between the ability of counselors to offer the therapeutic conditions of empathic understanding (E), respect or positive regard (R), and facilitative genuineness (G) within counseling relationships and the constructive personality and behavior change of their clients (Carkhuff & Berenson, 1967; Rogers, Gendlin, Kiesler, k Truax, 1967; Truax & Carkhuff, 1967). Several research studies have indicated that personal attributes rather than academic attainment seem to be related to the level of counselor interpersonal functioning along these dimensions (Allen, 1967; Berenson, Carkhuff, & Myrus, 1966; Bergin 8c Solomon, 1963; Carkhuff, Piaget, & Pierce, 1968; Carkhuff & Truax, 1965; Jones & Schoch, 1968; Joslin, 1965; Truax & Carkhuff, 1967; Truax, Silber, & Wargo, 1966). Bergin and Solomon (1963) reported findings that indicated that counselor personality disturbance interferes with the quality of the therapeutic relationship he establishes with his client, with his ability

Empirical Considerations on the Problem of Social Integration

Abstract: The present study analyzes differences in perception of neighborhood and residential mobility as related to formal and informal participation. Results show that perceived similarity is related to neighborhood participation, while residential mobility is related to formal group membership. These relationships, with very few exceptions, seem to persist even in the presence of other control variables like age, education and religion. A significant proportion of the urban community participates frequently with neighbors and belongs to church and other formal groups. These activities are generally high in the suburb and low in the inner city regardless of differences in perception of neighborhood and residential mobility except for membership in organizational groups: the high membership in the suburb occurs under conditions of perceived similarity. The theoretical implications suggest a re-evaluation of the mode of life in the modern urban community and emphasize the significance of taking the perceptual as well as the behavioral context into account in sociological analysis.

Phasic heart rate changes in reaction time and time estimation

Abstract: The phasic cardiac changes of two groups of Ss were compared, with one group performing a reaction time task and the other a time estimation task. The cardiac changes of the two groups were very similar with both groups showing deceleration shortly before they made their motor responses. The reaction time task group showed this to a greater extent than the time estimation group. It was concluded that the anticipatory deceleration observed under reaction time conditions is not wholly attributable to the direction of attention.

A Bayesian prediction of four-look recognition performance from one-look data: II

Abstract: In a recent paper, four-look recognition performance was predicted from one-look (lL) data by Bayes’s theorem, with the entire pattern of two Ss’ four-look data being predicted reasonably well. In the present study, three Ss were run, with the addition that feedback was given and confidence judgments were required. Their task was to identify tachistoscopically presented graphemes A, T, or U. Predictions of four-look performance were made using three orders of lL data matrices, differing in the breakdown of confidence categories. The three matrices led to reasonably accurate predictions. Predictions varied somewhat in accuracy, depending on the order of the lL matrix. The possibility that the variation in predictive accuracy reflected the capacity of an S to combine information received from each observation was discussed. The capacity question is presently under investigation by the authors.

The emotional basis of social behavior

Abstract: What are the causes of social behavior? From a theoretical viewpoint, there must be many factors affecting such behavior, since factors are known to modify behavior on every level of organization, from the ecological to the molecular. It follows that any unifactorial theory of social behavior is inadequate, and that any complete explanation of behavior must include the interaction of factors from all levels of organization. Even if only one level of organization is examined at a time, the evidence in most cases indicates that several factors may be operating. When the above ideas are examined, it will be evident that they represent a structural or anatomical approach to the analysis of emotional phenomena. In other fields of psychobiology, and particularly in developmental psychobiology, a slow revolution in scientific thought is taking place as concepts of processes replace anatomical or structural concepts as methods of study. In this paper, I shall attempt to apply the concept of processes to the study of emotions and to relate it to the older structural concepts.

Retrieval of information from organized memory sets

Abstract: A recognition reaction time (RT) investigation examined retrieval of individual elements from memorized sets of digits. The sets varied in organization and the delay between presentation of the items, and a recognition test was systematically manipulated. Organized sets produced faster reactions then unorganized sets. Serial position effects were less pronounced and operative for a shorter period of time with organized material.

The counseling service as a growth center

Abstract: A description of the traditional model of the role and function of college and university counseling centers is presented along with supporting research data. It is suggested that this model is inadequate, and a new one, the human development center or growth center, is proposed. This center would be a proactive agency concerned with educative and developmental as well as remedial aspects of human personality. The center would offer a triadic relationship among the three necessary functions of service, education, and research. Suggestions are then offered for implementing this model.

Additional correlates of greenberg and jenkins' linguistic s scale

Abstract: Greenberg and Jenkins (1964) reported a linear relationship between two independently derived scales. One was a linguistic substitution, S, scale of distance of CCVCs from English. The second was the means of judgments of distance from English of CCVCs constructed according to their S scale. Two hypotheses were tested. One was that a psychological correlate of their S scale was the effort of pronouncing. The second is that increasing values of the S scale result in increasing strangeness of sounds corresponding to their CCVCs. Both hypotheses remain tenable.

Comparison of radiosensitivity among different silkworm strains with respect to the killing effect on the embryos.

Abstract: In a previous paper, marked differences in radiosensitivity to X-rays were reported among different silkworm strains with respect to the killing of hibernating embryos In the relatively sensitive strains, Ascoli and Kojiki have an LD 50 amounting to one-tenth of the value of the relatively resistant strains, Tenmon and Kansen It has been known, however, that the radiosensitivity of silkworm embryos was markedly different according to the developmental stage of the embryos The present study was conducted in order to eliminate such variance By taking advantage of synchronous division of cells, at early cleavage stages of eggs, the sensitivity was compared withinne cell cycle for two representative strains, Kansen and Kojiki As was already reported by the present author, the more sensitive phase to killing effects of X-rays in early cleavage cells in the silkworm was the dividing phase, while the more resistant phase was the interphase The eggs grom inbred strains of Kansen were 7–8 times as resistant as Kojiki , and the difference between those strains was more pronounced in the cells in the phase resistant to radiation killing This finding is in agreement with those in hibernating eggs It can be concluded from the findings that the strain differences observed in the radiosensitivity of hibernating eggs may be of an intrinsic nature In the reciprocal crosses, it has been shown that the sensitivity was under the control of the sensitivity of the maternal strains regardless of that of the parental strains When females from different sensitivity strains were crossed to males of a fixed strain ( pe:re ), the sensitivity was markedly damaged depending on the sensitivity of each female When fixed females were used, the difference in sensitivity was almost nil regardless of the sensitivity of the male parent These findings suggest that the cytoplasmic effect may be operating for the differential sensitivity for different strains at an early developmental stage of embryos However, it was demonstrated that no cytoplasmic effects in sensitivity have been observed at the late stage of embryos This indicated that the cytoplasmic effect on the differential strain sensitivity may be limited to the cells during the early cleavage stage

Changes in the mutational response of silkworm spermatozoa exposed to mono- and polyfunctional alkylating agents following storage.

Abstract: Following exposure of silkworm spermatozoa to several alkylating agents, treated spermatozoa were stored for various lenghts of time in males. The frequency of mutations induced by two monofunctional agents, ethyleneimine and ethyl methanesulfonate, at two loci, pe and re , increased after storage. On the other hand, a revearse effect was observed when the polyfunctional agents, triethylenemelamine and mitomycin C were used. The present findings tend to suggest that these results may be a reflection of an essential difference between the mechanisms involved in mutation induction by the two classes of agents. The features of the two types of storage effect are discussed in the light of this possibility.

Visual detection as a function of attentional demand and perceptual system error

Abstract: Attentional demands were varied in a two-alternative, forced-choice detection experiment. A bar indicator designated the target form in one condition and occurred in random locations in a second condition. Exposure durations necessary for predetermined single-form display HRs were determined for each of eight Ss to measure performance at different levels of perceptual system error. Forms differed in only a single feature. Detection was superior when the bar indicator designated the target form, and differences increased with increased display size. Evidence for interference in detection due to the presence of nontarget forms apart from noting requirements of such forms was found. Estimates of number of perceptual channels noted did not clearly differentiate serial from parallel processing models. It was concluded that display interference error and spatial selectivity influences are important determinants of detection accuracy.

Variation of radiosensitivity in synchronized cell populations of silkworm embryos exposed to X-rays.

Abstract: SummaryTo clarify the relationship between radiosensitivity and cell-cycle in the early cleavage stages of the silkworm, the dose-response curves of different cell phases were analysed. Curves for the sensitive phase have a shoulder that is narrower than the curves for the resistant phase. This is the same regardless of developmental stages of embryos and change in the number of nuclei (or target). It implies that an explanation of this different shape of dose-response curve cannot be made within the framework of the target theory in the ordinary sense. Hence, it is tentatively proposed to explain these findings by an ‘all-or-nothing hypothesis’.

Relation of Phonetic Contrasts to Greenberg and Jenkins' S Scale.

Abstract: Summary.-Smith and Koutstaal (1969) obtained reports of the English words closest to Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 CCVCs. The phonetic contrasts of the reported English words and the CCVCs were scaled on a phonetic contrast scale, PCS. The PCS values correlated .86 with the S values of the CCVCs and .88 with mean language distance judgments reported by Greenberg and Jenkins ( 1964). The hypothesis remains tenable that phonetic contrasts are another correlate of Greenberg and Jenkins' S scale. Greenberg and Jenkins (1964) created a logic for a language substitution, S, scale for phonemes in the order of CCVC. Low values on the 16-point scale signify CCVCs close to English. Increasing values signify CCVCs that are increasingly more distant from English. They selected 24 CCVCs with S values ranging from 1 to 16 and had Ss rate them for their distance from English. They found a nearly linear relationship between the S values and the distance judgments and concluded that language distance is a psychological correlate of the S scale. Smith and Koutstaal (1969) instri~cted their Ss to report the English word that they believed to be closest in sound to each of the CCVCs in Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1. At the low end of the S scale, Ss agreed (with few exceptions) regarding the word closest to each of the CCVCs. At the high end of . the S scale, little agreemeAt was obtained regarding words closest to a CCVC. In their test, the number of different words per CCVC (including the response of "no word") correlated .72 with the S values of the CCVCs. Greenberg and Jenkins ( 1964) presented their CCVCs auditorially for judgment as did Smith and Koutstaal (1969). In so doing, a phonetic component of articulatory difficulty was involved in the judgments of language distance as well as in the judgments of the words in English that sounded most like the CCVCs. Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 contains several homophones at the lower end of the S scale, i.e., /spd/. At the other end of the scale, the sequences of phonemes do not comply with the phonological rules of English, i.e., /mbol/. English words reported by Smith and Koutstaal's Ss (1969) to be closesc to the CCVCs at the low end of the S scale involved relatively few phonetic contrasts. At the high end of the S scale, the words reported as closest involved many phonetic contrasts with the auditory stimuli. A linguist devised a phonetic contrast scale, PCS, for assigning PCS values to the words that were reported as closest to the CCVCs of Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1. Should phonetic contrasts be an additional correlate of the S scale they should correlate significantly with Greenberg and Jenkins' ( 1964) S values for List 1 as well as with their language estimates of the CCVCs.

Are Pronounceability and Effort Ratings Psychologically Equivalent

Abstract: Is Underwood and Schulz's (1960) pronounceability scale psychologically equivalent to Ryan and Smith's (1954) effort scale for work? CVCs with high or low m′ values (Noble, 1961) were rated on both scales. Judgments of equivalence were inconsistent over Ss and CVCs. The scales are not parallel by Gulliksen's (1950) criteria. They correlate .99 and over-all have nearly equal means, variances, and covariances. Differential effects of work on rates of learning of CVCs were attributed to the diversion of attention from retention on initial learning trials plus high difficulty and effort of reproduction from imperfect retention on these trials.

Stimulus control over operant galvanic skin responses.

Abstract: Operant conditioning of the galvanic skin response (GSR) using a discrimination procedure was attempted in both acquisition and extinction. During acquisition male Ss were given contingent reinforcement during S+ intervals and noncontingent reinforcement during S– intervals. All reinforcement was withheld during extinction. A criterion response was defined as a .5% increase in skin resistance occurring in the absence of electromyogram (EMG) or respiration irregularities. A frequency analysis of GSRs showed that stimulus control was obtained in extinction but not in acquisition. Interpretations based upon skeletal mediation and adaptation were not supported.

Relation of spatial abilities to reversal rates of necker cubes varying in degree of completeness

Abstract: One hypothesis was that reported reversal rates of Necker cubes with 6-in. horizontals and verticals that varied in 5° of completeness would correlate significantly with 3 measures of spatial visualization. The second hypothesis was that 6-in. cubes would result in lower reversal rates than did the 3-in. cubes used by Smith, et al. (1968). The first hypothesis proved to be untenable while the second remained tenable. Individual differences in reversal rates were large but fairly consistent since the correlations among reversal scores ranged from .71 to .97, with a median of .88.

A note on the parallel processing of single-featured forms

Abstract: Single-featured forms (vertical and horizontal lines) were presented to Ss both successively and simultaneously, the same form being presented one, two, or four times. Hit rates (HRs)for both simultaneous and successive presentations of two and four forms exceed the single-form HR. The HR for four successively presented forms (1F4) exceeds the four simultaneous form (4F) HR. The HR increases in the simultaneous conditions were not found in a previous study using single-featured forms. The discrepant results of the two studies indicate that energy level of stimulus presentation and confusability among forms affect the magnitude of HR increase in the simultaneous conditions. The finding of a greater 1F4 HR than 4F agreed with previous findings, indicating that with single-featured stimulus forms, Ss do not process simultaneous displays in parallel.