Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 1988"

Task Complexity: A Review and Analysis

Abstract: In an attempt to identify those qualities that make a task complex, four fundamental task attributes are identified and are distinguished from other attributes usually associated with this concept. A typology of complex tasks is derived from the identified attributes. Finally, the implications of the analysis for both basic and applied research are considered.

Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping.

Abstract: Three styles of problem-solving were proposed, each involving a different reported relationship between the individual and God. Scales were developed to measure these problem-solving styles and were administered to 197 church members. These three styles were clearly identifiable through factor analysis. Further, as predicted, the three styles of problem-solving related differently to measures of religiousness and competence. The report of a problem-solving style involving active personal exchange with God (Collaborative) appears to be part of an internalized committed form of religion, one holding positive implications for the competence of the individual. A problem-solving style in which the individual waits for solutions from God (Deferring) seems to be part of an externally-oriented religion providing answers to questions the individual is less able to resolve. This style was associated with lower levels of competence. A Self-Directing style emphasizes the freedom God gives people to direct their own lives. This approach appears to be an active coping orientation which stresses personal agency, involves lower levels of traditional religious involvement, and is part of a generally effective style of functioning. This study points to the important diverse roles religion plays in the problem-solving process.

Self-Appraisal in Performance Evaluation: Development Versus Evaluation

Abstract: Self-appraisal (SA) may complement evaluative supervisory ratings. SAs also may be used to help employees improve their job performance. This review (a) explains why research on the evaluation function of SA has provided such poor results, (b) suggests modification in SAs that may increase their developmental effectiveness, and (c) reviews two theoretical orientations which justify the belief that SAs can improve job performance.

Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations

Abstract: 1. Crime and the Fear of Crime 2. Crime Prevention 3. Evaluation and Crime Prevention Section I: Primary Prevention 4. The Physical Environment and Crime 5. Neighborhood Crime Prevention 6. Displacement and Diffusion 7. The Mass Media and Crime Prevention 8. Developmental Prevention 9. General Deterrence Section II: Secondary Prevention 10. Prediction for Secondary Prevention 11. Situational Crime Prevention 12. Partnerships for Crime Prevention 13. Drugs, Crime, and Crime Prevention 14. The School and Crime Prevention Section III: Tertiary Prevention 15. Specific Deterrence and Incapacitation 16. Rehabilitation 17. Some Closing Thoughts on Crime Prevention and the Future

Maintenance of gynodioecy in silene acaulis (caryophyllaceae): stage‐specific fecundity and viability selection

Abstract: Through a combination of field and greenhouse experiments, I examined the factors contributing to the maintenance of female individuals in natural populations of the gynodioecious alpine plant Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae). Hand-pollinatedfemale plants produced 3.8 times as many seeds as did either selfor outcross-pollinated hermaphrodites, and open-pollinated females produced 2.9 times as many seeds as open-pollinated hermaphrodites. Females and hermaphrodites produce seeds of similar mass, and the same number of seeds per fruit, but females set fruit from a higher proportion of their flowers. This fecundity difference alone is sufficient to sustain equilibrium frequencies of females in natural populations. Greenhouse germination trials revealed no difference in the timing or probability of germination among seeds produced from females, selfed, and outcrossed hermaphrodites. Seedlings produced by females had the highest juvenile survivorship followed by those from outcrossed hermaphrodites and then those from selfed hermaphrodites. Differences between selfed hermaphrodites and the other treatments provide evidence for inbreeding depression at the establishment stage. The discrepancy between success of seedlings from female plants and those from outcrossed hermaphrodites suggests either that superior resources are allocated to seeds by females (matemal effect) or that seedlings of females are genetically superior to those of hermaphrodites. THE PERSISTENCE of female individuals in populations consisting mainly of hermaphrodites has puzzled evolutionary biologists since Darwin (1877). Female plants contribute genes to the subsequent generation through seed production only, while hermaphrodite plants pass on copies through both seed and pollen production. Tn addition, most gynodioecious species are self-compatible, allowing hermaphrodite plants to produce some progeny through selfing, further increasing their genomic contribution over that of the females (Lewis, 1941). Thus, in order for female plants to persist in populations containing hermaphrodites, they must enjoy a compensatory advantage, such as higher seed production (Darwin, R Received for publication 1 May 1987; revision accepted 25 August 1987. This study benefited from discussions with Drs. C. Galen, M. H. Gromko, R. L. Lowe, J. T. Rotenberry and M. Bradie all of whom provided me with constructive comments on the manuscript. Further invaluable comments on a previous draft of this paper were provided by B. Speiser and Drs. P. Bierzychudek and G. Muenchow. S. Blau and C. Galen helped with field work. I thank the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs for sharing research facilities. This work represents part of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science from Bowling Green State University. Funding was provided by the Faculty Research Council of Bowling Green State University, and NSF Grant BSR-8604726 to Dr. C. Galen. 2 Present address: Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Rheinsprung 9, CH-405 1 Basel (Switzerland). 1877; Lewis, 1941; Kesseli and Jain, 1984) or avoidance of inbreeding depression (Lloyd, 1975; Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 1978). Many theoretical studies have examined conditions necessary for the maintenance of females at predictable equilibrium frequencies through either fertility advantage or enforced outbreeding. If the compensatory advantage to females arises only through fecundity differences, then females must produce at least twice as many seeds as the hermaphrodites, and female frequency can never be greater than 50% (Lewis, 1941). Other models that invoke inbreeding depression in the selfed progeny of hermaphrodites predict that when hermaphrodites experience high selfing rates and strong inbreeding depression, females can achieve equilibrium frequencies even in the absence of seed set differences (Lloyd, 1 9 7 5; Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 1978). However, inbreeding depression is unlikely to be intense in populations with individuals that regularly selffertilize (Valdeyron, Dommee, and Valdeyron, 1973; Wright, 1977; Falconer, 1981). Female frequencies in natural populations are often higher than predicted either by their relative fecundity values (Lloyd, 1976; Webb, 1981) or by inbreeding depression in hermaphrodites (Lloyd, 1974) with frequencies of over 50% reported in some gynodioecious populations (Baker, 1963; Dommee, Assouad, and Valdeyron, 1978). This suggests that females

Neural and Neurochemical Control of the Separation Distress Call

Abstract: Our work in the area of separation-induced distress vocalizations (DVs) was precipitated by the discovery of brain opioid systems in the early 1970’s. The discovery of these systems led to diverse lines of research to identify the psychobehavioral functions of endogenous opioid systems. Many ideas have been generated, including hypotheses related to neurochemical mechanisms of reward-pleasure, stress-induced analgesia, and memory (for an overview see, Davis, 1984). Our own perspective was that this system may constitute a major neurochemical underpinning of social bonding. To put it simply, we reasoned that social attachments may reflect an opioid mediated addictive process in the brain. As summarized in Table 1, there are many reasons to believe that this might be the case. Accordingly, we decided to evaluate the putative emotional dynamics underlying social interactions (including social bonding and closely related social processes, such as gregariousness, play and dominance) by determining how opiates and other neuroactive drugs modulate DVs arising from social separation.

A proof of Freud's conjecture for exponential weights

Abstract: LetW (x) be a function nonnegative inR, positive on a set of positive measure, and such that all power moments ofW 2(x) are finite. Let {p n (W 2;x)} 0 ∞ denote the sequence of orthonormal polynomials with respect to the weightW 2(x), and let {A n } 1 ∞ and {B n } 1 ∞ denote the coefficients in the recurrence relation $$xp_n (W^2 ,x) = A_{n + 1} p_{n + 1} (W^2 ,x) + B_n p_n (W^2 ,x) + A_n p_{n - 1} (W^2 ,x).$$ . WhenW(x) =w(x) exp(-Q(x)), xe(-∞,∞), wherew(x) is a “generalized Jacobi factor,” andQ(x) satisfies various restrictions, we show that $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {{A_n } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{A_n } {a_n }}} \right. \kern- ulldelimiterspace} {a_n }} = \tfrac{1}{2}and\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {{B_n } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{B_n } {a_n }}} \right. \kern- ulldelimiterspace} {a_n }} = 0,$$ where, forn large enough,a n is the positive root of the equation $$n = ({2 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {2 \pi }} \right. \kern- ulldelimiterspace} \pi })\int_0^1 {a_n xQ'(a_n x)(1 - x^2 )^{ - {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern- ulldelimiterspace} 2}} dx.}$$ In the special case, Q(x) = ¦x¦α, a > 0, this proves a conjecture due to G. Freud. We also consider various noneven weights, and establish certain infinite-finite range inequalities for weighted polynomials inL p(R).

Effects of Teacher-Constructed Pre- and Post-Graphic Organizer Instruction on Sixth-Grade Science Students’ Comprehension and Recall

Abstract: This investigation compares the effectiveness of three instructional procedures for facilitating sixth graders’ comprehension and retention of science content: (a) use of teacher-constructed graphic organizers (GO) before text reading (pre-GO), (b) use of teacher-constructed graphic organizers after text reading (post-GO), and (c) use of a traditional form of instruction consisting of frequent questions and text-oriented discussion interjected before, during, and after text reading. The results indicate that all three groups were comparable on daily probe measures and an immediate posttest; however, the pre-GO group outperformed the post-GO group on a delayed posttest measure. The overall results suggest that teacher-constructed graphic organizers, whether presented prior to or following textual reading, appear no more effective than traditional instruction in increasing sixth-grade children’s comprehension and retention of science content-area information. The present findings fail to corroborate...

The Female Athletic Role as a Status Determinant Within the Social Systems of High School Adolescents.

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between female athletic participation and status attainment within the social status systems of high school adolescents. Although earlier research has consistently demonstrated that the athletic role for males is associated with greatest status within the school, findings regarding the status of female athletes have been contradictory: Some studies have found high status rankings for female athletes while others have revealed negative results. It was therefore argued that current research go beyond the general construct of "female athlete" and consider the type of sport with which the adolescent female is associated as a possible status determinant. Employing a sport typology proposed by Metheny (1967), it was predicted that females associated with sex-appropriate or "feminine" sports (e.g., tennis) would receive significantly higher status ratings than those identified with sex-inappropriate or "masculine" sports (e.g., basketball). One hundred and twenty-one male subjects were asked to indicate which female athlete (associated with a sex-appropriate versus a sex-inappropriate sport) they would most like to date, while 111 female subjects were asked to choose which female athlete they would most like to have as a friend. Chi-square analyses revealed that, as predicted, females associated with sex-appropriate sports were given significantly greater status than females identified with sex-inappropriate sports by both male and female subjects. These results suggest that social assessments made about female sport participation within high school status systems remain heavily influenced by traditional beliefs regarding feminine, "ladylike" behavior.

Computational methods using a Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model

Abstract: Suppose we observe Y 1, …, YN , where Yi has the exponential density f(yi |θi ) = exp{ϕi ([yiθi – b(θi )]}c(yi, ϕi ). The parameters of interest are not the canonical parameters θi but the means μi = b′(θi ). In the usual generalized linear model (GLM) setup, suppose the means μ1, …, μN are believed to satisfy a specific p-dimensional GLM g(μi ) = xT iβ, where the link function g and the regression coefficients {xi } are known and the regression vector β is unknown. Two problems of interest are the assessment of the goodness of fit of the GLM and the estimation of the means μi . The approach to these problems is by the use of a Bayesian two-stage prior distribution, a generalization of a model used by Lindley and Smith (1972) in the normal mean-estimation problem. At the first stage of the model, we assign independent conjugate distributions to θ1, …, θN , where the prior means of the μi satisfy the GLM. There are p + 1 unknown hyperparameters in this specification, the elements of the regression...

Comparison of photodynamic action by Rose Bengal in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Abstract: — The photodynamic inactivation by illuminated Rose Bengal of a number of bacterial species was compared. The gram-positive species, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus salivarius, were inactivated about 200x more quickly (99% inactivation) than a Salmonella typhimurium wildtype strain. The Salmonella inactivation curve exhibited an initial lag time during which bacteria were not significantly inactivated. The lag time for inactivation of a derivative of the wildtype Salmonella strain that is deficient in a large portion of its cell wall lipopolysaccharide coat was approximately half of the lag time for the wildtype strain but the subsequent rate of inactivation was approximately the same for the two strains. Dark preincubation of both Salmonella strains with Rose Bengal before illumination shortened the lag time, but did not increase the final rate of inactivation. Dark preincubation prior to illumination did not measurably change the inactivation curve of the gram-positive species. The lag time observed in the inactivation curves for Salmonella bacteria may reflect the time required for penetration of the Rose Bengal anion through the outer portion of the gram-negative cell wall to a critical location within the cell for effective photosensitization.

The Effectiveness of Data-Based Instruction by Student Teachers in Classrooms for Pupils with Mild Learning Handicaps.

Abstract: This study examined the effectiveness of a data-based instructional procedure when applied by student teachers in classrooms for children with mild learning handicaps. Student teachers were randoml...

Potential hazard to eastern screech‐owls and other raptors of brodifacoum bait used for vole control in orchards

Abstract: During the fall and winter of 1981–82, a study was conducted to evaluate the secondary poisoning hazards associated with a proposed anticoagulant rodenticide, Volid® (10 ppm brodifacoum), when used to control voles (Microtus spp.) in apple orchards. Radio transmitters were attached to 38 eastern screech-owls (Otus asio), 5 barred owls (Strix varia), 3 red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 2 great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and 2 long-eared owls (Asio otus), and the birds' movements were monitored before, during, and after rodenticide applications. Screech-owls selected woods over alternate habitats for day-roosting; 73% of daytime locations were in woods. At night, screech-owls generally were located in woods, orchard, and field-pasture proportional to their availability, while they avoided cropland. The home ranges of 32 screech-owls tracked posttreatment included brodifacoum-treated areas; the proportion of home range treated and habitat use varied among individuals. Minimum mortality was 58% among screech-owls for which more than 20% of home range was treated, as compared with 17% among those for which less than 10% of home range was treated. Secondary brodifacoum poisoning was the most probable cause of death in six screech-owls. Of five other screech-owls found dead posttreatment, four had been consumed by predators and one died of unknown causes. Of six radio-equipped screech-owls collected one to two months posttreatment, four contained detectable brodifacoum residue. The fate of 14 of the 32 screech-owls tracked posttreatment was unknown at the conclusion of radiotracking efforts (63 d after treatment began) because radio contact was lost or the transmitter was dropped; one of these owls was encountered alive in May. Four barred owls tracked posttreatment showed strong selection for woodland habitat and used orchards limitedly; none was found dead posttreatment. One long-eared owl found dead (not radio-equipped) was probably killed by secondary brodifacoum poisoning. The results indicate a hazard to screech-owls and a potential risk to other raptors, given this use pattern and formulation of brodifacoum bait.

Photoexcitation of zinc phthalocyanine in mouse myeloma cells: the observation of triplet states but not of singlet oxygen.

Abstract: — Liposomes were used to deliver zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) to cultured mouse myeloma cells. ZnPC triplets states were observed when such systems were photoexcited. Singlet oxygen luminescence was not observed in cellular media. Solutions of ZnPC in various organic solvents, sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles and dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline liposomes were also prepared, and time-resolved triplet state parameters and singlet oxygen production were measured for these systems to provide comparisons for the cellular suspensions.

Personnel Selection and Placement

Abstract: INTRODUCTION . EVALUATION OF SELECTION PROCEDURES . Statistics in Evaluating Selection Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Validity Generalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Law and Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Realistic Job Previews (RJPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cutting Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. PERFORMANCE . Ratings as Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Cognitive and Affective Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREDICTORS . Ability and Knowledge Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genetic basis for remating in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Response to selection based on the behavior of one sex.

Abstract: Selection for fast and slow remating was carried out, with selection being based on the behavior of one sex. None of the male selection lines produced a significant response to selection, in lines selected either on the basis of the first male to mate with a female or on the basis of the second male to mate with a female. In contrast, three of four female selection lines showed significant responses to selection. Males in the female selection lines were tested for changes in their mating speed when paired with unselected females. These tests suggest that genes affecting remating speed in females are largely sex limited in their action. The gender difference in response to selection is discussed in terms of sexual selection theory.

Response of Lake Michigan benthic algae to in situ enrichment with Si, N, and P

Abstract: The possibility that benthic algae in the nearshore area of Lake Michigan might be growth limited by Si was tested using nutrient-releasing substrata. Nutrient treatments were Si, N + P, Si + N + P...

Type i and type ii sensitizers based on rose bengal onium salts

Abstract: — New Rose Bengal oniurn salts containing one or two iodonium, sulfonium, phosphonium, and pyrylium ions have been prepared as part of a program to develop sensitizers which can function as Type I radical photoinitiators and Type II energy transfer donors depending on experimental conditions. The absorption spectra of the onium salts in different solvents indicate an equilibrium between tight and loose ion pairs which depends on the solvent polarity, the cation and concentration. Typical Rose Bengal photochemistry requires the structure be that of the loose ion pair in the solvent of choice. Similar factors also influence bleaching behavior, and bleaching is the result of electron transfer processes. The quantum yields of singlet oxygen production from the onium salts in polar solvents are similar to that of the parent, Rose Bengal disodium salt.

Lexical stress and lexical access: Homographs versus nonhomographs

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the perceptual effects of altering lexical stress during word recognition. A detection task was utilized to measure subjects’ speed of response to target phonemes preceded by two-syllable homograph and nonhomograph words. These experimental words were pronounced with correct/incorrect lexical stress. When a nonhomograph was misstressed, a nonsense word was the result. When a homograph was misstressed, another English word resulted. Examination of subjects’ speeds of response to target phonemes preceded by correctly/incorrectly stressed nonhomograph words indicated slower speed of response when the stimulus word was stressed incorrectly; word recognition appeared to be affected when a subject heard a misstressed nonhomograph (a nonsense word). However, subjects’ speed of response to target phonemes following correctly/incorrectly stressed homographs were similar. Mispronounced homographs did not appear to impede word recognition. It was possible that when subjects heard a misstressed homograph (another English word), they relied more upon the prosodie contour for word recognition.

Scanning electron microscope studies of Agrobacterium tumefaciens attachment to Zea mays, Gladiolus sp., and Triticum aestivum.

Abstract: Scanning electron microscope studies demonstrated that cells of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains attach to cells on the cut surfaces of corn and wheat seedlings and to gladiolus disks. Bacterial cells attached to these monocots in the same manner as they attached to the dicots tested. Of the strains tested, A66 and T37 covered more of the cut surfaces of these monocots in a nonrandom fashion than did cells of other isolates. These bacteria attached to cells of intact monocotyledonous plants and had the greatest affinity for tissues located within the vascular bundles. They attached in large numbers to cells in these areas in all three monocots tested.

Cognitive Activity in Sleep and Responsiveness to External Stimuli

Abstract: The relationship between responsiveness to auditory stimuli presented during sleep and cognitive activity during sleep was assessed. Sixteen college-aged women were instructed while awake to turn off a tone by taking a deep breath. The tone was then presented during Stage 2 and REM sleep. Subjects were awakened after select trials to assess the relationship between responding and reports of ongoing cognitive activity. Consistent with the view that cognitive activity reduces responsiveness, significantly fewer responses were found on report (cognitive activity) trials relative to no-report (no cognitive activity) trials in analyses involving all trials and Stage 2 trials alone. Trained judges then rated the subjects' reports of cognitive activity as indicating incorporation or not indicating incorporation of the tone and/or the breathing response. Incorporation was associated with a reduced likelihood of responding relative to no incorporation in analyses involving all trials. No difference in responding was found between no-incorporation trials and no-report trials, suggesting that reduced responsiveness is associated with cognitive activity only when incorporation occurs. These findings support hypotheses that the reduced responsiveness to external stimulation during sleep is at least in part due to ongoing cognitive activity.