Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1971"

The effects of instructional set and autonomic perception on cardiac control.

Abstract: Fifty-four Ss were divided into three instructional groups. One group was instructed to increase their heart rate (HR) every time a signal was presented; a second group was told to decrease their HR; and a control group was not instructed to change their HR in any direction. Results indicate that Ss can increase or decrease their HR in the absence of externalized feedback. These HR changes do not appear to be mediated by respiration or skin resistance variations. In addition, Ss were divided into groups on the basis of their APQ scores. The group with middle APQ scores displayed more HR control in both directions than Ss with high or low APQ scores. The study was replicated with 42 Ss and results support the HR increase but not the HR decrease findings.

Theoretical Issues Concerning the Origin and Causes of Fighting

Abstract: Occurrence of social fighting in the animal kingdom. Fighting between members of the same species has only been observed in the arthropods and the vertebrates, and not necessarily in all of these animals. For example, it certainly does not occur in butterflies, nor does it occur in the order Amphibia to any great extent. These latter animals are without teeth and claws, and have almost no behavioral means by which they can damage an opponent.

The relative aversiveness of signalled vs unsignalled avoidance.

Abstract: Subjects avoided shock by pressing on one lever under an unsignalled condition, but by pressing a separate lever they changed the condition to signalled avoidance for 1-min periods. Signalled avoidance periods were identified by a correlated stimulus. All eight subjects responded to change the unsignalled schedule to a signalled one. Once contact with signalled avoidance was made, subjects continued responding to remain in that condition. Other tests showed that changeover responding was greater when the correlated stimulus was presented without the signal than when the signal was presented without the correlated stimulus. An analysis based upon shock and shock-free periods is presented.

Lateral word recognition: effects of unilateral and bilateral presentation, asynchrony of bilateral presentation, and forced order of report.

Abstract: This experiment enquired: (1) whether right visual field (RVF) recognition superiority was greater in bilateral than in unilateral word presentation; (2) whether left field-favouring attentional or recall sets could be induced by presenting left visual field (LVF) words 20 msec prior to RVF words or by instructions to report LVF words prior to RVF words. Results showed: (1) all conditions studied yielded significant RVF superiority; (2) RVF superiority magnitude was significantly greater in bilateral than in unilateral presentation, suggesting the tenability of hypotheses that different mechanisms operate in these conditions; (3) neither earlier delivery nor earlier report of LVF words altered the pattern of RVF superiority in bilateral presentation, the later result demonstrating that differential receptive organization rather than differential recall of the two stimuli is responsible for RVF superiority in bilateral presentation.

Feeding patterns of Rattus rattus and Rattus exulans on Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands.

Abstract: In conjunction with studies of the rodent populations of the former nuclear test site at Eniwetok Atoll, the feeding patterns of Rattus rattus and Rattus exulans were determined by food acceptance tests, histological examination of stomach contents, and observation of animals under both natural and cage conditions. Both species were active in all community types from the early successional stages to the shrub-tree stage. R. exulans was found mainly on islets having the remnants of coconut plantations, whereas R. rattus occurred on those extensively disturbed by nuclear testing. Plant foods predominated in the diets of both species; however, R. rattus used a wider range of foods, including a variety of insects. The apparent narrower preferences of R. exulans might explain its absence from islets that suffered habitat destruction and restriction of food sources during the nuclear test program.

Changes in Locus of Internal-External Control A Growth Group Experience

Abstract: a generalized expectancy which relates to whether or not the individual possesses or lacks power over what happens to him and to the degree to which he accepts personal responsibility for his behavior and life experiences. The internally oriented individual perceives reinforcements to be contingent upon his own behavior and positive or negative events to be consequences of his own actions, while the externally oriented individual perceives reinforcements to be unrelated to his

Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys: Behavioural Effects of Removal, Separation and Reintroduction of Group Members

Abstract: Rhesus monkeys (26) varying in age, sex and social rank were removed from their free-ranging groups and held captive for periods of 1 to 103 days. 'The absence of the alpha male did not affect the group's home range on the island habitats or its rank in the intergroup dominance hierarchy. When released the monkeys interacted most with those closest to them in rank, attacking those lower and grooming those higher. Of 18 males, 8 failed to rejoin their groups and became solitary or low-ranking in other groups. Only 1 of 9 females failed to rejoin their group. Males held captive for more than four weeks seldom rejoined after release. Upon reintroduction alpha females experienced more difficulty than lower-ranking females in maintaining rank. This procedure of removing and reintroducing members of free-ranging groups is of value in studying social roles.

Reliability of semantic differential scales: The role of factor analysis

Abstract: (1971). Reliability of semantic differential scales: The role of factor analysis. Western Speech: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 185-190.

Perception of grey-tone symbols1

Abstract: The visual effectiveness of monochromatic maps can be increased by skillful use of uniform grey tones, which enhance the clarity, readability, and aesthetic quality of such maps. The psychophysical properties of symbols printed in grey do not deviate significantly from those printed in black. This is demon- strated by examining the perception of graduated circles and line widths, utilizing both black and grey symbolization. The perception of black and grey-tone symbols number of geographers and cartogra- A phers are presently using grey tones in the construction of monochromatic maps on the assumption that greyltone symbols are aesthetically superior to the traditional black and white symbols. This assumption has never been critically evaluated, however, nor have any tests determined whether the effective- ness of grey symbols is equal to that of black symbolization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implications of the use of grey- tone symbols on monochromatic thematic maps. It is designed to test two hypotheses. First, that grey tones do in fact enhance the clarity, readability, and aesthetic quality of monochromatic maps. Second, that grey-tone point and line symbols transmit the same cantographic signal to the map reader as traditional black and white symbols. MONOCHROMATIC THEMATIC MAPS There is no simple objective measure of the clarity, readability, and aesthetic quality of monochromatic thematic maps, and cartog- raphers have been forced to be subjective in their evaluation of these attributes. If pre-

Stratigraphic and Environmental Significance of Sedimentary Structures in Cayugan (Silurian) Tidal Flat Carbonates, Northwestern Ohio

Abstract: Detailed studies of outcropping rocks of Cayugan age in the Findlay arch area disclose numerous and diverse types of sedimentary structures, the majority of which have not been recognized or described previously in these strata. The recognition of these structures provides a new approach to the lithostratigraphic and environmental analysis of Cayugan rocks in the Findlay arch region. The 170-ft (52-m) sequence of Cayugan rocks which crops out in the Waterville, Ohio, area is the thickest sequence of Cayugan rocks exposed in Ohio along the southern margin of the Michigan basin. These rocks include the uppermost part of the Greenfield Formation, nearly all the Tymochtee Formation, and the lower part of the Put-in-Bay Formation. The 130-ft (40-m) section of the Tymochtee Formation is the thickest surface section of this unit and the only section in which both the upper and lower contacts are exposed in the Findlay arch region. The section of the Tymochtee Formation is designated as a principal reference section for the Findlay arch region; portions of this section can be correlated physically with the type section of the Tymochtee Formation. Sedimentary structures provide criteria for the recognition of four new members in the Tymochtee Formation, which are, in ascending Stratigraphic order, the Granger Island, Ovitt Road, Maumee River, and Roche de Boeuf Members. The principal types of rocks developed from Cayugan sedimentation in northwestern Ohio are fine-grained, mostly unfossiliferous dolomites and shaly dolomites, which contain algal stromatolites, shrinkage cracks, ripple marks, tidal channels, gypsum, pseudomorphs after gypsum, celestite, and molds and casts of halite. Collapse has occurred in some rocks due to the solution of evaporite minerals. By analogy with Holocene sediments, it is concluded that the Cayugan rocks were formed on an evaporite-carbonate tidal flat wherein the conditions of sedimentation were not unlike those found today in the Persian Gulf. Subenvironments in the Cayugan tidal flat were mainly intertidal, but ranged from subtidal to supratidal. During Cayugan time northwestern Ohio was an evaporite-carbonate tidal flat rather than a reef bank complex as has been suggested previously. Strandlines within the tidal flat were probably oriented mainly northwestward, in opposition to the present northeastward trend of the Findlay arch through northwestern Ohio. It is probable that the Findlay arch did not affect sedimentation in northwestern Ohio during Cayugan time.

Somatic response as a function of no signal, random signal, or signaled shock with variable or constant durations of shock

Abstract: Gastric ulcertation was studied in rats exposed to predictable shock (signaled) or unpredictable shock (either random signals and shock or shock alone), where these shock programs were delivered under conditions of either fixed or variable shock durations. Results were compatible with previous work, suggesting that predictable shocks are less ulcerogenic than unpredictable ones. In addition, the present study suggests that this relationship obtains when unpredictability is defined as signals and shocks at random or as shocks with no signals. Also, predictable shock was less ulcerogenic than unpredictable shock irrespective of when the shock durations were fixed or variable.

Social encounters in two prosimian species: Galago crassicaudatus and Nycticebus coucang

Abstract: Social encounters between all possible pairings of seven thick-tailed galagos (Galago crassicaudatus) and eight slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang) were observed in an observation cage. Neither species used facial displays or vocalization during the encounters. Both species possess special urination behaviors, but these patterns were not used extensively during the encounters. Reciprocal allogrooming and olfactory investigation were prominant behaviors displayed by both species. Agonsitic behavior was seen much more frequently in galagos than in lorises. Responses of a particular animal to others differed in type of behavior displayed and in the duration and intensity of the behavior; thus, individual recognition of specific species members is possible for both species.

On semigroups admitting ring structure

Abstract: A multiplicative semigroup S with 0 is said to be a R-semigroup if S admits a ring structure. Isbell proved that if a finitely generated commutative semigroup is a R-semigroup, then it should be finite. The non-commutative version of this theorem is unsettled. This paper considers semigroups, not necessarily commutative, which are principally generated as a right ideal by single elements and semigroups which are generated by two independent generators and describes their structure. We also prove that if a cancellative 0-simple semigroup containing an identity is a R-semigroup, then it should be a group with zero.

The effects of aversive levels of white noise on consummatory behavior

Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of aversive levels of white noise on consummatory behavior. Three levels of sound were chosen for study (90, 100, and 110 dB). The results showed that Ss in the sound treatment conditions consumed significantly greater quantities of food on the second sound treatment day than did Ss in the no-sound control condition. In addition, there were no systematic differences in consummatory behavior among the three treatment conditions.