Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1978"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The possibility is entertained that brain opiates may function to control the intensity of emotions arising from social separation and parallels between the biological nature of narcotic addiction and the formation of social bonds are discussed.
455 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous "endorphin withdrawal", is supported.
Abstract: In order to determine the relationship between endorphins and social attachment, the effects of morphine (an opiate agonist) and naloxone (an opiate antagonist) on various indices of attachment in guinea pigs were studied. In infants, crying or separation-induced distress vocalizations were significantly decreased by single injections of low morphine doses (0.25, .050 and 0.75 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) reliably increased separation distress vocalizations in both juvenile and adult guinea pigs. Therefore, similar to opiate withdrawal symptoms, separation distress appeared to be alleviated by morphine and potentiated by naloxone. As for approach attachment, offspring/maternal proximity-maintenance time was significantly decreased by morphine (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg), suggesting that opiates may be capable of replacing a function normally subserved by endorphins in reinforcing attachments. These data support the hypothesis that an endorphin-based addiction-like process may underlie the maintenance of social attachments, and that separation distress may reflect a state of endogenous “endorphin withdrawal”.
320 citations
TL;DR: In this article, students attempted for approximately 10h each to discover the laws governing a dynamic system, which included 27 fixed objects, some of which influenced the direction of a moving particle.
Abstract: Advanced undergraduate science majors attempted for approximately 10h each to discover the laws governing a dynamic system. The system included 27 fixed objects, some of which influenced the direction of a moving particle. At a given time, any one screen of a nine-screen matrix could be observed on a plasma display screen. Confirmatory strategies were the rule, even though half the subjects had been carefully instructed in strong inference. Falsification was counterproductive for some subjects. It seems that a firm base of inductive generalizations, supported by confirmatory research, is a prerequisite to useful implementation of a falsification strategy.
227 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the strong binding by more than twice the rest mass of the particles in overcritical external potentials leads to qualitatively new effects, such as spontaneous positron emission accompanied by creation of a charged lowest energy state, i.e. a charged vacuum.
169 citations
TL;DR: In a more limited study using peripheral injections, it was determined that (D-Ala2)-Met-enkephalin at doses of 400 nanomoles/kg, like morphine sulfate, was more effective in reducing DV's, than an equimolar dose of beta-endorphin.
154 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two investigations of the external validity of the paper-person analog are presented, and the answer is that the answer to the question raised in the title is "No".
132 citations
TL;DR: The historically dominant and generally accepted view is that males are much more likely than females to commit delinquent acts, and that when females deviate their misconduct, significantly less than males.
Abstract: The historically dominant and generally accepted view is that males are much more likely than females to commit delinquent acts, and that when females deviate their misconduct is significantly less...
120 citations
TL;DR: Initially a genetic oddity, male recombination in Drosophila melanogaster is now being viewed as a means of detecting mutator activity and chromosome breakage in hybridising populations and is causing us to reconsider the source and rate at which genetic variability may be generated in nature.
Abstract: Initially a genetic oddity, male recombination in Drosophila melanogaster is now being viewed as a means of detecting mutator activity and chromosome breakage in hybridising populations and is causing us to reconsider the source and rate at which genetic variability may be generated in nature.
85 citations
TL;DR: The investigation demonstrated a significant modeling effect and suggested a significant relationship between linguistic complexity and disfluency in children.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of factors that might be associated with the attitudes of regular classroom teachers toward mainstreaming severely handicapped children was developed in order to examine variables that might correlate positively with the attitude of teachers towards mainstreaming children.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that evaluations of scores be based on the principle of construct validation; that is, that possible sources of contamination be considered as alternative hypotheses about what is measured by a content sample as it is scored.
Abstract: “Content validity” has been widely but unwisely hailed as a solution to many problems in employee selection. The enthusiasm and its scope must be tempered. The arguments of this paper begin with the recognition that sampling from content domains cannot logically be substituted for criterion-related validity. Moreover, it must be recognized that the psychometric notion of validity ordinarily refers to scores, not to the stimulus content of a test. It is therefore suggested that evaluations of scores be based on the principle of construct validation; that is, that possible sources of contamination be considered as alternative hypotheses about what is measured by a content sample as it is scored.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the explanatory power and relative importance of variables related to prisonization in the previous literature and reveal that the proportion of variance in prisonization which can be accounted for is not high.
Abstract: This study. based on an analysis of data obtained from a randomly selected sample of 239 inmates of a maximum security federal penetentiary, assesses the explanotory power and relative importance of variables related to prisonization in the previous literature. While support for hypotheses derived from the importation and deprivation models was found, our analysis. consistent with earlier research, reveals that the proportion of variance in prisonization which can be accounted for is not high. Still, our findings underline the necessity of moving toward an integration of existing theories of prisonization rother than attempting to view them as contradictory perspectives.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on interpretational difficulties that confound polynomial regression analysis, and briefly outline an algebraic manipulation that transforms polynomially regression equations into a format that is readily interpretable.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the interpretational difficulties that confound polynomial regression analysis. While polynomial regression is statistically sound, it produces awkward equations which "describe" a curve with a series of linear slopes. An example illustrates the technique and the awkward properties of regression coefficients in the quadratic case. Finally, the paper briefly outlines an algebraic manipulation that transforms polynomial regression equations into a format that is readily interpretable.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test the predictive utility of central aspects of bath the structural and control models across a wide range of social status positions using self-report data obtained from o representative sample of 412 male high school students in a midwestern SMSA.
Abstract: Research on delinquency involvement has often employed structural or control theories to account for such behavior Structural models typically have been applied to lower-class delinquency, control models to explanotions of middle-class juvenile miscanduct Much of the inconclusiveness and many of the controdictions in the delinquency literature are arguably the result of this focus on either lower-class or middle-class adolescents employing a single conceptual orientation Such a restrictive focus has produced narrow, class-specific explanotions of delinquency involvement which obscure probable similarities in etiological processes at varying socioeconomic locations in the society The intent of this research is to test the predictive utility of central aspects of bath the structural and control models across a wide range of social status positions Self-report data obtained from o representative sample of 412 male high school students in a mid-western SMSA indicate that (1) bath structural and control theory serve to explain significant though small proportions of the variance in delinquency; (2) the control model variables account for the mast unique variation in delinquency involvement; and (3) the combined effects of the two models account for more variance than either of the models taken separately
TL;DR: Analysis shows that there is a systematic increase in "less desirable" ratings with severity of hearing loss and that responses are more negative when the speaker wore a hearing aid.
TL;DR: Hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to drug treatment were compared with controls on a series of objective measures of activity and attentional problems and there were no indications that these children were more homogeneous in their behavioral symptoms than the hyperkinetic population in general.
Abstract: Hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to drug treatment were compared with controls on a series of objective measures of activity and attentional problems. Although group differences were found on most measures, there were no indications that these children were more homogeneous in their behavioral symptoms than the hyperkinetic population in general.
TL;DR: It appears that perceived physical fitness is a viable aspect of self-concept worthy of study, and a moderate but significant correlation obtained between actual and perceived physical performance on both preand posttest measures, suggesting the stability and validity ofself-report measures of physical fitness.
Abstract: Research examining the relationship between self-concept and physical fitness has been sparse. However, the literature suggests a positive relationship between self-attitude and physical fitness (1, 2, 3, 4 ) . In contrast with prior research where physical fitness was determined by actual physical performance and physiological measures, the present pilot study assessed the relationship between perceived and actual physical fitness and selfconcept reported by 11 male and 22 female freshmen. Due to class withdrawal or incomplete data, results are based upon 15 students. All subjects were pretested on a self-rating scale of perceived physical fitness ( 3 ) and indicated their current perceived physical condition. Test-retest reliability was .76. Actual physical performance was determined by the number of laps completed during a 12-min. run. Self-concept was assessed via a 44item semantic differential rating scale for which test-retest reliability was .82 while internal consistency was .96. Supervised aerobic training (jogging) was conducted at least twice a week for a minimum of 30 min. After the 10-wk. training session, posttest measures were made. A treatment by subjects design using multiple regression analysis was developed to analyze mean differences for preand posttest self-concept, perceived physical fitness, and actual physical performance. A significant difference in self-concept was not observed (M = 241.13, SD = 27.06 vs M = 247.20, SD = 26.50) although the difference was in the predicted directioo ( p = .16). The failure to obtain a statistically significant increase in self-concept was unexpected as other investigators (1, 2) have found self-concept significantly increased with physical training. Lack of significance might be attributed to the restricted sample size or assessment. While perceived physical fitness did not significantly increase ( p = .30) following aerobic training (M = 6.27, SD = 1.44 vs M = 6.53, SD = 1.30) actual physical performance did (M = 1.46, SD = .33 vs M = 1.54, SD = .26, p < .05). As research on perceived fitness is nonexistent, the findings could not be corroborated. Additional examination incorporating a more rigorous physical training schedule is recommended. It was hypothesized, although not substantiated, that perceived physical fitness would accompany an increase in actual physical performance. A moderate but significant correlation ( 9 < .05) obtained between actual and perceived physical performance on both preand posttest measures ( r = .50 and .52, respectively), suggesting the stability and validity of self-report measures of physical fitness. However, cross-validation is needed. Perceived physical fitness and self-concept were also significantly correlated on preand posttests, .53 and 3 7 , corroborating the research of Leonardson ( 4 ) . In contrast, actual physical performance and self-concept were not significantly correlated ( r = .Dl). It appears that perceived physical fitness is a viable aspect of self-concept worthy of study.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: New species of Helminthozyga, H. undulata n.
Abstract: The known occurrences of species of Cyclozyga and Helminthozyga are relatively rare in the Pennsylvanian. Since Knight's (1930) description of Cyclozyga mirabilis, C. carinata and Hel- minthozyga vermicula from the Labette Shale of Missouri, only reports by Elias (1958) describing C. neotenica from the Mississippian of Oklahoma, a questionable form, and Licharew (1970) on Hel- minthozyga sp. and Cyclozyga sp. from the Middle Carboniferous of the Karabolka River region have been made. New species of Helminthozyga, H. undulata n. sp. and H. costellata n. sp. and of Cyclozyga, C. attenuata n. sp. plus an occurrence of C. mirabilis Knight are described from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, extending the known geographic and stratigraphic ranges of these genera. The family Pseudozygopleuridae Knight (1930) illustrates a remarkable consistency in the nature of the protoconch which readily differentiates it from the families Palaeozygopleuridae Horny, Lox- onematidae Koken and Zygopleuridae Wenz. Variation in the protoconchs of pseudozygopleurids is described. Distinction of the protoconch from the teleoconch is visible in most specimens. Licharew's (1970) inclusion of the Palaeozygopleuridae as a synonym of the Pseudozygopleuridae and the erection of the family Cyclozygidae do not appear warranted.
TL;DR: The findings showed a clear correlation between selective parental encouragement and participation in interscholastic athletics and music (band or orchestra) and no evidence of psychological stress among the female athletes in comparison to the musicians.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to compare the social background characteristics and psychological attributes of high school girls who were participating in interscholastic athletics and music (band or orchestra). The findings showed a clear correlation between selective parental encouragement and participation in these two extracurricular activities. Moreover, the findings showed no evidence of psychological stress among the female athletes in comparison to the musicians.
TL;DR: In this paper, the similarities in value orientations of delinquent adolescents across socioeconomic strata were found to be significant when the effects of socioeconomic status and level of perceived legitimate opportunities were held constant.
Abstract: Current theories of juvenile delinquency have produced a bifurcation of explanations based on supposed class-linked differences among adolescents of various socioeconomic strata. The present study challenges many of the assumptions upon which current delinquency theory/research is based and suggests that future examinations of delinquency involvement be focused on the similarities in value orientations of delinquent adolescents across socioeconomic strata. Specifically, self-report data obtained from a representative sample of 412 male high school students in a mid-western SMSA indicate that (1) subscription to “conventional value orientations” inhibits involvement in delinquent activities. (2) adherence to “subterranean value orientations” serves to induce involvement in delinquent behavior patterns. and (3) these relationships remain significant when the effects of socioeconomic status and level of perceived legitimate opportunities are held constant.
TL;DR: This article used the methodology of Social Judgment Theory to measure the extent of sex bias in the salaries of faculty members and found that women were consistently overpredicted in all four analyses, while men were underpredicted.
TL;DR: In the last decade an upsurge of interest in marine boring (endolithic) algae and fungi and their geologic effects has occurred as mentioned in this paper, and among the most profound results of this up-surge has been a realization that endolithic algae are powerful diagenetic and sedimentologic agents in carbonate environments, and that they appear to have been so since at least Lower Cambrian time.
Abstract: In the last decade an upsurge of interest in marine boring (endolithic) algae and fungi and their geologic effects has occurred. Among the most profound results of this upsurge has been a realization that endolithic algae and fungi are powerful diagenetic and sedimentologic agents in carbonate environments, and that they appear to have been so since at least Lower Cambrian time. Particle micritization, grain binding, and geochemical and carbonate mineralogical alteration are among the important processes in which these algae and fungi play a role. Where preserved in ancient rocks, they also have great yet largely untapped utility in paleoecological studies, and in the determination of paleobathymetry and possibly depths of paleophotic zones.
TL;DR: In this article, the Ramaman spectra of poly(rA) solutions in the pH range of 7.2-5.2 were studied and thermal melting profiles were obtained as a function of pH to monitor simultaneously the changes in (1) the phosphodiester backbone, (2) the base-stacking interactions, (3) the perturbation of the PO unit, and (4) the degree of protonation at the N 1 position in the adenine base.
Abstract: Raman spectra of solutions of polyriboadenylic acid have been studied in the pH range of 7.2–5.2. Bands are identified which are sensitive to the characteristics of poly(rA) in the single-and double-stranded helical forms. Thermal melting profiles were obtained as a function of pH to monitor simultaneously the changes in (1) the phosphodiester backbone, (2) the base-stacking interactions, (3) the perturbation of the PO unit, and (4) the degree of protonation at the N-1 position in the adenine base. The temperature dependence of the intensity ratio of the bands at 725 and 705 cm−1 appears to be sensitive to the noncooperative and the cooperative thermal-melting process for the single-and double-stranded forms of poly(rA), respectively. Concurrently, bands diagnostic of the degree of protonation reveal that the cooperative melting process for the “acid” poly(rA) clearly involves deprotonation.
The progressive perturbation of the 1100 cm−1 band with an increasing degree of protonation of poly(rA) is consistent with earlier suggestions regarding a PO-(6)-NH2 interaction in the double-helical form of poly(rA). The stability of the double-helix parallels the degree of protonation over the pH range studied as reflected in the tm values, which increase linearly with decreasing pH.
TL;DR: The concept of counter-culture has been defined by as mentioned in this paper as a type of culture of the genus of a subculture, where counterculture is reserved for intracultural conflicts.
Abstract: Much that has been written about “counter-culture” has been culture-specific to American culture. This article suggests criteria for a generic concept of counter-culture. First, counterculture is treated as a type of culture of the genus of a subculture. Secondly, the issue is raised: which value-conflicts are so wrenching to the culture and are so categorical in nature as to deserve being called counter-cultures? Several methodologies for defining the value-conflict are explored. Thirdly, counter-culture is reserved for intracultural conflicts. Fourthly, a counter-culture is expected to have a self-sufficient ideology, not a counter-dependent one. Finally, it appears that an expanded vocabulary is needed to describe the phenomena studied under the rubric “counter-culture.” By using the axes of (1) self-sufficiency in the system of action and (2) extent of institutionalization, four types of counter-cultural phenomena are identified: the contraculture, the diffused counter-cultural movement, the ...
TL;DR: This case study investigates the use of simple and exponential smoothing for modifying initial estimates from a regression model by using prior forecast error patterns to obtain better forecasts.
Abstract: The inability to identify all causal variables in a linear regression demand model may result in serial correlation which is generally considered undesirable; but it may be possible to take advantage of such an event This case study, based upon Chemical Bank of New York, investigates the use of simple and exponential smoothing for modifying initial estimates from a regression model by using prior forecast error patterns to obtain better forecasts The smoothing approaches are combined with a regression model to test for improved performance in predicting daily check volumes
TL;DR: Following the placement of testosterone or estradiol into the preoptic area of castrated rats, some dominance behaviors were reinstated to precastration levels, while neither hormone implants into the septum nor cholesterol implants into either the pre optic or septal areas produced any reliable effects.
TL;DR: All-femaleness is perpetuated in Poecithe distribution and abundance levels of liopsis monacha-lucida by an unusual the two unisexuals within the Rio del meiotic mechanism known as hybridogenFuerte, and number of studies support the genome the distribution of the triploid unisexual dosage theory of unisexual constitution within the Fuerte river system.
Abstract: In the Rio del Fuerte of Sonora and Sitetraploid species. Schultz (1969) and Ausnaloa, Mexico, populations of diploid and taurov (1972) contend that unisexual vertriploid unisexual fishes of the genus Poetebrates are probably not ephemeral anomciliopsis coexist with the bisexual species alies of little evolutionary consequence, P. Lucida. For viviparous reproduction, but transients in the speciation process. both all-female forms are dependent upon The two unisexuals studied in this resperm from males of P. Lucida (Schultz, port, like all unisexual Poeciliopsis , are of 1967) resulting in obligatory sympatry hybrid origin. The diploid, P. monachawith P. Lucida and, consequently, with lucida, has been synthesized in the laboeach other. ratory by hybridizing two bisexual speFor all practical purposes, the two types cies, P. monacha and P. Lucida (Schultz, of unisexuals are morphologically indis1973). The nomenclature of the hybrid retinguishable; only detailed counts and fleets its genomic constitution: one genome measurements of dentition permit their each of monacha and Lucida. The triploid, tangible separation (Schultz, 1969). ConP. monacha-2 lucida, is two-thirds Lucida sequently, the ecology of the two forms and one-third monacha (Schultz, 1969). A has remained uninvestigated. Until now, number of studies support the genome the distribution of the triploid unisexual dosage theory of unisexual constitution on within the Fuerte river system has been the basis of morphological, genetic, and obscured, and formerly was believed to be behavioral intermediacy between bisexual restricted to a single tributary. Utilizing progenitor species (Schultz, 1969; Vrijenerythrocyte size to distinguish between the hoek, 1972; Thibault, 1974b). diploid and triploid forms, I here report All-femaleness is perpetuated in Poecithe distribution and abundance levels of liopsis monacha-lucida by an unusual the two unisexuals within the Rio del meiotic mechanism known as hybridogenFuerte. Adult size, fecundity, and ratios esis (Schultz, 1969). Sperm, supplied by of pregnant to uninseminated females are males of P. lucida, is incorporated for one compared for natural populations. Brood generation and then meiotically excluded records for laboratory fishes, reared in during ova formation (Schultz, 1966, conjunction with other studies, are also 1967, 1971, 1973; Cimino, 1972a). Tripincluded to compare further the reproducloid Poeciliopsis reproduce by gynogenetive potential of the two unisexuals. sis, a mechanism which requires sperm A similar complex of diploid and tripmerely to activate cleavage. There is no loid unisexual fishes enmeshed in a bisexgametic fusion and inheritance is strictly ual sperm-supplying system is found in the matroclinous (Schultz, 1967; Cimino, Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa (Rasch 1972b). and Balsano, 1974). Information drawn Unisexuals have the capacity to produce from these two systems is used to evaluate two female offspring for everyone prothe potential of diploid versus triploid uniduced by bisexual females. With unlimitsexuals as progenitors to a hypothetical ed sperm, they could rapidly outcompete