Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1985"
Book•
01 Jan 1985TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the challenges of climate change, domestic politics, and the challenge of global policymaking in the United States and the challenges faced by the international community.
Abstract: Preface Figures, Tables, Boxes, and Maps About the Author 1. After Earth Day 2. Making Policy: The Process 3. Making Policy: Institutions and Politics 4. Common Policy Challenges: Risk Assessment and Environmental Justice 5. More Choice: The Battle over Regulatory Economics 6. Command and Control in Action: Air and Water Pollution Regulation 7. A Regulatory Thicket: Toxic and Hazardous Substances 8. Energy: America's Energy Politics in Transformation 9. 635 Million Acres of Politics: The Battle for Public Lands 10. Climate Change, Domestic Politics, and the Challenge of Global Policymaking List of Abbreviations Index
423 citations
TL;DR: Considering the reliability estimates reported for the Frequency, Attitudinal, and Time Lost indices, the Time Lost Index was found to be the most reliable and factor analyses of intercorrelations among absence measures provided tentative support for a voluntary-involuntary absenteeism distinction.
323 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that within rather broad habitat types the distribution and abundance of bird species may be more closely associated with plant taxonomic composition than with the structure and configuration of the vegetation.
Abstract: It has been proposed that within rather broad habitat types the distribution and abundance of bird species may be more closely associated with plant taxonomic composition than with the structure and configuration of the vegetation. Birds from a sample of eight representative grassland habitats in middle and western North America are consistent with this hypothesis. Over half (55%) of the variation in bird community composition was associated with floristic variation, but only a third (35%) was associated with physiognomy. Separating the interacting effects of floristics and physiognomy from each other served to accentuate the difference between them with respect to the avifauna. It is postulated that bird species/plant taxa associations, especially within similar habitat types, are mediated by the specific food resources that different plant taxa provide. Summary indices such as diversity measures obscure the taxonomic information content of plant or animal assemblages, and the use of such indices has likely impeded detection of the relationships described here.
300 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a bid premium model using debt, working capital, type of combination, valuation-related variables and bargaining-strength variables, which has relatively high explanatory power for a wide moss-section of firms and a predictive power superior to that of naive bidding strategies.
Abstract: The bid premium acquiring companies offer for target company shares may be expected to be a positive function of potential acquisition-related benefits and a negatie function of the bargaining power of the bidder. A bid premium model using debt, working capital, type of combination, valuation-related variables and bargaining-strength variables has relatively high explanatory power for a wide moss-section of firms and a predictive power superior to that of naive bidding strategies. Firms with declining amounts of leverage and firms with relatively low valuation ratios command significantly higher bid premiums. The percentage of shares already controlled by the offering company, its ability to acquire enough shares to be able to implement potentially beneficial changes, and the existence of an opposing bid at the time an offer is made are also significant determinants of bid premiums. When two or more bidders compete for the same target, the bid premium averages 30 percentage points higher than the sample mean. Premiums in offers where the bidder seeks majority control are 9 percentage points higher than when the bidder does not seek majority control, and premiums on nonconglomerate offers tend to be 7 percentage points higher than premiums on conglomerate offers.
164 citations
TL;DR: Social play between pairs of individually housed juvenile rats was studied by measuring pinning frequencies occurring during rough-and-tumble play, and results are consistent with the proposition that brain opioids are important in controlling the vigor of social relations.
Abstract: Social play between pairs of individually housed juvenile rats was studied by measuring pinning frequencies occurring during rough-and-tumble play. Low doses of morphine increased play, and opioid blockade with naloxone reduced play. Dominance, as measured by which pinned which most, was markedly reduced by naloxone and slightly increased by morphine. These effects were most apparent when animals were treated with these drugs continuously from the beginning of play testing. Although the respective drugs tended to reverse established dominance patterns (i.e., naloxone made dominant animals more submissive, and morphine made submissive animals more dominant), it was apparent that previously established social learning limited the effectiveness of these manipulations. In general, the results are consistent with the proposition that brain opioids are important in controlling the vigor of social relations.
160 citations
TL;DR: The management of organizational conflict involves the diagnosis of and intervention in conflict at intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup levels as discussed by the authors, and a diagnosis should indicate whether there is need for intervention and the type of intervention needed.
Abstract: The management of organizational conflict involves the diagnosis of and intervention in conflict at intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup levels. A diagnosis should indicate whether there is need for intervention and the type of intervention needed. In general, an intervention is designed to attain and maintain a moderate amount of conflict a various levels and to enable the organizational members to learn the styles of handling interpersonal conflict so that the individual, group, and overall organizational effectiveness are enhanced.
146 citations
TL;DR: The results of a series of factor analyses indicated that delayed reproduction measures of visual memory were more valid than the traditional immediate reproduction administrations, which were more closely associated with visual-perceptual-motor abilities.
Abstract: The construct validity of Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory, Paired Associate Learning and Visual Reproduction subtests was evaluated, as well as the validity of the Benton Visual Retention Test, and the two memory factor scales of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB). The results of a series of factor analyses based on test performances of 102 subjects indicated that delayed reproduction measures of visual memory were more valid than the traditional immediate reproduction administrations, which were more closely associated with visual-perceptual-motor abilities. Construct validity was also demonstrated for Logical Memory and Paired Associate Learning. Although both LNNB measures loaded on a memory factor, item heterogeneity and brief sampling of items raised serious questions about the clinical utility of these scales.
107 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the UVRABC nuclease may promote cell survival by the removal of adjacent GG's which are crosslinked by cis-Pt(II)(NH3)2Cl2.
Abstract: Mutants of Escherichia coli, which are blocked in excision repair (uvrA6, uvrB5, or uvrC34) are exceptionally sensitive to the antitumor drug cis-Pt(II)(NH3)2Cl2 (cis-DDP) but not the trans isomer. Plasmid DNA, damaged by either the cis or trans compound and treated with the UVRABC excision nuclease was cut as shown by conversion of supercoiled DNA to relaxed forms. All three protein products of the uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes were required for incision. End-labeled fragments damaged with cis-DDP and reacted with the UVRABC nuclease were cut at the 8th phosphodiester bond 5' and at the 4th phosphodiester bond 3' to adjacent GG's. DNA treated with trans-DDP was not cut appreciably at adjacent GG's by the repair enzyme as subsequent analysis of reaction products after enzyme digestion gave a pattern similar to those obtained with control untreated fragments. The results indicate that the UVRABC nuclease may promote cell survival by the removal of adjacent GG's which are crosslinked by cis-Pt(II)(NH3)2Cl2.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationships between subtle structural and dramatic changes in photophysical properties pointed out and derived derivatives of Rose Bengal are reported and the relationship between them is discussed, as well as their relationship with Rose Bengal.
84 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the primary production rates of phytolithic communities found in the major different habitats of streams and determined the effects of physical and chemical parameters associated with each habitat on periphyton community spatial structure.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the primary production rates of phytolithic communities found in the major different habitats of streams and determine the effects of physical and chemical parameters associated with each habitat on periphyton community spatial structure. The project was designed to study natural, intact communities within stream systems.
80 citations
TL;DR: A series of new derivatives of tetrachloro tetraiodo (rose bengal) are described and their emission and absorption characteristics are reported to find several of these derivatives useful as alternative sources of singlet oxygen.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of legal and extralegal information on patrol officers' decision-making policies for wife abuse was investigated using regression analysis, and individual differences in officers' propensity to arrest abusive husbands were also examined.
Abstract: The impact of legal and extralegal information on patrol officers' decision-making policies for wife abuse was investigated using regression analysis. Individual differences in officers' propensity to arrest abusive husbands were also examined. Thirty-six police officers made responsibility and prescriptive judgments based on simulated police reports describing seven sources of information (“cues”). Regression analyses indicated that victims' extralegal behavior generally was the primary determinant of responsibility assigned to both victims and assailants. However, legal prescriptions were based primarily on legally relevant information. Implications of the obtained judgment policies as well as use of the regression methodology in legal decision-making research are discussed.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the food-induced restoration of play in food-deprived pups is perhaps reflective of normal satiety and may be useful in screening putative "satiety agents".
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between the size of a territory and the density of the population within the territory, and found that the variation in the territory size of Sage and Brewer's sparrows was correlated with differences in several habitat features.
Abstract: -We recorded variations in sizes of breeding territories of Sage (Amphispiza belli) and Brewer's (Spizella breweri) sparrows at four locations in shrubsteppe habitats during 19761983. There was considerable variation in territory sizes of both species, and ANOVA tests indicated that site, plot within site, and year all contributed to this variation. Territory-size variations of Sage Sparrows were correlated with differences in several habitat features, while those of Brewer's Sparrows showed no relation to habitat variation. Territory sizes in both species varied inversely with breeding population densities, although in different ways. Our findings cast doubt on the meaning or value of "average" territory-size measures for a species as a whole. Received 31 August 1984, accepted 29 November 1984. MEASUREMENTS of the sizes of breeding territories of birds figure importantly in a variety of theoretical and applied considerations. For example, territory size often bears a relationship to body size in a manner that varies as a function of the food habits of the organisms (Schoener 1968, Peters 1983). One may wish to use such relationships to predict the area required by an individual or by a population of a certain size from body mass; such information may be useful in projecting the necessary size of a natural reserve for a species. These patterns are based upon comparisons among species spanning several orders of magnitude in body mass. Territory size also varies among individuals within a species (e.g. Wiens 1969, 1973), however, and these variations are also of interest. Such differences, for example, may index habitat quality, as individuals occupying poorer habitats may have to establish larger territories to obtain sufficient resources. Territory size also may be related to mating status, with individuals defending larger territories having an enhanced probability of attracting multiple mates in polygynous species. There are likely to be upper and lower limits to territory size within a species, determined by the economic defensibility of the territory and the resources it contains (Brown 1964, Gill and Wolf 1975, Carpenter and MacMillen 1976). To test such ideas requires information on both territory sizes and resources. Although the former may be measured with relative ease, the latter is difficult to obtain in many situations (Wiens 1984). In the absence of resource measurements, insights into the dynamics of territory-size variations may be obtained from comparisons with other proximate correlates. In this paper we analyze territory size and its variations in two common species of shrubsteppe birds and explore its relationship to population densities and features of breeding habitats.
TL;DR: Large sperm numbers apparently increase the reproductive success of males whether they mate with virgin or non-virgin females, and a receptivity-threshold model suggests that female receptivity returns when some small, relatively constant, number of sperm remain in storage.
Abstract: Single mating productivities (used as estimates of the relative number of sperm transferred) are highly correlated with several parameters used to quantify sperm competition in D. melanogster. Matings that result in the transferal of large numbers of sperm are associated with longer delay of female remating than are matings that transfer fewer sperm. Males that transfer larger numbers of sperm also suffer a smaller proportional reduction in reproductive success (smaller COST) than males transferring fewer sperm. The number of sperm transferred by a female's second mate is not related to the COST to the first male. However, there is a high positive correlation between the number of sperm transferred by the second male and P2 (the proportion of second male progeny following female remating). Thus, large sperm numbers apparently increase the reproductive success of males whether they mate with virgin or non-virgin females. Because female receptivity mediates these events, there is no need to invoke sperm displacement to explain the reproductive outcome of female remating. The timing of female remating is evaluated in terms of a receptivity-threshold model. This model suggests that female receptivity returns when some small, relatively constant, number of sperm remain in storage.
TL;DR: In this article, two bivariate beta distributions have been studied and the distributions of the product and the quotient of random variables are derived and other properties of the distributions are also studied.
Abstract: In this paper two bivariate beta distributions have been studied. The five parameter bivariate beta distribution is derived from the Morgenstern-system of curves while the three parameter distribution is the bivariate Dirichlet distribution. In both cases the distributions of the product and the quotient of random variables are derived and other properties are also studied.
TL;DR: The results indicate that a connection between old age and death may underlie the relationship between death anxiety and attitudes toward elderly adults.
Abstract: Measures of death anxiety, attitudes toward aging, and experience with death were obtained from 133 nursing home employees representing eight occupational subgroups. Increasing death anxiety was associated with greater anxiety toward aging. Greater exposure to deaths of residents was significantly related to more reported comfort in thinking about or discussing death and dying. The results indicate that a connection between old age and death may underlie the relationship between death anxiety and attitudes toward elderly adults.
TL;DR: Researchers in clothing and textiles as well as those in other disciplines have long sought to understand the process of fashion change and identify underlying themes as discussed by the authors, and the theoretical model of fash...
Abstract: Researchers in clothing and textiles as well as those in other disciplines have long sought to understand the process of fashion change and identify underlying themes. The theoretical model of fash...
TL;DR: The effects of a 5.0-mg/kg dose of naloxone could be detected at least 3 h after administration, in terms of both a decrease in social behavior and decreased food consumption, indicating that the behavioral time course of nAloxone effects is greater than some reports in the pharmacokinetic literature suggest.
TL;DR: Wu and Li (1985) performed two tests based on comparative analyses of the DNA sequences of a variety of mammalian genes, the results of which, they argue, show clear evidence of a generation-time effect.
Abstract: The importance of generation time in determining the rate of molecular evolution has long been at issue. Resolution of this question has important consequences both for the validity of the neutral theory (as formulated by Kimura 1983) and for the use of molecular data in systematics. Wu and Li (1985) performed two tests based on comparative analyses of the DNA sequences of a variety of mammalian genes, the results of which, they argue, show clear evidence of a generation-time effect. In the first “relative rate” test the numbers of nucleotide substitutions were compared between homologous genes in humans (a long generation-time species) and “reference-species” with the numbers in the same genes between mice or rats (short generation-time species) and the same reference species. The reference species used were dogs, rabbits, pigs, cows, and goats. The results (summarized in table 1) show that for all categories of nucleotide sites the number of substitutions per site, averaged over 12 genes, was greater in the mousereference comparison than in the human-reference comparison. It is argued that this shows that there has been a faster rate of substitution in the shorter-generation-time rodent lineage, than in the longer-generation-time human lineage. In conducting the test, Wu and Li assumed that rodents and humans are more closely related to each other than either is, on average, to the reference species. This pattern of relationship (fig. 1 a) implies the following approximate numbers of substitutions (at the fourfold degenerate sites) in the three branches of the phylogenetic tree: reference species, 0.2; humans, 0.2; rodents, 0.4. Since the number of substitutions in the human and reference-species branches are approximately the same but the reference-species branch is longer than the human branch, this implies that the order of substitution rates among the three lineages has been: rodents > humans > reference. (The fourfold degenerate sites are used here to illustrate the point, which applies equally to the other kinds of sites.) The relative order of generation times among the three lineages, on the other hand, is: rodents < reference < human, there being approximately an order of magnitude difference between each adjacent pair. Thus, when all three lineages under this phylogenetic scheme are considered, there appears to be variation in substitution rate, but this variation is not adequately explained by variation in generation time. Wu and Li (1985) suggest that this test does not depend on any knowledge of the divergence times of the species. This is true of absolute divergence times, but the test depends critically on a knowledge of relative divergence times. The phylogeny in figure la is by no means firmly supported by the fossil record. Most of the major mammalian divergences occurred during the late Cretaceous and the Paleocene. However, the mammalian fossil record during this period is poor, and the relative order of divergences is not clear. An alternative pattern of relationship among the species (figure lb), one that places humans closer to the reference species than to rodents, can explain the variation in substitution rate among the three branches as resulting from variation in the lengths of the branches. In other words, if the data are analyzed in the context of a different, equally feasible, phylogenetic scheme, they can be taken as evidence that substitutions have occurred at a constant rate that is independent of generation time.
TL;DR: Current instructional practices prelude the development of meaningful written expression in LD children by reflecting a mechanistic conceptualization of the process of written expression.
Abstract: The decline in the written communications skills of students has been addressed both in the professional literature and in public forums. A particular concern is the lack of attention that deficits in the area of written expression have received in special education. The remedial frame-work and applied interventions of many LD teachers reflect a mechanistic conceptualization of the process of written expression. This article examines how current instructional practices prelude the development of meaningful written expression in LD children.
TL;DR: In the Bluff Formation of Grand Cayman, Cayman Island as mentioned in this paper, the authors identified two types of microstomatolites in the karst breccia clasts.
Abstract: Multiple generations of limestone karst breccias commonly fill or partly fill sinkholes, caves, solution pipes and fissures developed in the dolostone of the Bluff Formation on Grand Cayman Island. A distinctive feature of breccia clasts, irrespective of composition, is a black surficial coating interpreted to represent lichen. Such coatings, which contain filaments that may be algal or fungal, have a high concentration of manganese and play both a destructive and a constructive role in breccia evolution. A second biogenic component of the breccia, herein termed karst microstromatolites, forms both laterally linked and stacked hemispheroidal-type structures. These microstromatolites are similar, or identical, texturally and structurally to many marine algal stromatolites. The microstromatolites act as cement because: 1) they coat all or parts of pores, 2) they form encrusting structures that serve to bind clasts and/or matrix together, and 3) they are mainly composed of encrusting masses of micritic crystals. Some micrite crystals in the microstromatolites represent fine sediment bound and trapped by the algae, whereas other crystals appear to have been precipitated in spaces between filaments through the metabolic activity of living algae. Another component of the karst breccias consists of grains coated by a mixture of algal filaments and micrite. Both the algae and the micrite forming the coated grains are identical to those occurring in the microstromatolite cement. The coated grains in the karst breccia are similar in appearance to some marine oncoids or pisolites, and probably originate in a similar manner, environmental differences notwithstanding. Similarities between karst microstromatolites and marine microstromatolites, and between lichens and black surficial coatings known or inferred to be marine in origin, could create severe problems in the rock record in terms of deciphering a link between the physical appearance of such features and a specific environment of formation. LICHEN ET ALGUES: AGENTS DE BIODIAGENESE DANS BRECHE KARSTIQUE DE L'ILE GRAND CAYMAN RESUME Il se trouve que de multiples generations de breches karstiques calcaires remplissent completement ou en partie les effondrements, caves, pipes de dissolution et fissures qui se manifestent dans le dolostone de la formation Bluff sur l'ile Grand Cayman. Un caracteristique prononce des fragments de roche detritiques, brechiques, independamment de leur composition, est un enduit noir surficiel, interprete comme du lichen. Tels enduits, qui contiennent des filaments qui pourraient provenir d'algues ou de champignons, possedent une haute concentration de manganese et jouent un role a la fois constructif et destructif dans l'evolution des breches. Un second composant d'origine biologique dans les breches, designe ici microstromatolites karstiques, forment des genres de structures hemispheroidales, unies lateralement et empilees. La structure et la texture de ces microstromatolites se ressemblent ou sont identiques a plusiers stromatolites marines alguaires. Les microstomatolites agissent comme du ciment pour les raisons suivantes: 1) elles couvrent entierement ou en partie les pores, 2) elles forment des structures incrustees qui servent a cimenter les fragments de roches detritiques et/ou matrices ensemble, 3) elles sont composees en grande partie de masses incrustees de cristaux micriteux. Certains cristaux micriteux dans ces microstromatolites represent du sediment a grain fin borne et bloque par les algues, tandis que d'autres cristaux semblent avoir ete precipites dans des espaces entre filaments par suite de l'activite metabolique des algues vivantes. Des grains recouverts d'un melange de filaments d'algues et de micrite sont un autre composant des breches karstiques. Les algues et la micrite qui forment les grains recouverts sont identiques a ceux qui se trouvent dans le ciment des microstromatolites. Les grains recouverts dans les breches karstiques sont pareils a certains oncoides marines ou pisolites et leur origine est probablement semblable, malgre les differences de milieu. Les ressemblances entre microstromatolites karstiques et marines et entre lichens et enduits noirs surficiels reconnus ou inferes d'etre d'origine marine, pourraient causer de grands problemes dans l'histoire stratigraphique du rocher; c'est a dire decouvrir un lien entre l'apparence physique de tels caracteristiques et un milieu determine de formation. Traduit par Joan Lovell End_Page 446------------------------
TL;DR: While yohimbine alone had no effect on play, it partially reversed the clonidine-induced suppression, indicating that the effect may be mediated to some degree through an alpha-2-adrenergic mechanism.
Abstract: The social play of juvenile rats was observed following administration of either the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 50 micrograms/kg) or antagonist yohimbine (0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg). Using pins (one animal on its back with the other on top) as the dependent measure, we found that clonidine reliably reduced the amount of play at all but the lowest dose tested, while yohimbine had no effect at any but the highest dose. In addition, we tested a clonidine-yohimbine interaction to assess neurospecificity of the results. While yohimbine alone (0.5 mg/kg) had no effect on play, it partially reversed the clonidine-induced suppression, indicating that the effect may be mediated to some degree through an alpha-2-adrenergic mechanism.
TL;DR: The intramitochondrial localization of the fumarate reductase, NADPH----NAD transhydrogenase, 'malic' enzyme and fumarase was determined in adult Hymenolepis diminuta and it is indicated that in H. diminuta mitochondria NADPH andfumarate are accumulated within the matrix compartment.
TL;DR: For many byte lengths and code lengths, these codes require fewer check bits or have implementation advantages when compared to other SEC-BED-DED codes.
Abstract: SEC-ED-DED codes are single error correcting and double error detecting while simultaneously providing byte error detection. SEC-BED-DED codes are constructed for byte lengths of 5 and larger. For many byte lengths and code lengths, these codes require fewer check bits or have implementation advantages when compared to other SEC-BED-DED codes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: On the basis of numerous well preserved specimens it was determined that Orthonema sayrei Knight should be placed in synonymy with 0.
Abstract: Numerous specimens of the gastropod genera Orthonema and Streptacis occur through- out the marine units of the Pottsville, Allegheny, and Conemaugh groups in the Appalachian Basin. Collections from nine marine units include ten species of Orthonema and three species of Streptacis. On the basis of numerous well preserved specimens it was determined that Orthonema sayrei Knight should be placed in synonymy with 0. salteri (Meek and Worthen) and 0. strigatum Warthin in synonymy with 0. nebrascense (Geinitz). The type specimen for Orthonema conicum Meek and Worthen was located in the University of Illinois collection and helped clear up the discrepancy in the description of this species. Well preserved specimens of Streptacis whitfieldi Meek show the presence of ornamentation on the lower portion of each whorl. New species described are Ortho- nema semiornamenta from Allegheny units, 0. ascensus from Pottsville, Allegheny, and Cone- maugh units, 0. chorda from Allegheny units, and 0. ammissidecoris from Conemaugh units.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided which shows a direct inhibition by a low concentration of nitrite on a highly purified oxidase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, implying that the mechanism of nitrites inhibition on bacterial respiration is due to a direct inhibited at the terminal site of oxygen reduction.
Abstract: One of the principal mechanisms of nitrite inhibition of cellular respiration has been considered to be the interference with the action of iron-containing enzymes. In procaryotic systems, the effect of nitrite on cellular metabolism remains unclear. This study provides evidence which shows a direct inhibition by a low concentration of nitrite on a highly purified oxidase inPseudomonas aeruginosa. The inhibition pattern was observed and was consistent at cellular, electron-transport membranous, and enzymic (oxidase) levels. This implies that the mechanism of nitrite inhibition on bacterial respiration is due to a direct inhibition at the terminal site of oxygen reduction. The uncompetitive inhibition pattern shown by nitrite strongly suggested a mechanism quite different from those of classic cytochrome oxidase inhibitors such as cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide.