Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1976"
TL;DR: The concept of “binary factors of a cladistic character” is formalized and used to describe and justify an algorithm for checking the compatibility of a set of characters.
Abstract: Using formal algebraic definitions of “cladistic character” and “character compatibility”, the concept of “binary factors of a cladistic character” is formalized and used to describe and justify an algorithm for checking the compatibility of a set of characters. The algorithm lends itself to the selection of maximal compatible subsets when compatibility fails.
135 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, news broadcasts conveying "good news" or "bad news" were played to subjects who subsequently made evaluative responses of anonymous others, and the news broadcasts were shown to differentially elicit positive and negative affective responses and to affect subjects' evaluations of others.
Abstract: News broadcasts conveying “good news” or “bad news” were played to subjects who subsequently made evaluative responses of anonymous others. The news broadcasts were shown to differentially elicit positive and negative affective responses and to affect subjects' evaluations of others. Additionally, reported affect was shown to be positively related to those interpersonal evaluations.
127 citations
TL;DR: Results were interpreted as supporting auditory experience as a major determinant of cerebral functional asymmetries and as contradictory to clinical reports that had suggested that the cerebral organization of “communicative” functions were entirely comparable in deaf and hearing persons.
120 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that hyperkinetic children are heterogeneous with respect to levels of CNS arousal and that this variable may prove useful in predicting their response to stimulant drugs.
Abstract: The present review examines 36 previous research reports involving over 1,400 hyperkinetic children in an effort to determine which variables have proven useful in predicting which hyperkinetic children will respond favorably to stimulant drugs. The research is summarized under eight types of predictor variables: (1) psychophysiological, (2) neurologist, (3) familial, (4) demographic/sociological, (5) diagnostic category, (6) parent/teacher/clinician ratings, (7) psychological, and (8) profile types. The results of this review indicate that, to date, measures of attention span or concentration and its correlates have proven to be the most useful predictors of the response of hyperactive children to drugs. The results also suggest that hyperkinetic children are heterogeneous with respect to levels of CNS arousal and that this variable may prove useful in predicting their response to stimulant drugs. Problems involved in drawing conclusions in a review of this area of research as well as directions which future research might pursue also are briefly discussed.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this article, L'A. recuse les argumentations par lesquelles d'autres ont appuye leur reponse negative a cette question.
Abstract: Une theorie causale de la perception est-elle philosophiquement viable? L'A. recuse les argumentations par lesquelles d'autres ont appuye leur reponse negative a cette question.
91 citations
TL;DR: The data show that the dependability of a stimulus predicting the absence of shock is important in that, as dependability decreases, changing to the signalled condition also decreases.
Abstract: This study assessed whether choosing a signalled shock condition over an unsignalled one is controlled by a stimulus that predicts the presence of shock (Experiment I), or by a stimulus that predicts the absence of shock (Experiment II). The dependability of these stimuli as predictors of either the presence or the absence of shock was parametrically varied over a wide range, and subjects (rats) were given an option to change from an unsignalled to a signalled condition. In the first experiment, all shocks were preceded by signals; however, the probability of a signal being followed by shock varied from 1.0 to 0.02. The data obtained indicate that the dependability of the signal as a predictor of shock is unimportant. Rats changed to the signalled condition when the signal was completely dependable (all signals followed by shock) and when the dependability of the signal was systematically degraded. In the second experiment, all signals were followed by shock; however, some shocks were not preceded by a signal. The data show that the dependability of a stimulus predicting the absence of shock is important in that, as dependability decreases, changing to the signalled condition also decreases.
89 citations
TL;DR: The pattern of relationships obtained suggested that both activity level and distractibility are not homogeneous, unidimensional constructs and that a global restlessness in children referred for hyperactivity that distinguishes them from other children is suggested.
Abstract: In a 15-minute free-play and a 5-minute test session, 13 measures of activity, distractibility, and parental ratings of activity were obtained on three groups of children, consisting of 16 boys referred to a psychological services center for evaluation of possible hyperactivity, 16 referred to that same center for problems other than hyperactivity, and 20 obtained from the local community. Subjects were boys with average intelligence between the ages of 4 and 12 years. Results indicated that the multiple measures of activity and distractibility had significant but relatively low order correlations among themselves. These relationships varied as a function of the subject group. However, there was no consistent relationship between the measures of activity and distractibility. The pattern of relationships obtained suggested that both activity level and distractibility are not homogeneous, unidimensional constructs. Results also indicated that boys referred for hyperactivity displayed greater wrist activity in free play, tended to display greater ankle activity in free play, had significantly correlated wrist and ankle activity, and were rated by their parents as more active than other children. This pattern suggested a global restlessness in children referred for hyperactivity that distinguishes them from other children.
88 citations
TL;DR: The findings indicate that socialization into sport begins in childhood and continues into high school with considerable encouragement from significant others, and a reduction of stigma formerly associated with sport involvement is suggested.
Abstract: Most research on the correlates of sport involvement has utilized male samples. The present study focuses on a sample of high school girl gymnasts, basketball players, track participants, and a control group of nonathletes. The correlates of participation investigated include familial factors, peers, teachers and coaches' encouragement to participate in sports, and the social psychological variables of perceived femininity, self-reported athletic ability, and body image. The findings indicate that socialization into sport begins in childhood and continues into high school with considerable encouragement from significant others. The basketball players reported somewhat less encouragement and tend to see themselves as less feminine than the other athletes. Athletes had higher self-perceptions of athletic ability than the nonathletes. The athletes' perceptions of their body image were generally more positive than the nonathletes. This latter finding suggests a reduction of stigma formerly associated...
79 citations
74 citations
TL;DR: This article reviewed operant studies published in Behavior Therapy, Behaviour Research and Therapy, and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis from 1972-1973 to determine whether clinically applied operant research extends beyond short-term behavioral management toward lasting, generalizable behavior changes.
TL;DR: Semilattice theory is used to give an algebraic formulation of the ideas involved in the estimation of evolutionary history and to give rigorous proofs of theorems which justify certain operational procedures in current use.
TL;DR: It was concluded that female agonistic behavior is influenced by genotype and that the level of this behavior can be manipulated by means of artificial selection.
Abstract: Artificial selection was used to establish different levels of agonistic behavior in laboratory-reared wild femaleMus musculus A within-family selection design with replicated high and low lines and two nonselected control lines was employed Females only were tested at 8 weeks of age on 2 consecutive days Testing consisted of placing a C57BL/6 female mouse in the home cage of the isolation-reared wild mouse for 7 min or until an attack occurred The wild females were rated on a 5-point scale for agonistic behavior, and the sum of the scores over the 2 test days was the criterion for selection The six lines, each containing ten breeding pairs, were selected for four generations By the fourth selected generation, the responses of the high and low lines had diverged in the expected directions One-way analyses of variance indicated reliable differences among high, low, and control lines in the second, third, and fourth generations It was concluded that female agonistic behavior is influenced by genotype and that the level of this behavior can be manipulated by means of artificial selection
TL;DR: The Nubrigyn Formation of New South Wales as mentioned in this paper has been interpreted as an algal bioherms that developed in sub-littoral to littoral environments around volcanic pedestals on a “Nubrigin shelf.”
Abstract: The widely known Lower Devonian “algal reef ” limestones of the Nubrigyn Formation, New South Wales, are enormous allochthonous blocks contained within a 400-m interval of interbedded mudstones, allodapic carbonates, and megabreccias that form part of a 5,000-m succession of Lower Devonian volcanics and flysch. Previous workers have interpreted these massive limestone bodies to be algal bioherms that developed in sublittoral to littoral environments around volcanic pedestals on a “Nubrigyn shelf.” The allochthonous nature of the limestone bodies is clearly indicated by (1) occurrence of a wide range of clast sizes, as much as 1 km across; (2) presence of a wide range of clast types and sizes in close juxtaposition; (3) discordance between stratigraphic facing of the large limestone bodies and stratification in surrounding beds; (4) lack of distinctive and regular facies changes within the limestone bodies, particularly near their margins; (5) abrupt and random truncation of internal fabrics at block margins; (6) lack of an autochthonous volcanic foundation for the “reefs”; and (7) anomalous lithofacies association of the massive bodies of shoal-water limestone with enclosing flysch. The limestones initially formed in a shoal-water carbonate complex to the west upon a geologically persistent volcanic archipelago, the Molong Arch, where source rocks for the Nubrigyn megaclasts and megabreccias crop out in the Lower Devonian Garra Formation and Cuga Burga Volcanics. The Nubrigyn megaclasts were transported eastward as debris flows into the adjacent and relatively deep water Hill End Trough after dislodgement from the eastern margin of the Garra shelf. Megaclasts isolated within hemipelagic mudstones and flysch were presumably transported by sliding or rolling. The loci of accumulation of the debris flows and exotic blocks occupy a meridional basin-margin position between the Molong Arch to the west and the predominantly turbidite-filled Hill End Trough to the east. Other debris-flow megabreccias, many previously unrecognized as having been transported and deposited in this manner, occur in the Paleozoic rocks of the Tasman mobile belt of eastern Australia.
TL;DR: Direct injection of glucose into the ventromedial hypothalamus suppressed feeding as effectively in diabetics as in controls, indicating that normal titers of insulin are probably not necessary for suppression of feeding by ingested glucose in diabetic animals.
TL;DR: In this article, the predictability of success of life insurance salesmen, and the judgment policies of 16 Agency Managers who select them, were investigated within the lens model paradigm, each judge observed 200 profiles abstracted from the records of salesmen for whom 1-year, dichotomous criterion information was available.
TL;DR: Drawing upon a sample of 638 mothers aged 18 to 40, with at least some marital work experience, significant associations were found between the extent, kind, and timing of employment and a series of family formation variables.
Abstract: Drawing upon a sample of 638 mothers aged 18 to 40, with at least some marital work experience, significant associations were found between the extent, kind, and timing of employment and a series of family formation variables. Generally lower fertility, longer first birth intervals, and earlier use of birth control were associated with the longest work durations, the highest status jobs, and work before the birth of the first child. The data failed, however, to differentiate desired family size.
TL;DR: The concept of statistical power and Type II error was introduced by Neyman and Pearson as discussed by the authors in response to a fundamental asymmetry in the hypothesis testing process and became a regular textbook inclusion until some 30 years later.
Abstract: In 1933, Neyman and Pearson introduced the interrelated concepts of statistical power and Type II error in response to a fundamental asymmetry in the hypothesis testing process. With few exceptions, however, statistical power did not become a regular textbook inclusion until some 30 years later. Modern concern for power evolved naturally from the “significance test controversy,” and was further stimulated by Cohen’s (1962) review in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. To date, eight power-analytic surveys have been conducted. Generally, the average power estimates derived from these analyses have been quite low. Providing sufficient power serves to decrease the commission of Type II errors, and may prevent misinterpretations of nonsignificant results. Including statistical power in the design and analysis of an experiment requires an a priori estimate of the effect size, as well as calculating obtained effect size. The obtained effect size reflects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, and as such provides a better characterization of the research effort than does reporting only the significance level.
TL;DR: It was observed that the hormone can slightly decrease food intake and increase water consumption during the first hr after administration in rats, and α-MSH appeared to modulate the sleep-waking activity of Rats, and the most prominent effect was an increase of slow wave sleep during the 2–3 rd hr after treatment.
Abstract: In a series of experiments designed to assess the effects of alpha-MSH on various motivational processes, it was observed that the hormone can slightly decrease food intake and increase water consumption during the first hr after administration in rats. alpha-MSH also modified avoidance behavior in 1- and 3-day-old chicks, but there were no reliable effects on activity, distress vocalizations and the tonic immobility response. alpha-MSH appeared to modulate the sleep-waking activity of rats, and the most prominent effect was an increase of slow wave sleep during the 2-3 rd hr after treatment. A possible second effect was a homogenization of sleep patterns--with poor sleepers exhibiting increases of activated sleep and good sleepers a reduction. Measurement of in vitro brain oxygen consumption indicated that mice treated with alpha-MSH exhibit an 18% reduction in respiration of the brain stem section which includes the locus coeruleus, but did not reliably change respiration in forebrain cortices. alpha-MSH also produced a modest 14% increase of plasma glucose. These results are discussed in terms of possible modulation by alpha-MSH of activity in central autonomic cell groups such as the locus coeruleus.
TL;DR: Choice of a signalled variable-time shock schedule over an unsignalled one was influenced by the average intershock interval, with the findings being interpreted as being due to changes in the safety features of the signalled schedule.
Abstract: The present study investigated whether choice of a signalled variable-time shock schedule over an unsignalled one was influenced by the average intershock interval. Eight rats were given a choice between signalled and unsignalled shock schedules in a series of conditions with average intershock intervals of 510, 270, 150, 90, 60, and 45 sec. Each test condition was preceded by a training-baseline condition, and schedule values were arranged in an ascending (four subjects) or descending (four subjects) order. Choice of the signalled conditions was directly related to the average intershock interval of the variable-time schedule for six of the eight subjects. The per cent of time in the signalled condition was highest when the average intershock interval was 150 sec or longer and lowest when the average intershock interval was 45 sec. The findings were interpreted as being due to changes in the safety features of the signalled schedule, rather than to changes in the average intershock interval per se.
TL;DR: An analysis of covariance of sex differences in 12th graders' scores on the water-level task, using spatial performance as a covariate, indicated that sex differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that no important sex differences remain on theWater- level task once differences in spatial ability have been removed.
Abstract: Sherman's (1967) hypothesis that sex differences in performance on many cognitive tasks can be explained by sex differences in spatial ability was extended to explain sex differences in performance on Piaget's water-level task. The hypothesis was supported. The correlations between average errors on the water-level task and performance on the Primary Mental Abilities, Spatial Relations Test were –.83 for 12th-grade males, –.97 for 12th-grade females, –.65 for fifth-grade males, and –.42 for fifth-grade females. Statistically significant sex differences were found on both the spatial test and the water-level task for the 12th graders, while neither test showed significant sex differences for the fifth graders. An analysis of covariance of sex differences in 12th graders' scores on the water-level task, using spatial performance as a covariate, indicated that sex differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that no important sex differences remain on the water-level task once differences in sp...
TL;DR: This article analyzed three juvenile justice organizations (the police, juvenile probation, and juvenile court) from the point of view of the clients of the justice system and found a negative correlation between experience in the system and youths' evaluations of these agencies in terms of their effectiveness in performing important agency tasks.
Abstract: The paper analyzes three juvenile justice organizations- the police, Abstract juvenile probation, and juvenile court-from the point of View of the clients of the justice system. While much of the delinquency literature (in particular David Matza's notion of the sense of injustice) suggests a rlegntive response by youths who have been in contact with the system, the present resenrch found that youths with greater system contact actually expressed more positive attitudes t o w d probation officers and court judges than did their less experienced counterparts At the same time. a negative correlation was found between experience in the system and youths' evaluations of these agencies in terms of their effectiveness in performing important agency tasks.
TL;DR: This article examined the statistical assumptions of asymmetry and linearity in path models of academic achievement using data from a sample of Connecticut high school seniors and found that student self-evaluations of academic capability and school performance may be reciprocally related and academic achievement may be more resistant to change among poor than among average students.
Abstract: The statistical assumptions of asymmetry and linearity in path models of academic achievement are critically examined using data from a sample of Connecticut high school seniors. Analysis suggests that student self-evaluations of academic capability and school performance may be reciprocally related and that academic achievement may be more resistant to change among poor than among average students. Both findings would be masked in simple recursive path models. The data are consistent with the Equality of Educational Opportunity Report's conclusion that different predispositional factors affect achievement among blacks and whites.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider continuous flows on arbitrary 2-manifolds (separable metric, but not necessarily compact nor orientable and possibly with boundary) and show that two such flows are (topologically) equivalent if there is a homeomorphism of M onto M, which takes orbits of 4 onto orbits of +' preserving sense (but not necessarily parametrization).
TL;DR: Several aromatic compounds related to aromatic extractives of wood were shown to support growth of this fungus.
Abstract: Growth of Aureobasidium was noted on both painted and unpainted wood surfaces but not on painted glass slides, indicating that the source of carbon and energy for growth was not associated with paint components but was probably supplied by the wood. Several aromatic compounds related to aromatic extractives of wood were shown to support growth of this fungus.
TL;DR: A 9-yr-old mentally retarded female displaying high rate stereotypic body contortions of longstanding duration was treated using physical restraint and differential reinforcement of other behavior in her classroom setting.
Patent•
03 May 1976TL;DR: In this article, a portable heater comprising a housing composed of separate parts including a lower part having a bottom and side wall portions defining a trough, components of said heater including a combustion chamber assembly and a support, was presented.
Abstract: Docket No. 80020 PORTABLE SPACE HEATER ABSTRACT A portable heater comprising a housing composed of separate parts including a lower part having a bottom and side wall portions defining a trough, components of said heater including a combustion chamber assembly and a support, said support positioning in a sense trans-verse to said lower part, said combustion chamber assembly and said support having in connection therewith means for seating to and interfitting with means in connection with said side wall portions of said lower part in a drop fit thereof to said lower part, said support mounting thereon a motor and a fan blade assembly for powering said heater and developing therein a pressured flow of air to and about said combustion chamber assembly and means for delivering fuel and igniting the fuel in delivery thereof to the combustion chamber of said assembly, said interfitting means being constructed and arranged to position said combustion chamber assembly and said support and said fan blade assembly in a substantially direct alignment on and within said lower part of said housing and to inhibit relative longitudinal and lateral motion therebetween.
TL;DR: The results suggest that male aggressiveness and female aggressiveness are under separate genetic control.
Abstract: Males from the fifth selected generation of a selection program for aggressiveness in femaleMus musculus (Ebert and Hyde, 1976) were tested to determine whether male aggressiveness showed a correlated response in selection for female aggressiveness. The results indicated that male aggression had not shown a correlated response. Differences among males from the high, control, and low lines were not statistically significant in one replication and were significant but not in the predicted order in the other replication. There were marginally significant line x sex interactions. The rank correlation between male and female aggression scores was 0.20, which was not significant. The results suggest that male aggressiveness and female aggressiveness are under separate genetic control. Data for generation S5 females are also reported; differences among the high, control, and low lines continue to be significant.