Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1973"
TL;DR: The idea of organizational climate is ambiguous; one can not be sure whether it implies an attribute of the organization or of the perceiving individual as discussed by the authors, and if it refers to the organization, then measures of perceived organizational climate should be evaluated in terms of the accuracy of the perceptions.
321 citations
213 citations
TL;DR: Age, mating season, sex ratios of adult males and females in the social bands, and geographical barriers all had significant effects on the group shifting and two factors, age and seniority in the group, were important in determining a male's rank in his new group.
Abstract: Group changing behavior of maleMacaca mulatta was studied over a six-year period at the rhesus monkey colony on two coastal islands at La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Males first left their natal group at a mean age of 47 months and became solitary for the first time at a mean age of 64 months; all had left their natal groups by seven years of age. Age, mating season, sex ratios of adult males and females in the social bands, and geographical barriers all had significant effects on the group shifting. Population size, rank of mother or being an orphan did not significantly affect the changing process. Two factors, age (size) and seniority in the group, were important in determining a male's rank in his new group.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two work attitude measures and 90 organizational climate items were administered to 499 employees of one company and cluster analysis of the cluster scores generated for each measure revealed substantial redundancy of climate factors with regard to work attitude factors.
156 citations
TL;DR: Unsignalled, inescapable shocks were presented to four albino rats in one study and to six rats in a second study by pressing a lever to change the condition to signalled shock for 3 min after which unsignalled shock was automatically reinstated.
Abstract: Unsignalled, inescapable shocks were presented to four albino rats in one study and to six rats in a second study. By pressing a lever, subjects could change the condition to signalled shock for 3 min after which unsignalled shock was automatically reinstated. All subjects changed frequently to the signalled shock schedule. After a minimum of three 6-hr sessions or after changeover responding stabilized at the previous values, higher values of signalled shock intensity or duration were introduced. In the first study, the duration of signalled shock was increased in increments of 0.5 sec. In the second study, the intensity of signalled shock was increased in increments of either 0.2 or 0.4 mA. Duration subjects chose signalled shock four (2.0 sec) to nine times (4.5 sec) longer than unsignalled shock (0.5 sec). Intensity subjects chose signalled shock two (2.0 mA) to three times (3.0 mA) more intense than unsignalled shock (1.0 mA).
148 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the continuous response level is defined and considered, in contrast to the discrete response levels, which have already been explored by the author, and the operating density characteristic of the continuous item score is defined.
Abstract: In line with the latent trait model, the continuous response level is defined and considered, in contrast to the discrete response levels, which have already been explored by the author. Discussions are mainly focused on the homogeneous case and the open response situation. The operating density characteristic of the continuous item score is defined. Also the basic function, information functions and the positive-exponent family are discussed on the continuous response level, in connection with the sufficient condition that a unique maximum estimate is provided for the response pattern, which consists of the continuous item scores.
137 citations
TL;DR: Rats subjected to prior aversive stimulation exhibited greater adrenocortical steroid response compared to nonpreshocked controls when subsequently tested in the open field, and an increment in defecation was observed.
110 citations
TL;DR: Only the RHFH - group showed significant right visual field superiority on the masking task, which would seem to reflect interhemispheric communication efficiency rather than which hemisphere is dominant for language expression.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the influence of family influence on sports involvement and found that family influence variables, including both the family of orientation and procreation, were predictive of sports involvement for both sexes.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to operationalize sports involvement into behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions; (2) to replicate previous studies where age, education, occupation, and sex were used as correlates of participation in sports; and (3) to extend previous research by analyzing family influence as a predictor of sports involvement. Data for the study were collected by a mailed questionnaire to a systematic probability sample drawn from the City Directory of Toledo, Ohio. Findings of the study, with sex as the control variable, indicated the value of operationalizing sports involvement into component dimensions. Replication of previous studies with the more refined indicators of involvement suggest the need to modify previous findings. The family influence variables, including both the family of orientation and procreation, were predictive of sports involvement for both sexes.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors give an overview of the literature on formal voluntay organizations in the urban community and suggest that formal participation, including church membership, is a characteristic of urban life.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the literature on formal voluntay organizations in the urban community. The theoretical approaches that guided much of the research in this area are identifid as social structural, social psychological, and organizational. Basic findings suggest that formal participation, including church membership, is a characteristic of urban life. Population characteristics, attitudes, informal interaction, and community involvement are all related to formal membership. Moreover, formal organizations attempt to integrate individuals with the larger community, and such groups, in urbanizing areas, facilitate modernization.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-parameter logistic model for the multiple-choice item in the latent trait theory is considered with respect to the item response information function and the unique maximum condition.
Abstract: Birnbaum's three-parameter logistic model for the multiple-choice item in the latent trait theory is considered with respect to the item response information function and the unique maximum condition. It is clarified that with models of knowledge or random guessing nature, which include the three-parameter logistic model, the unique maximum condition is not satisfied for the correct answer, and the item response information function is negative for the interval (− ∞,θ
g
). It is suggested that we should useθ
g
as a criterion in selecting optimal items for a specified group of examinees, so that we can practically avoid the possibility of non-unique maxima of the likelihood function on the response pattern given by an examinee in the group.
TL;DR: The first study showed that the two shock schedules most similar in Experiment 1 were discriminably different because subjects chose lower over higher shock densities when both densities were unsignalled.
Abstract: Unsignalled, inescapable shocks were presented to four albino rats in Experiment 1. By pressing a lever subjects could change the condition to signalled shock for 3-min periods after which unsignalled shock was automatically reinstated. All subjects changed from unsignalled to signalled shock when shock density was the same or when the density of signalled shock was two times greater than unsignalled shock. When the density of signalled shock was four times that of unsignalled shock, three subjects changed to the higher density schedule. One subject changed to a density of signalled shock eight times that of unsignalled shock. The second study showed that the two shock schedules most similar in Experiment 1 were discriminably different because subjects chose lower over higher shock densities when both densities were unsignalled. An analysis stressing safe (signal absent) and unsafe (signal present) periods was discussed.
TL;DR: Alternative definitions and statistical analyses of homeostasis are given, emphasizing the distinction between genetichomeostasis and developmental homeostatic status, and a survey of recent behavioral data provides considerable evidence of homestasis.
Abstract: Genetic homeostasis has generally been defined by behavior geneticsts as the reduced variability of the F1 hybrid of two inbred strains. Alternative definitions and statistical analyses of homeostasis are given, emphasizing the distinction between genetic homeostasis and developmental homeostasis. A survey of recent behavioral data provides considerable evidence of homeostasis. Since homeostasis should be present in traits subjected either to directional or to stabilizing selection, the presence or absence of homeostasis, when considered together with heterosis, may provide important information on the evolutionary significance of many behaviors.
TL;DR: This paper found a positive linear relationship between language intensity and resistance to persuasion when supportive pre-treatment messages were employed; moreover, a predicted curvilinear relationship was found when differing levels of intense language were used in refutational pretreatment messages.
Abstract: This investigation posited an interaction between type of message strategy (supportive or refutational) and level of language intensity used in messages attempting to induce resistance to subsequent persuasive appeals. As predicted, there was a positive linear relationship between language intensity and resistance to persuasion when supportive pre‐treatment messages were employed; moreover, a predicted curvilinear relationship was found when differing levels of intense language were used in refutational pretreatment messages. Results are discussed in terms of the mediating effects of language variable in inoculation and congruity theory predictions.
TL;DR: Distribution of monkeys in a group at night reflects daytime associations, and fights at night were twice as frequent during the breeding season.
Abstract: The nocturnal distribution and behavior of individually marked Macaca mulatta were studied at the La Parguera, Puerto Rico, colony of the Caribbean Primate Research Center. The new image intensifier was used successfully to identify 399 monkeys in 185 sleeping clusters. Monkeys moved into mangrove trees close to favorite feeding areas usually 35 minutes after sunset. The group condensed to less than one-half the daytime spread, vocalizations increased and grooming ceased. Movements and vocalizations ceased several hours after sunset, although bursts of activity occurred throughout the night. Activity resumed 40 minutes before sunrise. Activity was higher during full moon, when I observed feeding, play and sexual behavior. Fights at night were twice as frequent during the breeding season. Monkeys slept in clusters of one to four, 58% of which were of two. Sixty-three percent were composed of maternal relatives, 33% were mother-infant pairs. Mature males clustered with non-related males, slept alone or with females (in the breeding season). Yearlings slept with their mothers or with older siblings. Distribution of monkeys in a group at night reflects daytime associations.
TL;DR: C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol.
Abstract: (1973). A review of commensal rodents and their control. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 3, No. 1-4, pp. 405-453.
TL;DR: In this article, population pressure induces Dyaks and Malay subsistence cultivators on the island of Kalimantan in Indonesia to make the transition from shifting to continuous wet cultivation of rice (sawah).
Abstract: Population pressure induces Dyaks and Malay subsistence cultivators on the island of Kalimantan (Borneo) in Indonesia to make the transition from shifting to continuous wet cultivation of rice (sawah). The techniques used for continuous cultivation of rice are adapted from those used in wet shifting cultivation.
TL;DR: Shifting cultivators allow trees to regrow on fields to shade weeds, without the labor of building terraces to drown them or breaking the soil (with hoes or plows) to disrupt their root systems.
Abstract: Shifting cultivators allow trees to regrow on fields to shade weeds. Shade kills the perennial weeds that would compete with rice without the labor of building terraces to drown them or breaking the soil (with hoes or plows) to disrupt their root systems. In west Kalimantan, Indonesia, the normal shading cycle is from five to eight years.
TL;DR: The depression of intake initially seen when a rat is placed on an amphetamine adulterated diet disappears over a week at the dose level of 0.2 mg amphetamine per gram of chow.
Abstract: The depression of intake initially seen when a rat is placed on an amphetamine adulterated diet disappears over a week at the dose level of 0.2 mg amphetamine per gram of chow. The decreased effectiveness of amphetamine is attributable primarily to accruing deprivation rather than to either behavioral or pharmacological tolerance. Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions attenuate the tolerance, whereas lateral hypothalamic lesions decrease the basic anorexigenic effect of amphetamine.
TL;DR: Female neonates of the A, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mouse strains were injected with androgen, estrogen, or oil and the effects upon their sex behavior studied, indicating that the effects of perinatally administered sex hormones and genotype cannot be considered separately.
Abstract: Female neonates of the A, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mouse strains were injected with androgen, estrogen, or oil and the effects upon their sex behavior studied. Genotype and treatment combined interactively on a substantial number of variables, indicating that the effects of perinatally administered sex hormones and genotype cannot be considered separately. Effects of the 2 hormones were often in different directions. The lordosis response of one genotype appeared relatively insensitive to neonatal treatment, particularly with androgen.
TL;DR: Rats with bilateral lesions in the VMH did not show the usual preference reversal seen in intact rats during free access to concentrated vs dilute glucose solutions, and intraperitoneal injections of [ 14 C]-labeled glucose produce larger absolute and relative levels of radioactivity in the medial hypothalamus than lateral hypothalamus.
TL;DR: The co-substrate enrichment technique, using glucose as co- substrate, increased both the rate of microbial decomposition of the benzoates and the total amount of substituted aromatic compounds degraded.
Abstract: Chlorinated benzoates were degraded by bacteria contained in an activated sludge inoculum by a co-metabolic mechanism. This decomposition began after an initial lag period of 4 days and accounted for 63 to 69% degradation in 28 days. The co-substrate enrichment technique, using glucose as co-substrate, increased both the rate of microbial decomposition of the benzoates and the total amount of substituted aromatic compounds degraded.
TL;DR: To test the performance hypothesis 125 Ss performed two psychomotor tasks in one of five booths painted red, green, blue, yellow, or gray and gave preference rankings of the five colors.
Abstract: A popular viewpoint holds that various hues will have differential effects on activation level and psychomotor performance. To test the performance hypothesis 125 Ss performed two psychomotor tasks...
TL;DR: To my mind, the most fruitful way of determining the basic and general fields of psychology is to employ the concept of levels of organization, which shows these levels and the corresponding branches of psychology.
Abstract: What is comparative psychology? The essence of comparison is to compare and contrast different entities, and in the tradition of comparative psychology these entities have been different species rather than different individuals or strains within a species. Starting with this definition, it is possible to study any branch of psychology in a comparative fashion, with the exception of phenomena that are peculiar to a species, for example certain human cultural manifestations such as higher mathematics and rock 'n' roll music. Because comparisons between species constitute an immensely laborious task, the greatest payoff should come from applying comparisons to the more basic branches of psychology. To my mind, the most fruitful way of determining the basic and general fields of psychology is to employ the concept of levels of organization. TABLE 1 shows these levels and the corresponding branches of psychology. In the most basic position of all is comparative behavioral genetics. In fact, the concept of genetic differences underlies all comparative psychology, and anyone who calls hmself a comparative psychologist should be conversant with the concepts of genetics. Next comes comparative physiological psychology, and above that
TL;DR: The recoveries for both groups of experienced pigeons suggest fairly good homeward orientation in the foreign continent, and the results with the experienced birds, however, do not support such a hypothesis.
Abstract: During three years 231 homing pigeons were transported from northwest Ohio, U. S. A., to southern Germany, and 216 pigeons were transported from southern Germany to Ohio, a distance of 7000 to 8000 km. They were released in the foreign continent, their initial departure bearings were recorded, and recoveries were collected. For comparison, control releases were conducted within the home continent at distances of 200-300 km in the same as well as in the opposite direction. Both experienced and inexperienced birds zvere used. Normally, the circadian clocks were synchronized with the local time of the release area. The main results were as follows: . (1) At departure, the homeward orientation appeared to be as good (or poor) for the transatlantic releases as it was for the cisatlantic releases. (2) In America there was a general tendency for headings to deviate to the north of the straight line course towards home, while in Germany the birds deviated generally to the south. This was true for both American and German pigeons, indicating an influence of the release area on the deviations. (3) There were, mainly in inexperienced birds, considerable differences in initial orientation in different years. In most cases deflections of varying degrees occurred rather parallel in cisatlantic and transatlantic releases, though with opposite signs (i.e. left or right). (4) On the whole, and at either side of the ocean, the experienced birds were better oriented towards home than the first flight pigeons. (5) The deviations were, on the average, smaller from the rhumb line course towards the loft than they were from the great circle route. (6) There was only one criterion indicating an impairment in the foreign continent : The percentage of birds landing in the vicinity of the release point instead of leaving immediately was considerably higher in the foreign continent than in the home continent. (7) In most cases the distributions of the recoveries were in general accordance with those of the bearings at departure (with the exception of inexperienced American birds in Germany). The recoveries for both groups of experienced pigeons suggest fairly good homeward orientation in the foreign continent. (8) In Germany, inexperienced American pigeons were released with their circadian clocks set by three different light/dark schedules. Their bearings at departure deviated from each other in accordance with the phase-angle differences of their clocks as it would be expected on the basis of sun-compass orientation. (These results could also be explained in terms of a sun navigation hypothesis. The results with the experienced birds, however, do not support such a hypothesis.)
TL;DR: Defensive aggression in neonatally estrogen treated mice was increased in females of an inbred strain wherein the males are highly aggressive, but there was no change in females from strains wherein the Males are relatively passive, suggesting genotype is a potentially important variable for study of the effects of early sex hormones.