Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1979"

Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism

Abstract: INTRODUCTION 1 LAND AND SOCIETY 2 THE POLITICS OF CONQUEST 3 HISPANIC CAPITALISM 4 INDEPENDENCE AND THE AUTOCRATIC REPUBLIC 5 MODERNIZATION AND MISERY 6 NITRATE 7 POLITICS, LABOUR AND THE SOCIAL QUESTION 8 CHILEAN DEMOCRACY 9 CHRISTIANS AND MARXISTS 10 DICTATORSHIP 11 CONCERTACION: THE PAST AND PRESENT

A Comparison of Several Methods of Assessing Item Bias.

Abstract: Controversy over testing practices has erupted at various times since the inception of wide-scale testing during World War I (Cronbach, 1975). Most recently the issue of bias in measurement and selection has come to the forefront. Minority groups have claimed that traditional educational and employment tests are oriented toward white middle class culture and may not reflect the true ability of minorities (Williams, 1970, 1971). Subsequently, research on bias in testing has followed two paths (Pothoff, 1966): the study of bias in the presence of an external criterion, called bias in selection, versus the study of bias in the absence of an external criterion, called item bias. The present paper does not deal with bias in selection, but the interested reader can refer to the special issue of the Journal of Educational Measurement (Spring, 1976) which is devoted entirely to this topic. Rather, this paper is concerned with item bias.

Morphine reduces social cohesion in rats

Abstract: The effect of low (1 mg/kg) doses of morphine on maintenance of physical proximity were evaluated in paired rats observed in a 4 square foot test arena. Morphine reliably reduced proximity maintenance time, and this was apparently not due to sedation, since the effect was unmodified by doses of amphetamine which substantially increased motor activity. The effects of naloxone were inconsistent on this measure of social motivation. In general, the results are consistent with the theoretical proposition that a brain neurochemical change which might lead to social attraction is the activation of endogenous opioid systems. When opiate activity is exogenously sustained, animals exhibit a subnormal tendency to be gregarious.

Attachment and separation distress in the infant guinea pig.

Abstract: This study systematically examined separation-induced distress vocalization in the infant guinea pig. Experiment I found that under maximum separation from both social and physical surroundings, the distress vocalization rate remained high for the 1st 4 weeks and then continuously declined to near zero by Week 12. Repeated testings had no effect on habituation of the rate during Week 5. Experiment II, using separation distress vocalization responses to the social (the mother) and the physical (the home pen) environments, showed that when the mother was present the vocalization rate was extremely low, and when she was absent the rate was moderate if the subject was isolated in the home box and high if the subject was in an unfamiliar box. Experiment III confirmed the finding that primary social attachment took place toward the mother. These results corroborate other attachment measures, and indicate the usefulness of the vocalization technique for the study of attachment in the infant guinea pig.

On Complicating the Relationship Between Liberation and Delinquency

Abstract: The popular notion that the women's movement is responsible for an increase in female crime oversimplifies the concept of liberation. Distinctions are made between women's traditionality or nontraditionality in various roles—societal, familial or interpersonal, and within the realm of the criminal act itself. Data derived from a questionnaire administered in three urban high schools and two state institutions for girls suggest that there is little or no association between liberated attitudes and self-reported delinquency involvement. But at the level of the criminal act itself, there is evidence of perhaps more significant change. Females are most likely to commit delinquent acts in groups, particularly mixed-sex groups, in contrast to the traditional stereotype of females passively accompanying a romantic partner. Their explanations for their participation also depart from feminine stereotypes and resemble explanations most often associated with male delinquents.

Heuristic lot-sizing and sequencing rules in a multistage production-inventory system

Abstract: Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is currently being applied and used extensively in industry and is being proclaimed as the solution to many of the problems of traditional production-inventory control problems. While the latter may be true, MRP is not without its own problems, two of which are the decisions concerning the appropriate lotsizing and sequencing rules to use in order to improve system performance. This paper describes a computer simulation study which was conducted to determine the effects of using various sequencing and lot-sizing rules on various performance criteria in a multistage, multiproduct, production-inventory system using MRP. The results of the study indicate that the application of various rules causes changes in system performance and that an interaction effect exists between lot-sizing and sequencing rules. What is more important is that a set of guidelines is developed to enable the practitioner to choose a lot-sizing rule and a sequencing rule that will tend to improve the performance of his system for the various performance criteria.

Multiple Roles and Psychological Well-Being

Abstract: Role theory generally views the performance of multiple roles as a source of psychological stress. Recently, however, the concept of role strain resulting from multiple roles has been criticized. Marks (1977) and Seiber (1974) argue that multiple roles may lead to positive personal well-being. The present research is a test of these recent ideas. Measures of subjective well-being are correlated with the quantity and quality of roles enacted. Five role spheres are specified: Spouse, parent, worker, friend, and church member. The findings offer some support for the proposition that involvement in multiple roles does not necessarily lead to role strain. Instead, well-being increases with the number of roles enacted, and satisfaction in one role can help to compensate for deprivation in another role sphere. Support is thus found for both Marks' (1977) “expansionist” theory and Seiber's (1974) role accumulation theory.

Phytobenthic Ecology and Regulated Streams

Abstract: Phytobenthos, the photosynthetic component of benthic ecosystems, plays a fundamental role in lotic food webs. Although the importance of allochthonous energy sources has been established for smaller streams of the first through third orders (Scott, 1958; Hynes, 1963; Cummins, 1975), phytobenthos is of major importance in medium-sized rivers (Blum, 1956, 1957; Cummins, 1975; Pryfogle and Lowe, in press; Reid, 1961; Gale et al., in press). The most important algal members of the phytobenthos are usually from one of three divisions, Bacillariophyta (diatoms), Chlorophyta (green algae), and Cyanophyta (blue-green algae). Mosses and liverworts (Bryophyta) reach maximum importance in small, swift streams having stony substrates (Haslam, 1978). Aquatic vascular plants, often referred to as aquatic macrophytes, will be referred to as higher plants in this paper. They belong to several plant families and their occurrence is usually regulated by such chemical and physical parameters as flow, turbulence, light, substrate, and dissolved chemicals (Haslam, 1978).

The Extent, Nature, and Utility of Evaluating Consumer Satisfaction in Community Mental Health Centers

Abstract: Evaluating consumer perceptions is a recent development in community mental health. The authors surveyed the 504 federally funded community mental health centers to discover the extent to which they assessed consumer satisfaction, the methods used to collect data, and the utility of the results. Of the 366 centers that responded, 48% had gathered consumer feedback in the previous 18 months, and most others planned to initiate such evaluations within a year. Methods of conducting the studies were extremely diverse. Respondents felt the results were useful and shared them primarily with agency personnel, rather than with outside funders, fellow agencies, or clients. The authors conclude that community mental health centers are evaluating consumer satisfaction more frequently than in the recent past, but this movement has not yet developed clear, standardized methods. Until evaluators consolidate their efforts this evaluation strategy will continue to have limited utility.

Replication in experimental communication research: an analysis

Abstract: This study proposes a taxonomy of replication designs and applies it to a representative sample of experimental communication research reports in Communication Monographs and Human Communication Research. Results of the analysis indicate that publishability and reporting practices hamper our ability to identify replication studies. The implications of these findings are discussed, and several suggestions for improving the situation are offered.

The Roles of Information and Experience in Improving Teachers' Knowledge and Attitudes about Mainstreaming.

Abstract: Research on mainstreaming suggests that teachers are often ill prepared, both in terms of knowledge and attitude, to teach handicapped children. The present research investigated whether information about and experience with the handicapped would improve prospective regular education teachers' attitudes toward and knowledge about mainstreaming. In addition, data were gathered and reported on the relationship between teachers' attitudes and knowledge and certain characteristics, including term standing, areas of specialization, and grade-point averages. The results indicated that the teachers did not increase their general knowledge about mainstreaming as a result of only information about or only experience with the handicapped. However, attitudes toward mainstreaming significantly improved as a result of a combination of information about and experience with the handicapped and as a result of only information about the handicapped. The results also indicated that prospective teachers' attitudes toward an...

Critical Periods in Organizational Processes

Abstract: Of all the known phenomena of development, that of critical periods lends itself most readily to practical applications, both for preventive mental hygiene and for positive control of behavioral development. Once a critical period has been identified, there is little difficulty in putting the information to use. Until recently, however, our understanding of this phenomenon had progressed very little further than its description and the recognition of its generality. It is the principal purpose of this chapter to develop and illustrate its underlying theoretical principles.

Intraspecific hybridisation and the release of mutator activity.

Abstract: IT has been suggested by Grant1–2 that mutation and hybridisation may not be independent of one another as sources of genetic variation in natural populations. Indeed, it has been shown in both plants and animals3–8 that hybridisation can stimulate the production of new mutations and chromosome breakage events. The possible role of intraspecific hydridisation in inducing genetic change has recently been discussed in various contexts, especially in relation to the action of mutator genes in natural populations1,2,9–11. We have previously suggested that mutator factors, which are known to induce both visible and lethal mutations and chromosome breakage, are commonly present in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Within sub-populations, however, these mutators are genetically suppressed. On hybridisation between subpopulations, genetic suppression breaks down, resulting in the release of mutator activity and, hence, in an explosive increase in genetic variation. Clearly, these explosions of mutation, which have been documented in some natural populations12,13, might have an important role in evolution and speciation. Here, we test this hypothesis of ‘hybrid release’ directly by determining whether intraspecific hybridisation increases the frequency of mutation above that found in the sampled natural population. Our study differs significantly from other assays of mutator gene effect14–16 in that mutation frequencies before and after hybridisation are compared directly. The results show that hybrid release of mutator activity does occur as the result of hybridisation, producing a severalfold increase in the frequency of mutation. Thus, hybrid release may be a major mechanism in the induction of genetic variation in natural populations and so may be a driving force in evolution.

Colonization and standing crops of epilithic algae in the susquehanna river, pennsylvania1

Abstract: A SCUBA diver, using a bar-clamp sampler, collected quantitative epilithic algae samples from artificial substrates (slate and acrylic plates) and river stones at two stations on the Susquehanna River bottom in 1974. At Falls, Pennsylvania, algal colonization on monthly plates (submerged for ca. 30 day periods) was most rapid between September and October. In winter, when algal density on cumulative plates (submerged 2–13 mo) and on stones present in the river peaked at 18,100 and 21,900 units/ mm2, respectively, colonization of clean monthly plates nearly ceased. Similar colonization patterns were observed in a portion of the river polluted by coal mine drainages (SSES), but expansion of the algae population at SSES was inhibited by iron in the effluents, and densities never exceeded 2,400 units/mm2 on stones or plates. Diatoms composed 95% of the overall standing crop at Falls and 65% at SSES.

Semantic categorization in a linear order problem.

Abstract: The present investigation was conducted to determine whether subjects could use categorical codes based on semantic memory information (gender of names) to make rapid decisions about the order of names in a linear series. Subjects were taught linear order problems in which 12 names (six male and six female) were either randomly ordered or blocked by sex. The results support a dual-process model which proposes that subjects use both categorical information (discrete linguistic codes) and serial position information when asked to make mental comparisons of arbitrarily ordered items. Furthermore, the data indicate that both the ordinal distance between the terms in the test pair (step size) and the serial position of the test terms in the linear order affect the reaction time to a particular test comparison.

Sampling and interpretation of epilithic lotic diatom communities

Abstract: Benthic diatom communities were quantitatively sampled on epilithic substrates during four different seasons in 1974 and 1975 in Tymochtee Creek, Ohio. Samples were stained to distinguish living from dead diatoms. Each sample was analyzed for density and species diversity of diatoms, and the effect of including dead cells in these analyses was measured. The inclusion of dead cells increased the standing-crop estimates in every instance. In all but three instances the inclusion of dead cells increased community diversity. Summer samples had a relatively greater proportion of dead cells than winter samples. Centric diatoms were relatively more important in periphytic communities near the stream mouth, and raphe-bearing pennate diatoms were relatively more important in upstream samples.