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Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 2002"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors integrate customer satisfaction and commitment as relationship quality dimensions that partially mediate the relationship between three relational benefits (confidence benefits, social benefits, and special treatment benefits) and the two outcome variables.
Abstract: The importance of developing and maintaining enduring relationships with customers of service businesses is generally accepted in the marketing literature. A key challenge for researchers is to identify and understand how managerially controlled antecedent variables influence important relationship marketing outcomes (e.g., customer loyalty and word-of-mouth communication). Relational benefits, which have a focus on the benefits consumers receive apart from the core service, and relationship quality, which focuses on the overall nature of the relationship, represent two approaches to understanding customer loyalty and word of mouth. This article integrates these two concepts by positioning customer satisfaction and commitment as relationship quality dimensions that partially mediate the relationship between three relational benefits (confidence benefits, social benefits, and special treatment benefits) and the two outcome variables. The results provide support for the model and indicate that the concepts ...

2,237 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a symbolic interactionist perspective on desistance is developed as a counterpoint to Sampson and Laub's theory of informal social control, and life history narratives are used to illustrate the perspective.
Abstract: This article analyzes data derived from the first detailed long‐term follow‐up of a sample of serious adolescent female delinquents and similarly situated males. Neither marital attachment nor job stability, factors frequently associated with male desistance from crime, were strongly related to female or male desistance. A symbolic‐interactionist perspective on desistance is developed as a counterpoint to Sampson and Laub’s theory of informal social control, and life history narratives are used to illustrate the perspective. This cognitive theory is generally compatible with a control approach but (a) adds specificity regarding underlying change mechanisms, (b) explains some negative cases, and (c) fits well with life course challenges facing contemporary serious female (and more provisionally male) offenders.

1,610 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents the 4 x 4 'isostericity matrices' summarizing the geometric relationships between the 16 pairwise combinations of the four standard bases, A, C, G and U, and helps identify isosteric pairs that co-vary or interchange in sequences of homologous molecules while maintaining conserved three-dimensional motifs.
Abstract: RNA molecules exhibit complex structures in which a large fraction of the bases engage in non-Watson-Crick base pairing, forming motifs that mediate long-range RNA-RNA interactions and create binding sites for proteins and small molecule ligands. The rapidly growing number of three-dimensional RNA structures at atomic resolution requires that databases contain the annotation of such base pairs. An unambiguous and descriptive nomenclature was proposed recently in which RNA base pairs were classified by the base edges participating in the interaction (Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen/CH or sugar edge) and the orientation of the glycosidic bonds relative to the hydrogen bonds (cis or trans). Twelve basic geometric families were identified and all 12 have been observed in crystal structures. For each base pairing family, we present here the 4 x 4 'isostericity matrices' summarizing the geometric relationships between the 16 pairwise combinations of the four standard bases, A, C, G and U. Whenever available, a representative example of each observed base pair from X-ray crystal structures (3.0 A resolution or better) is provided or, otherwise, theoretically plausible models. This format makes apparent the recurrent geometric patterns that are observed and helps identify isosteric pairs that co-vary or interchange in sequences of homologous molecules while maintaining conserved three-dimensional motifs.

753 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report an independent assessment of a recently developed set of consumer-based brand equity measures and suggest that while the Yoo and Donthu scale represents an adequate first step, further scale development is needed.
Abstract: This research reports an independent assessment of a recently developed set of consumer-based brand equity measures. Yoo and Donthu (1997) developed a multidimensional, consumer-based brand equity scale comprised of four theoretically defined constructs and a separate multiple-item overall brand equity measure. The present research employed slightly modified items in a different context in an attempt to examine the robustness of the proposed scale. Subjects (n=272) responded to the brand equity scale for different brands and combinations of brands in a co-branding context. The results suggest that, while the Yoo and Donthu scale represents an adequate first step, further scale development is needed. Nevertheless, this scale development has brought us closer to a universally accepted measure of consumer-based brand equity.

615 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Converging ethological, pharmacological, and brain stimulation research indicates that whereas long low-frequency USVs occur during anticipation of punishment or avoidance behavior, short, high-frequency (< 0.3-s, approximately 50-kHz) USVs typically occur during expectation of reward or approach behavior, which suggests that long 22-kHz USVs may index a state of negative activation, whereas short, 50- kHzUSVs may instead index astate of positive activation.
Abstract: Adult rats spontaneously vocalize in ultrasonic frequencies. Although these ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been described as by-products of locomotor activity or social signals, accumulating evidence suggests that they may also index anticipatory affective states. Converging ethological, pharmacological, and brain stimulation research indicates that whereas long low-frequency (> 0.3-s, approximately 22-kHz) USVs occur during anticipation of punishment or avoidance behavior, short, high-frequency (< 0.3-s, approximately 50-kHz) USVs typically occur during anticipation of reward or approach behavior. Thus, long 22-kHz USVs may index a state of negative activation, whereas short, 50-kHz USVs may instead index a state of positive activation. This hypothesis has theoretical implications for understanding the brain circuitry underlying mammalian affective states and clinical applicability for modeling hedonic properties of different psychotropic compounds.

579 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A more fine-grained analysis of religion and its implications for well-being, positive and negative, can be found in this paper, where the empirical literature points out that some forms of religion are more helpful than others.
Abstract: Psychologists have tended to view religion from a distance as a global, undifferentiated, stable process that is largely good or largely bad. This article presents a more fine-grained analysis of religion and its implications for well-being, positive and negative. The empirical literature points to five conclusions. First, some forms of religion are more helpful than others. Well-being has been linked positively to a religion that is internalized, intrinsically motivated, and based on a secure relationship with God and negatively to a religion that is imposed, unexamined, and reflective of a tenuous relationship with God and the world. Second, there are advantages and disadvantages to even controversial forms of religion, such as fundamentalism. Third, religion is particularly helpful to socially marginalized groups and to those who embed religion more fully in their lives. Fourth, religious beliefs and practices appear to be especially valuable in stressful situations that push people to the limits of th...

505 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of item "quality indices" to help conceptualize the competing issues that influence item retention decisions and describe strategies that can assist scale developers in using these three aspects of item quality when making scale reduction decisions.
Abstract: Greater understanding of the complex interrelationships among work-relevant constructs has increased the number of constructs on organizational surveys. Good psychometric practice also dictates the use of multiple items per construct. The net result has been longer surveys. Longer surveys take more time to complete, tend to have more missing data, and have higher refusal rates than short surveys. Arguably, then, techniques for reducing the length of scales while maintaining psychometric quality are worthwhile. Little guidance exists on how to reduce the length of a multi-item scale and we argue that the most common technique, maximizing internal consistency, is problematic and should be avoided. We present a set of item “quality indices” to help conceptualize the competing issues that influence item retention decisions. Statistical analysis of an example case using these indices suggested that there are 3 key aspects of item quality to consider when reducing a scale. We describe strategies that can assist scale developers in using these 3 aspects of item quality when making scale reduction decisions.

500 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work represents the first example of a direct method for the luminescence lifetime-based sensing of anions for fluoride and cyanide anions.
Abstract: A new Ru(II) complex is described which serves as a luminescence lifetime-based sensor for fluoride and cyanide anions (KF = 640 000 mol-1, KCN = 430 000 mol-1). This chromophore displays observable changes in its UV−vis and steady-state luminescence spectra upon cyanide binding. Prior to cyanide addition, this complex exhibits a single-exponential lifetime (τ = 377 ± 20 ns). With increasing cyanide concentrations, the intensity decays are composed of two exponentials: long τ (320−370 ns) and short τ (13−17 ns). The average lifetimes shorten as a function of cyanide concentration since the fractional intensity shifts from an initial dominant long lifetime component to the short lifetime component. This work represents the first example of a direct method for the luminescence lifetime-based sensing of anions.

433 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A variety of examples of how music may promote behavioral change are summarized, including effects on memory, mood, brain activity as well as autonomic responses such as the experience of 'chills'.

415 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported 25,563 radial velocity measurements for 1359 single-lined stars in the Carney-Latham sample of 1464 stars selected for high proper motion.
Abstract: We report 25,563 radial velocity measurements for 1359 single-lined stars in the Carney-Latham sample of 1464 stars selected for high proper motion. For 171 of these, we present spectroscopic orbital solutions. We find no obvious difference between the binary characteristics in the halo and the disk populations. The observed frequency is the same, and the period distributions are consistent with the hypothesis that the two sets of binaries were drawn from the same parent population. This suggests that metallicity in general, and radiative opacities in particular, have little influence over the fragmentation process that leads to short-period binaries. All the binaries with periods shorter than 10 days have nearly circular orbits, while the binaries with periods longer than 20 days exhibit a wide range of eccentricities and a median value of 0.37. For the metal-poor high-velocity halo binaries in our sample, the transition from circular to eccentric orbits appears to occur at about 20 days, supporting the conclusion that tidal circularization on the main sequence is important for the oldest binaries in the Galaxy.

405 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A rank-ordered list of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century was constructed by as mentioned in this paper, who ranked the first 99 of them based on three quantitative variables and three qualitativ factors.
Abstract: A rank-ordered list was constructed that reports the first 99 of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Eminence was measured by scores on 3 quantitative variables and 3 qualitativ...

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors validate self-reported self-reports of two major health conditions, hypertension and diabetes, based on a recently fielded survey in Taiwan (SEBAS, 2000), including both selfreported health information and a physical examination for a large, nationally representative sample of respondents aged 54 and older.
Abstract: Researchers and health specialists are increasingly obtaining information on chronic illnesses from self-reports. This study validates self-reports of two major health conditions, hypertension and diabetes, based on a recently fielded survey in Taiwan (SEBAS, 2000). The survey includes both self-reported health information and a physical examination for a large, nationally representative sample of respondents aged 54 and older. Average blood pressure readings, laboratory measures of glycosylated hemoglobin and information on whether the respondent was taking medication for hypertension or diabetes are used to validate respondents' reports of high blood pressure and diabetes. The resulting comparisons reveal that self-reports vastly underestimate the prevalence of hypertension (by almost 50 percent), but yield a reasonably accurate estimate of the prevalence of diabetes (a sensitivity of 83 percent). Significant correlates of the accuracy of the self-reports include age, education, time of the most recent health exam, and cognitive function.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is illustrated how a mammalian model of emotion (i.e. rodent ultrasonic vocalizations) may enable scientists to predict drug-related phenomena such as abuse potential, anatomical location of mediating neural substrates, and the psychological impact of withdrawal.
Abstract: The evolutionary significance of neurochemical events in the brain has received minimal attention in the field of addiction research. Likewise, the general failure of neuroscientists to postulate how basic brain circuits might mediate emotional urges has retarded the development of scientific perspectives that could inform new inquiries into the underlying dynamics and treatment of addictions. In this paper, we revisit the argument that prototypically abused substances activate or alter specific emotional brain systems that were evolutionarily designed to signal potential increments or decrements in fitness. We then discuss two distinct emotional systems (reward seeking and separation distress) which may track different types of potential changes in fitness. Based on this evolutionarily inspired approach, we illustrate how a mammalian model of emotion (i.e. rodent ultrasonic vocalizations) may enable scientists to predict drug-related phenomena such as abuse potential, anatomical location of mediating neural substrates, and the psychological impact of withdrawal. We conclude by discussing some therapeutic and social implications of examining drug addiction processes with multiple emotional brain systems in mind.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of household economic indicators on the risk of violence against women in intimate relationships is tested with a data set built from the initial two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and the 1990 U.S. Census.
Abstract: Hypotheses shaped by family stress and resource theories about the impact of household economic indicators on the risk of violence against women in intimate relationships are tested with a data set built from the initial two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and the 1990 U.S. Census. Measures of employment status, job conditions, and economic well-being for male and female partners are examined with logistic regression analyses as predictors of the odds of male-to-female intimate violence. Results underline the importance that partners attach to each other's work performance and their feelings of financial well-being in assessing whether job holding and household income serve to elevate or reduce the risk of intimate partner violence toward women.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Taylor, Fraser, and White as discussed by the authors constructed case studies for four prospective teachers who were purposely selected as a result of their scores on the Classroom Learning Environment Survey (CLES) and found that at least two kinds of beliefs were in operation: central beliefs and peripheral beliefs.
Abstract: To gain a better understanding of the emerging constructivist beliefs and classroom practices, case studies were constructed for four prospective teachers who were purposely selected as a result of their scores on the Classroom Learning Environment Survey (CLES) (Taylor, Fraser, & White, A classroom environment questionnaire for science educators interested in the constructivist reform of school science. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Anaheim, CA, 1994). The case studies provided insight into two primary questions (1) what are the beliefs of the prospective science teacher regarding constructivist teaching practices and (2) are these beliefs consistent with subsequent classroom practice? The components of constructivist teaching by Taylor, Fraser, and White (1994) were used as a theoretical framework in conjunction with Ajzen and Fishbein's components of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985). Data collection consisted of document analysis, classroom observation, and interviews. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Findings from the case studies suggest that at least two kinds of beliefs were in operation: central beliefs and peripheral beliefs. The central beliefs were defined as those dictating subsequent teaching behaviors; whereas the peripheral beliefs were those that were stated but not operationalized. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:783–802, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10038

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results showed that participants in both intervention conditions improved significantly more than did those in the comparison condition on two measures of forgiveness and a measure of existential well-being.
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of two versions of a six-week group forgiveness intervention for college women who had been wronged in a romantic relationship. Participants (N = 58) were randomly assigned to a secular, religiously integrated, or no-intervention comparison condition. Participants completed a variety of forgiveness and mental health measures at one-week pretest, one-week posttest, and six-week follow-up. Participants in both intervention conditions improved significantly more than did those in the comparison condition on two measures of forgiveness and a measure of existential well-being. Program effects were maintained at six-week follow-up. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no differential treatment effects when comparing participants in the secular and the religiously integrated conditions. Participants generally rated the programs favorably. Forgiveness strategies utilized by participants also were examined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential of predators to control pest populations in fragmented landscapes may ultimately reflect the extent to which thresholds in landscape structure interfere with the aggregative response of predators.
Abstract: Habitat fragmentation may adversely affect the ability of natural enemies to control pest outbreaks in agricultural landscapes by interfering with their search behavior and ability to aggregate in response to prey. We determined how landscape structure affected the ability of two ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to track aphid populations in experimental landscapes that differed in the abundance and degree of fragmentation of red clover (Trifoliutn pratense). One coccinellid was a native species (Coleomegilla ma- culntn Pallas) and the other (Hartnonia a~ridis Timberlake) was introduced specifically for the biological control of crop pests such as pea aphids (Acyrrlzosiphon pisurn Harris; Homoptera: Aphididae). Landscape structure exhibited a threshold in lacunarity (a measure of interpatch dis- tances) below 20% habitat. at which point clover patches became significantly more isolated. This threshold in landscape structure was mirrored by a similar threshold in the distribution of pea aphid populations. The distribution of the biocontrol agent, H. nxyridis, tracked this threshold in aphid distribution, but the native coccinellid. C. maculata, was unable to do so in fragmented clover landscapes. Although C. maculata was a more active forager within clover cells, overall it was less mobile and moved significantly less among clover cells and between landscapes than H. axyridis, which may have contributed to its inability to track aphid populations in fragmented landscapes. The two coccinellids did not differ in their search success within fragmented landscapes. however. and it was only in clumped land- scapes that H. axyridis maximized search success and foraged within clover cells that had 2.5-3 times more aphids than those in which C. rnnculntn occurred. Thus, the potential of predators to control pest populations in fragmented landscapes may ultimately reflect the extent to which thresholds in landscape structure interfere with the aggregative response of predators. In this system, the aggregative response of cocci- nellids was more closely tied to thresholds in the distribution of clover than aphids. With its greater mobility, H. nxyridis was more effective than the indigenous C. maculata at tracking aphids when they occurred at low patch occupancy (below the threshold in land- scape structure), which is a requisite for successful biocontrol. If native insect predators are generally more sensitive to habitat fragmentation, greater reliance may be placed on the introduction of exotic species for biocontrol, which is not without economic cost and potential ecological impacts to native insect communities. Our study demonstrates that. in addition to economic thresholds. there are also ecological thresholds that must be sur- mounted if biocontrol measures are to be successful. In addition to enhancing vegetational diversity within agroecosystems, conservation biological control should also strive to mit- igate fragmentation effects on natural enemies, especially if thresholds in landscape structure disrupt predator-prey interactions and compromise the efficacy of biocontrol programs.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a self-report measure, the Preferences Scale, to remedy deficiencies in existing scale content and format, and collected data from university students in six countries and found that the psychometric properties of the Preferences scale are adequate and comparable with an established morningness instrument, the Composite Scale.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors rejette le statut du principe d'egalite comme an insuffisant de la legitimite politique, i.e., itn'tobeit pas aux conditions de publicite et d'acceptabilite qui fondent la justification publique.
Abstract: Soulevant la question de la justification du principe de la justification publique de l'autorite politique coercitive, l'A. montre que ce principe n'obeit pas aux conditions de publicite et d'acceptabilite qui fondent la justification publique. Examinant la fonction de reconciliation ainsi que le statut du principe d'egalite, l'A. rejette ce principe comme principe insuffisant de la legitimite politique.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A preliminary conceptual framework for religious/spiritual coping in children with CF is presented and one overarching domain emerged from analysis of the 11 themes: Religious/Spiritual Coping, composed of 11 religious/ Spiritual coping strategies.
Abstract: Objective. To understand the role of religiousness/spirituality in coping in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods. Participants were a convenience sample of 23 patients with CF, ages 5 to 12 years, and their parent(s) in an ambulatory CF clinic. The design was a focused ethnography including in-depth interviews with children and parent(s), children’s drawings, and self-administered written parental questionnaires. Analysis used grounded theory. Results. Main outcome measures were participants’ views on religion/spirituality in coping with illness. Data included 632 quotes organized into 257 codes categorized into 11 themes. One overarching domain emerged from analysis of the 11 themes: Religious/Spiritual Coping, composed of 11 religious/spiritual coping strategies. Conclusions. Children with CF reported a variety of religious/spiritual coping strategies they nearly always associated with adaptive health outcomes. A preliminary conceptual framework for religious/spiritual coping in children with CF is presented. More study is needed to assess how variability in age, disease type, disease severity, religious/spiritual preference, and religious/spiritual intensity affect religious/spiritual coping in children with chronic illness. Future studies should also investigate whether physician attention to religious/spiritual coping could assist patients in coping with CF and strengthen the doctor-patient relationship.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Level of aggression at age eight is the best predictor of criminal events over the next 22 years, and a clear implication is that the risk for criminality is affected by much that happens to a boy before he is eight years old.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Early aggressive behaviour is one of the best predictors of adult criminality. AIM: To assess the degree to which family background variables, parental beliefs and behaviour and child intelligence predict child aggression and adult criminality. METHOD: Data were used from the Colombia County Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal study of 856 children in third grade in New York, in 1959-60. Adult measures of criminal behaviour, child measures taken at age eight, child peer-nominated aggression, child's peer-nominated popularity, child's IQ and parental measures at eight years were used. RESULTS: Aggressive children were less intelligent, less popular, rejected more by their parents, had parents who believed in punishment, were less identified with their parents' self-image and were less likely to express guilt. As adults, more aggressive children with parents who were less well educated, experienced more marital disharmony and who seldom attended church were most at risk for arrest. However, after the effect of early aggression was controlled, most effects disappeared and only parents having a strong belief in punishment added significantly to risk of arrest by age 30; the only fact that then reduced the risk of arrest was having parents who attended church often. Both parental authoritarianism and child IQ reduced the risk of conviction for arrested children. DISCUSSION: Level of aggression at age eight is the best predictor of criminal events over the next 22 years. A clear implication is that the risk for criminality is affected by much that happens to a boy before he is eight years old. Preventive interventions need to target risk factors that appear to influence the development of early aggression. Language: en

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined factors associated with cohabitors' marriage expectations, focusing particularly on the effects of socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity, and found that Black cohabiting women have lower odds of expecting marriage than non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics.
Abstract: Recent evidence indicates an overall retreat from marriage. Cohabitation has contributed to this trend as cohabiting unions are increasingly not resulting in marriage. As an initial step in understanding why some cohabiting couples do not marry, the authors examine factors associated with cohabitors' marriage expectations. The authors focus particularly on the effects of socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity because prior research has suggested that the retreat from marriage in the United States has been more marked among Blacks than among non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics and also for those of lower socioeconomic status. Using the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, we find Black cohabiting women have lower odds of expecting marriage. However, for all race and ethnic groups the probability of expecting to marry depends on men's socioeconomic position.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structure of polyanilines was investigated by using infrared and UV−vis−NIR spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and elemental analysis.
Abstract: Polyaniline (PANI) samples were synthesized by an ultrasonic irradiation synthesis method and by a magnetic stirring process. The structure of the polyanilines was investigated by using infrared and UV−vis−NIR spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and elemental analysis. The results clearly show that the crystallinity of polyaniline synthesized by using the ultrasonic synthesis method is much higher than that synthesized by the stirring synthesis method under similar conditions. Transmission electron microscope observation shows that the polyaniline powder synthesized by using the ultrasonic method consists mainly of hexagonal plates. Electron diffraction results show that the plates are small single crystals with well-developed hexagonal morphology. The lattice parameter of the crystal is a = b = 4.56 A. A network structure model of crystalline polyaniline is proposed. The results of elemental analysis and the solubilities of the two types of PANI s...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed an abridged version of the Job Descriptive Index (AJDI) containing a total of 25 items and tested it on a national sample and a sample of university workers.
Abstract: The Job Descriptive Index is a popular measure of job satisfaction with five subscales containing 72 items. A national sample (n = 1,534) and a sample of university workers (n = 636) supported development of an abridged version of the Job Descriptive Index (AJDI) containing a total of 25 items. A systematic scale-reduction technique was employed with the first sample to decide which items to retain in each scale. The abridged subscales were then tested in the second sample. Results indicated that the relationships among the five abridged subscales and between the five abridged subscales and other measures were substantially preserved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Monte Carlo methods were used to examine the performance, with respect to fixed theoretical levels of explained variance and explained risk, of eight R²analogues, including the McKelvey-Zavoina measure, the sample-estimated explained risk or the ordinary least squares R².
Abstract: R²is widely relied on in linear regression to index a model's discriminatory power. Many counterparts have been proposed for use in logistic regression, but no single measure is consistently used. Two potential criterion values are relevant: the explained variance in the latent scale underlying the binary indicator of event occurrence and the explained risk of the event itself. In this study, Monte Carlo methods were used to examine the performance, with respect to fixed theoretical levels of explained variance and explained risk, of eight R²analogues. The McKelvey-Zavoina measure appears to be best at estimating explained variance and either the sample-estimated explained risk or the ordinary least squares R²to be best at indexing explained risk. Other measures appear to be poor choices, primarily because asymptotic trends suggest they may be inconsistent estimators of the relevant criterion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the rate of advancement (success ratio) of intercollegiate athletic directors, with a primary focus on gender, and find that women had higher success ratios than their male peers at lower level institutions.
Abstract: Since the demise of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), female sport administrators have continued their struggle to reestablish their place as athletic directors. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of advancement (success ratio) of intercollegiate athletic directors, with a primary focus on gender. Athletic directors from 157 NCAA (National Collegiate Athletics Association) member institutions participated in the study. The preliminary results confirmed the expected findings that hegemonic masculinity was entrenched within intercollegiate athletics. The success ratio of male athletic directors differed from that of female athletic directors, and the difference was significant (p ≤ .05). The success ratio for men was higher than the ratio for women. Further analyses, however, showed that female athletic directors had higher success ratios than their male peers at lower level institutions. Although parity in numbers has not yet been achieved across the NCAA, the glass ceiling at Division I institutions may begin to crack as more women achieve success at the lower level institutions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the help-seeking strategies of male and female crime victims and found that women who seek help from family and friends and the users of mental health, social services, and self-help groups tend to be female.
Abstract: National data are used to examine the help-seeking strategies of male and female crime victims. Victims who seek help from family and friends and the users of mental health, social services, and self-help groups tend to be female. In contrast, most male victims do not seek help. When men do seek help, they are more likely to call the police than to call on family and friends. This study also finds that attacks by known offenders lead to help-seeking strategies that rely primarily on family and friends. Finally, the author finds that the victim-offender relationship conditions the effect of gender on help-seeking decisions. Help-seeking strategies are unique to particular gender/victim-offender relationship categories. Women victimized by known offenders rely on family and friends. In contrast, men victimized by strangers most often do nothing, but some men who have been victimized by a stranger will report the victimization to the police

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Self-perceptions of spirituality are associated with high levels of religious or spiritual activities, and individuals who perceive themselves to be both spiritual and religious may be at particularly low risk for morbidity and mortality based on their good psychological status and ongoing restorative activities.
Abstract: To advance knowledge in the study of spirituality and physical health, we examined sociodemographic, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality. Participants were a nationally representative sample of 1,422 adult respondents to the 1998 General Social Survey. They were asked, among other things, to rate themselves on the depth of their spirituality and the depth of their religiousness. Results indicated that, after adjustment for religiousness, self-perceptions of spirituality were positively correlated with being female (r = .07, p < .01), having a higher education (r = .12, p < .001), and having no religion (r = .10, p < .001) and inversely correlated with age (r = -.06, p < .05) and being Catholic (r = -.08, p < .01). After adjustment for these sociodemographic factors, self-perceptions of spirituality were associated with high levels of religious or spiritual activities (range in correlations = .12–.38, all p < .001), low cynical mistrust, and low political conservatism (both r = -.08, p < .01). The population was divided into 4 groups based on their self-perceptions of degree of spirituality and degree of religiousness. The spiritual and religious group had a higher frequency of attending services, praying, meditating, reading the Bible, and daily spiritual experience than any of the other 3 groups (all differences p < .05) and had less distress and less mistrust than the religious-only group (p < .05 for both). However, they were also more intolerant than either of the nonreligious groups (p < .05 for both) and similar on intolerance to the religious-only group. We conclude that sociodemographic factors could confound any observed association between spirituality and health and should be controlled. Moreover, individuals who perceive themselves to be both spiritual and religious may be at particularly low risk for morbidity and mortality based on their good psychological status and ongoing restorative activities.